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A60

A60

Ethernet

Manual

PRELIMINARY

A60

Ethernet

Manual

Rev

1.2

7-DEC-87

Copyright

(C)

1987

Abekas

Video

Systems,

Inc.

This

manual

describes

the

installation

and

use

of

the

A60

as

an

Ethernet

node

supporting

file

transfer

and

remote

login

using

some

of

the

TCP/IP

family

of

protocols.

It

also

includes

an

application

note

describing

some

of

the

mechanisms

behind

the

file

transfers.

Abekas

Video

Systems,

Inc.

101

Galveston

Drive

Redwood

City,

CA

94063

(415)

369-5111

uucp

Email:

••.

!pyramid!abekas!a60mail

1.

2.

3.

4.

CONTENTS

Introduction

to

Ethernet

1.1

Ethernet

••.•

and

TCP/IP.

1.2

TCP/IP

.•••••.

1.3

Telnet

and

FTP.

1.4

Unix

'r'

Commands.

1.5

The

Abekas

A60

..•.

TCP/IP

Application

Notes

••••.

2.1

Typical

File

Transfer

••

2.2

Layered

Model

•••.

2.3

Physical

layer.

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

Transceivers

••..

Different

Ethernet

Standards.

SQE

•••.•...•••..•••

Data

Link

Layer

••••..

Ethernet

Addresses.

Network

Layer

••..••••

IP

••••••••..••.•••..

Internet

Addresses

•.

ICMP.

GGP.

ARP

••

RARP

••••••••

Transport

Layer

..

TCP

•••••••••.

UDP

••••••••••

Upper

Levels

.•

Telnet

••

FTP

••••

..........

TFTP

••

rep

••

.............

Installing

an

A60

on

a

Unix

Network

•.

/

etc/hosts

.•.....•..•.•..••....

Setting

the

A60

Internet

Address.

Setting

the

A60

Hostname

..

/etc/ethers

....•....•

Implementation

Notes.

Ethernet

Address

.•.

Address

Resolution

.•.

IP

••.•••.•......•.

i

2

2

3

4

5

5

6

6

7

8

8

9

10

11

11

11

11

12

13

13

13

14

14

14

16

16

17

17

18

18

20

20

22

22

22

24

24

24

25

10.

11.

Appendix

••••••••••.•••••••••••

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

10.6

Complete

TCP/IP

Packet

••••••••

FTP

Implementation.

Defaults

••••••••

Opening

Message

.•..

Commands

and

Responses

••

File

Names

•••••••.••••••••••..

rlogin

Implementation

••

rsh

Implementation.

rcp

Implementation.

Bibliography

••••••..•.•••

iii

59

59

60

60

60

60

62

62

62

63

64

A60

Ethernet

Manual

1.

Introduction

to

Ethernet

and

TCP/IP

1.1

Ethernet

Ethernet

is

a

Local

Area

Network

(LAN)

Standard

originally

developed

at

Xerox

Palo

Alto

Research

Center.

2

Ethernet

interconnects

a

group

of

computers

(referred

to

as

hosts

or

nodes)

with

a

single

50-ohm

coaxial

cable

with

terminations

.at

both

ends.

Data

is

passed

serially

at

10MHz

in

the

form

of

packets,

that

is

in

chunks

anywhere

from

46

up

to

1500

bytes

or

characters.

Each

packet

carries

addressing

information

to

show

its'

source

and

destination.

Unlike

the

Public

switched

telephone

system

or

a

video

routing

matrix

the

single

cable

is

shared

by

all

the

devices

on

the

network

so

there

are

a

set

of

rules

to

determine

when

a

node

can

access

the

cable.

The

technique

used

is

referred

to

as

Carrier

Sense

Multiple

Access

with

Collision

Detection

(CSMA-CD).

Before

transmitting

a

node

listens

to

confirm

that

nobody

else

is

transmitting,

then,

as

it

transmits

it

continues

to

monitor

the

cable

in

case

another

node

started

transmitting

at

the

same·time.

If

two

devices

transmit

simultaneously

it

is

referred

to

as

a

collision

and

both

devices

have

to

stop

immediately

and

wait

a

random

amount

of

time

before

attempting

to

transmit

again.

Different

manufacturers

have

adopted

the

low-level

Ethernet

hardware

and

packet

specifications

and

built

their

own

networks

on

top

of

it.

Xerox

XNS, IBM-SNA, HP-NS

and

DEC-DECnet

are

all

networking

systems

that

allow

users

to

share

resources

and

files

and

can

run

over

Ethernet.

In

the

area

of

Personal

Computers

3com

Corporation

and

Novell

are

supplying

File

server

systems

based

on

Ethernet.

Small

scale

Office

LAN's

are

mostly

based

on

cheapernet

which

uses

thin

RG58

50

Ohm

cable

and

BNC

connectors,

i~

this

case

the

coaxial

cable

is

'T'eed

directly

onto

the

Ethernet

Interface

in

the

computer.

Higher

level

applications

use

better

quality

thick

yellow

cable

and

external

transceivers

that

can

attach

to

the

cable

with

a

spike-like

tap.

PRELIMINARY

Ethernet

A60

Ethernet

Manual

3

1.2

TCP/IP

The

TCP/IP

protocol

family

is

emerging

as

a

useful

common

standard

for

network

interconnection.

The

strength

of

TCP/IP

has

been

that

it

is

not

tied

to

any

particular

manufacturer,

it

is

the

result

of

extensive

research

since

the

70's

by

the

Advanced

Research

Projects

Agency

(ARPA)

community.

with

backing

from

the

DOD

the

emphasis

for

these

protocols

has

been

to

interconnect

different

types

of

computers

running

different

operating

systems.

TCP/IP

is

now

available

as

an

add

on

to

most

computer

systems

either

in

the

form

of

and

interface

board

with

built

in

software

such

as

the

Excelan

Ethernet

Controllers

or

as

an

extra

software

package

running

along

side

a

native

Ethernet

implementation.

(The

Biblography

for

this

manual

lists

some

of

the

companies

offering

TCP/IP

packages)

One

reason

for

the

spread

of

TCP/IP

amongst

the

Computer

Graphics

Community

has

been

its

inclusion

in

the

Berkeley

Versions

of

the

UNIX

operating

system

(referred

to

as

4.2

BSD

UNIX

as

opposed

to

[he

AT&T

Unix

V),

most

graphics

engines

and

the

Workstations

that

control

them

use

Unix

as

it

is

a

popular

operating

system

for

software

development.

TCP

and

IP

are

acronyms

for

'Transmission

Control

Protocol'

and

'Inter-network

Protocol'

just

two

of

the

layers

in

the

suite

of

communications

protocols

that

are

required

to

allow

transfer

of

data

from

one

computer

to

another.

IP

is

the

layer

immediately

on

top

of

Ethernet

that

adds

Network

addressing

information

to

the

packet.

These

Internet

addresses

allow

IP

packets

to

be

transferred

to

other

networks

not

just

Ethernet,

it

is

similar

to

the

way

that

Containerized

freight

can

be

carried

equally

well

by

road

rail

or

sea.

TCP

provides

an

error

free

bidirectional

communications

channel

above

which

other

utilities

such

as

a

remote

login

or

file

transfer

can

be

built.

TCP

works

by

giving

each

packet

a

sequence

number

so

that

a

message

or

file

can

be

reassembled

even

if

the

packets

arrive

in

the

wrong

order.

PRELIMINARY

TCP/IP

A60

Ethernet

Manual

4

TCP

also

has

an

acknowledgement

mechanism

whereby

the

receiver

replys

with

the

latest

complete

sequence

number

it

has

assembled,

so

that

should

a

packet

get

lost

or

delayed

in

the

network

the

sender

will

retransmit

the

missing

packet

if

it

hasn't

been

acknowledged

within

a

reasonable

timeout

period.

The

third

TCP

mechanism

is

the

window

which

limits

the

amount

of

unacknowledged

data

the

sender

can

send

out,

so

that

it

can't

get

too

far

ahead

if

the

receiver

is

missing

a

packet

from

back

at

the

start

of

the

message.

For

the

majority

of

File

transfers

or

TCP

connections

there

is

no

data

lost,

all

the

packets

arrive

in

the

correct

order,

the

power

of

the

TCP/IP

protocols

lies

in

the

fact

that

they

are

not

restricted

to

running

on

a

single

local

area

network.

The

ARPA

Internet

for

example

combines

over

a

100

different

networks

and and

includes

satellite

links

across

to

research

facilities

in

Europe.

When

packets

are

passing

across

several

networks

through

'gateways'

which

provide

an

interface

from

one

type

of

network

to

~nother

there

is

more

chance

of

a

packet

getting

lost.

There

is

no

~uarantee

that

all

that

packets

will

take

the

same

route

to

the

destination,

this

is

possible

since

each

packet

carries

separate

addressing

information.

It

is

up

to

the

gateways

to

decide

what

the

most

efficient

route

is

and

if

during

the

life

of

the

connection

one

of

the

intervening

gateways

or

networks

goes

down

the

TCP/IP

protocol

is

robust

enough

to

be

able

to

replace

any

unacknowledged

lost

data

by

retransmission.

That

is

assuming

an

alternative

route

can

be

found.

1.3

Telnet

and

FTP

On

top

of

the

guaranteed

delivery

TCP

connections

the

A60

supports

file

transfer

and

remote

control.

Remote

control

is

achieved

by

allowing

the

remote

user

to

'login'

as

if

the

A60

were

another

computer

and

type

commands

interactively.

There

are

two

ways

of

doing

each,

firstly

the

official

ARPA

file

transfer

and

remote

login

utilities

called

FTP

(File

Transfer

Protocol)

and

Telnet

which

are

specifically

intended

to

work

between

different

Computer

architectures

and

Operating

Systems.

pRELIMINARY

Telnet

and

FTP

A60

Ethernet

Manual

5

1.4

Unix

'r'

Commands

The

other

alternative

is

the

native

Unix

utilities

'rcp'

(Remote

CoPy)

'rlogin'

(Remote

Login)

and

'rsh'

(remote

shell)

these

will

be

popular

with

Unix

users

since

they

offer

a

less

verbose

user

interface

-

file

transfers

are

achieved

by

cryptic

one

line

commands

rather

than

FTP

which

normally

produces

a

secondary

prompt

and

requires

at

least

three

commands

to

transfer

one

file.

1.5

The

Abekas

A60

The

A60

can

be

viewed

as

a

Video

Server

-

permitting

all

the

rendering

engines

and

computers

in

a

graphics

lab

to

share

the

ability

to

tryout

animation

sequences

and

layoff

rendered

images

without

the

preroll

and

lineup

problems

associated

with

single

frame

VTRs.

It

is

a

powerful

sharable

resource

that

treats

all

the

frames

or

fields

on

a

disk

as

separate

files

that

can

be

copied

to

or

from

the

A60.

The

remote

control

provided

across

Ethernet

is

intended

to

be

human

readable

in

that

the

commands

for

playing

or

setting

up

segments

are

executed

by

merely

typing

"PLAY"

or

"DEFSEG

0.20

1.30"

so

a

user

sitting

at

a

workstation

can

easily

preview

frames

or

animations

without

the

need

for

a

remote

control

panels

beside

every

workstation.

As

an

Ethernet

device

the

A60

appears

to

be

just

another

node

that

files

can

be

transferred

to

in

the

same way

they

would

be

moved

from

one

computer

system

to

another,

there

is

no

need

for

a

separate

VTR

controller

or

special

software.

Installation

on

Ethernet

is

just

a

question

of

the

plugging

the

A60

into

a

Transceiver

which

is

a

small

box

that

provides

the

interface

to

the

Ethernet

Coax.

The

System

Manager

then

specifies

an

Internet

address

for

the

machine

which

has

to

be

entered

on

the

A60

control

panel.

The

other

computers

on

the

network

can

then

use

this

Internet

address

to

access

the

A60.

PRELIMINARY

The

Abekas

A60

A60

Ethernet

Manual

6

2.

TCP/IP

Application

Notes

This

section

gives

a

brief

outline

of

the

functions

of

each

of

the

protocols

used

in

the

A60

and

the

way

they

interact.

2.1

Typical

File

Transfer

Take

for

example

the

opening

of

an

FTP

connection

on

a

Unix

system.

To

invoke

the

FTP

program

the

user

types

:

unix%

ftp

a60

Which

causes

a

control

connection

to

be

opened

to

the

host

specified.

The

hostname

is

the

name

used

to

refer

to

the

A60

on

the

users'

machine.

Somewhere

there

will

be

a

file

(/etc/hosts

on

unix)

which

gives

the

mapping

between

the

name

(or

some

other

optional

alias)

and

the

Internet

Address

that

has

been

assigned

for

the

A60.

A

typical

entry

in

/etc/hosts

has

the

following

form

:

192.5.200.9

a60

The

FTP

program

will

first

find

the

Internet

address

of

the

remote

host

by

referring

to

the

/etc/hosts

file.

Then

it

has

to

find

an

Ethernet

address

that

corresponds

to

this

Internet

address.

This

Ethernet

address

is

the

address

of

a

device

on

the

local

ethernet,

either

the

A60

itself

or

a

Gateway

through

which

the

A60

can

be

reached.

In

some

cases

the

host

computer

may

have

retained

this

information

from

a

previous

transaction

but

for

the

first

transfer

to

an

unknown

remote

host

the

local

host

has

to

resolve

the

Internet

-

Ethernet

address

mapping.

To

do

this

it

uses

the

Address

Resolution

Protocol

(ARP).

ARP

involves

sending

a

broadcast

packet

to

all

the

hosts

on

the

network.

only

the

host

with

the

required

Internet

address

or

a

Gateway

that

can

reach

it

will

reply

with

a

ARP

reply

packet

supplying

the

requested

Ethernet

address.

)RELIMINARY

Typical

File

Transfer

A60

Ethernet

Manual

7

Once

the

local

host

knows

how

to

reach

the

A60

over

Ethernet

it

can

open

up

a TCP

connection

to

the

FTP

port

on

the

A60.

The

A60

which

has

been

waiting

for

a

connection

to

be

made

to

the

FTP

port

responds

with

an

opening

message

and

the

FTP

program

passes

the

Users

name

to

the

A60.

Since

the

A60

does

not

do

any

username

checking

the

user

then

specifies

the

filename

to

transfer

A

data

connection

is

opened

from

the

A60

end

to

the

port

chosen

by

the

FTP

program

on

the

users'

machine

and

the

data

is

transferred.

The

data

connection

is

closed

once

the

data

has

been

transferred,

the

control

connection

is

closed

when

the

user

issues

the

'quit'

command.

2.2

Layered

Model

The

ISO

standards

authority

has

proposed

an

Open

Systems

Interconnection

model

consisting

of

seven

layers.

The

reason

for

dividing

the

Protocols

into

layers

is

so

that

different

protocols

at

the

same

level

can

be

used

interchangeably

to

provide

the

same

function

for

the

layers

above.

RELIMINARY

f

~-1

Presentation

.\

Application

Session

I

1

Transport

i

t

Network

Data

Link

Physical

OSI

diagram

Layered

Model