BIRD 4391A User manual

深圳市朗普电子科技有限公司
INSTRUCTION BOOK
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
MULTI-PURPOSE
THRULINE® WATTMETER
RF POWER ANALYST®
MODEL 4391A
©Copyright 2008 by Bird Electronic Corporation
Instruction Book Part Number 920-4391A Rev. H
Thruline® and Power Analyst® are Registered Trademark of
Bird Electronic Corporation
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i
Safety Precautions
The following are general safety precautions that are not necessarily
related to any specific part or procedure, and do not necessarily appear
elsewhere in this publication. These precautions must be thoroughly
understood and apply to all phases of operation and maintenance.
Keep Away From Live Circuits
Operating personnel must at all times observe normal safety regulations.
Do not replace components or make adjustments inside the equipment
with high voltage turned on. To avoid casualties, always remove power.
Shock Hazard
Do not attempt to remove the RF transmission line while RF power is
present. Radiated RF power is a potential health hazard. Observe general
safety precautions for handling high voltage equipment. Always
disconnect power before attempting any repairs.
Do Not Service or Adjust Alone
Under no circumstances should any person reach into an enclosure for the
purpose of service or adjustment of equipment except in the presence of
someone who is capable of rendering aid.
Chemical Hazard
Dry cleaning solvents for cleaning parts may be potentially dangerous.
Avoid inhalation of fumes or prolonged contact with skin.
Safety Earth Ground
An uninterruptible earth safety ground must be supplied from the main
power source to test instruments. Grounding one conductor of a two
conductor power cable is not sufficient protection. Serious injury or death
can occur if this grounding is not properly supplied.
Resuscitation
Personnel working with or near high voltages should be familiar with
modern methods of resuscitation.
Safety Symbols
WARNING
Warning notes call attention to a procedure which, if not correctly
performed, could result in personal injury.
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Bird Model 4391M Power Analyst
ii
NOTE: Calls attention to supplemental information
Fuse Replacement
Always use the same type and rating of fuse when replacing the fuse.
Fuse information can be found in the parts list on page 30.
Warning Statements
The following safety warnings appear in the text where there is danger to
operating and maintenance personnel, and are repeated here for emphasis.
CAUTION
Caution notes call attention to a procedure which, if not correctly
performed, could result in damage to the instrument.
The caution symbol appears on the equipment
indicating there is important information in the
instruction manual regarding that particular area.
WARNING
Use only NIckel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries that have a minimum
capacity of 4600 milliamper hours (mAh). Do not install batteries that are
not Nickel Metal Hydride. Do not install NiMH batteries that have less
than 4600 mAh capacity. Failure to comply may result in damage to the
batteries, damage to the instrument, and injury to personnel from battery
chemicals.
WARNING
Use dry cleaning solvents in a well ventilated area. Avoid excessive
inhalation of solvent fumes, since they can be toxic in heavy concentrations.
Always wear eye protection and avoid skin contact with the solvent.
WARNING
Be sure that the power cable is unplugged before opening the wattmeter
case. The power supply capacitor, C1, can retain a dangerous charge that
must be removed before touching. Always have another person standing by
who is trained in electric shock first aid.
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Caution Statements
The following equipment cautions appear in the text whenever the
equipment is in danger of damage, and are repeated here for emphasis.
CAUTION
Long-term storage of this instrument can affect battery performance and
reduce battery life. Do not store the instrument for long periods of time
without recharging the batteries (refer to page 19). Failure to comply may
result in reduced battery charge and shortened battery life.
CAUTION
If the element cannot be fully inserted into the socket, do not force
it. You might damage the element.
CAUTION
Internal batteries are connected. Remove one of the battery tubes before
unsoldering wires connected to the Main PCB. Failure to comply may result
in permanent equipment damage and severe shock to individuals.
CAUTION
Never apply RF power to the Model 4391A Wattmeter unless both line
section sockets are filled with either an element or a dust plug. If an
element is used it is advisable to place the element with the arrow at a 90°
angle to the coaxial line.
CAUTION
Always be certain the 115/230 voltage selector is set to the proper voltage
before ac power is applied.
CAUTION
Always disconnect AC power before opening the Model 4391 enclosure.
Removal of at least one battery cell is also recommended when servicing the
instrument.
CAUTION
This instrument contains static sensitive electronic components. Before
opening or servicing the unit, make sure that you understand and practice
electrostatic discharge component handling. Failure to comply may result
in permanent damage to sensitive components.
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Bird Model 4391M Power Analyst
iv
Safety Statements
USAGE
ANY USE OF THIS INSTRUMENT IN A MANNER NOT
SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER MAY IMPAIR THE
INSTRUMENT’S SAFETY PROTECTION.
USO
EL USO DE ESTE INSTRUMENTO DE MANERA NO ESPECIFICADA POR
EL FABRICANTE, PUEDE ANULAR LA PROTECCIÓN DE SEGURIDAD
DEL INSTRUMENTO.
BENUTZUNG
WIRD DAS GERÄT AUF ANDERE WEISE VERWENDET ALS VOM
HERSTELLER BESCHRIEBEN, KANN DIE GERÄTESICHERHEIT
BEEINTRÄCHTIGT WERDEN.
UTILISATION
TOUTE UTILISATION DE CET INSTRUMENT QUI N’EST PAS
EXPLICITEMENT PRÉVUE PAR LE FABRICANT PEUT ENDOMMAGER
LE DISPOSITIF DE PROTECTION DE L’INSTRUMENT.
IMPIEGO
QUALORA QUESTO STRUMENTO VENISSE UTILIZZATO IN MODO
DIVERSO DA COME SPECIFICATO DAL PRODUTTORE LA PROZIONE
DI SICUREZZA POTREBBE VENIRNE COMPROMESSA.
SERVICE
SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOR USE BY SERVICE -
TRAINED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID DANGEROUS
ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT PERFORM ANY SERVICING
UNLESS QUALIFIED TO DO SO.
SERVICIO
LAS INSTRUCCIONES DE SERVICIO SON PARA USO EXCLUSIVO DEL
PERSONAL DE SERVICIO CAPACITADO. PARA EVITAR EL PELIGRO DE
DESCARGAS ELÉCTRICAS, NO REALICE NINGÚN SERVICIO A MENOS
QUE ESTÉ CAPACITADO PARA HACERIO.
WARTUNG
ANWEISUNGEN FÜR DIE WARTUNG DES GERÄTES GELTEN NUR FÜR
GESCHULTES FACHPERSONAL.
ZUR VERMEIDUNG GEFÄHRLICHE, ELEKTRISCHE SCHOCKS, SIND
WARTUNGSARBEITEN AUSSCHLIEßLICH VON QUALIFIZIERTEM
SERVICEPERSONAL DURCHZUFÜHREN.
ENTRENTIEN
L’EMPLOI DES INSTRUCTIONS D’ENTRETIEN DOIT ÊTRE RÉSERVÉ
AU PERSONNEL FORMÉ AUX OPÉRATIONS D’ENTRETIEN. POUR
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PRÉVENIR UN CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE DANGEREUX, NE PAS EFFECTUER
D’ENTRETIEN SI L’ON N’A PAS ÉTÉ QUALIFIÉ POUR CE FAIRE.
UNITS ARE EQUIPPED WITH RECHAREABLE BATTERIES.
THESE ARE TO BE REPLACED BY AUTHORIZED SERVICE
PERSONNEL ONLY!!!
LAS UNIDADES VIENEN EQUIPADAS CON BATERIAS
RECARGABLES. ¡¡¡Y SOLAMENTE EL PERSONAL DE SERVICIO
AUTORIZADO PUEDE REEMPLAZARLAS!!!
GERÄTE SIND MIT WIEDER AUFLADBAREN BATTERIEN BESTÜCKT.
BATTERIEN SIND NUR VON QUALIFIZIERTEM SERICE PERSONAL
AUSZUWECHSELN!!!
CES DISPOSITIFS SONT ÉQUIPÉS DE BATTERIES RECHARGEABLES.
SEUL LE PERSONNEL D’ENTRETIEN AUTORISÉ EST HABILITÉ À LES
REMPLACER!
LE UNITÀ SONO DOTATE DI BATTERIE RICARICABILI, CHE DEVONO
DA COME SPECIFICATO DAL PRODUTTORE LA PROTEZIONE DI
SICUREZZA POTREBBE VENIRNE COMPROMESSA.
USE CORRECT VOLTAGE SETTING AND FUSE - SEE
MANUAL.
UTILISER UNE TENSION ET UN FUSIBLE CORRECTS -
CONSULTER LE MODE D’EMPLOI.
USE LA INSTALACION Y FUSIBLE DE VOLTAJE CORRECTO - VEA EL
MANUAL.
AUSSCHLIESSLICH VORSCHRIFTSMÄSSIGE WECHSELSPANNUNGS-
EINSTELLUNG UND SICHERUNG BENUTZEN - SIEHE DAZU
HANDBUCH.
UTILLIZZARE TENSIONE E FUSIBLE ADATTI - FARE RIFERIMENTO AL
MANUALE.
BE SURE THE 115/230V AC VOLTAGE SELECTOR IS SET TO
THE PROPER LINE VOLTAGE, AND THE CORRECT AC LINE
FUSE IS INSTALLED BEFORE AC POWER IS APPLIED.
S’ASSURER QUE LE SÉLECTEUR DE TENSION 115/230V C.A.
EST BIEN RÉGLÉ POUR LA TENSION DU RÉSEAU ET QUE LE FUSIBLE
DE LIGNE C.A. CORRECT EST EN PLACE AVANT DE METTRE SOUS
TENSION C.A.
CERCIORESE QUE EL SELECTOR DE VOLTAJE DE 115/230V CA ESTE
COLOCADO A LA LINEA DE VOLTAJE APROPIADA Y QUE EL FUSIBLE
ESTE INSTALADO A LA LINEA CA ANTES DE APLICAR LA CORRIENTE
ALTERNA.
VOR EINSCHALTEN DER WECHSELSTROMZUFUHR SICHERSTELLEN,
DASS DER 115/230V WECHSELSPANNUNGS-SELEKTOR AUF DIE
VORSCHRIFTSMÄSSIGE LEITUNGSSPANNUNG EINGESTELLT UND
DIE RICHTIGE WECHSELSTROM-HAUPTSICHERUNG EINGESETZT
IST.
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Bird Model 4391M Power Analyst
vi
PRIMA DI EROGARE CORRENTE, ASSICURARSI CHE IL SELETTORE DI
VOLTAGGIO 115/230 V.C.A. SIA REGOLATO CORRETTAMENTE E CHE
IL FUSIBLE ADATTO ALLA LINEA DI ALIMENTAZIONE C.A. SIA
INSTALLATO.
RF VOLTAGE MAY BE PRESENT IN RF ELEMENT SOCKET -
KEEP ELEMENT IN SOCKET DURING OPERATION.
DE LA TENSION H.F. PEAT ÊTRE PRÉSENTE DANS LA PRISE
DE L’ÉLÉMENT H.F. - CONSERVER L’ÉLÉMENT DANS LA
PRISE LORS DE L’EMPLOI.
HF-SPANNUNG KANN IN DER HF-ELEMENT-BUCHSE ANSTEHEN -
ELEMENT WÄHREND DES BETRIEBS EINGESTÖPSELT LASSEN.
PUEDE HABER VOLTAJE RF EN EL ENCHUFE DEL ELEMENTO RF -
MANTENGA EL ELEMENTO EN EL ENCHUFE DURANTE LA
OPERACION.
IL PORTAELEMENTO RF PUÒ PRESENTARE VOLTAGGIO RF - TENERE
L’ELEMENTO NELLA PRESA DURANTE IL FUNZIONAMENTO.
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vii
About This Manual
This instruction book is arranged so that essential information on safety
is contained in the front of the book. Reading the Safety Precautions
Section before operating the equipment is strongly advised.
The remainder of this manual is divided into Chapters and Sections.
Figures and tables are numbered sequentially within each chapter.
Chapter Layout
Introduction
Introduces the external features and and functions of the unit, equipment
provided, and optons available.
Theory of Operation
Describes the overall operation of the circuitry and the instrument
functions.
Installation
Provides information about connecting the instrument to your equipment.
Operation
First time operators should read Chapter 1 - Introduction, Chapter 2 -
Theory of Operation, and Chapter 3 - Installation, to get an overview of
equipment capabilities and how to install it. Experienced operators can
refer to Chapter 4 - Operating Instructions. All instructions necessary to
operate the equipment, are contained in this section.
Maintenance
All personnel should be familiar with calibration and repair information
found in Chapter 5 - Maintenance. If a failure should occur, the
troubleshooting section will aid in isolating and repairing the failure.
Parts
For location of major assemblies or parts refer to the part lists and
associated drawings.
Changes to this Manual
We have made every effort to ensure this manual is accurate at the time of
publication. If you should discover any errors or if you have suggestions for
improving this manual, please send your comments to our factory. This
manual may be periodically updated, when inquiring about updates to this
manual refer to the part number and revision level on the title page.
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Bird Model 4391M Power Analyst
viii
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ix
Table of Contents
Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Purpose and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Description of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Keyboard, Range Switches, and Display Group 3
Elements, Analog Circuitry, and A/D Converter 3
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Operating on AC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Operating Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Reading Forward CW Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Reading Reflected CW Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Reading SWR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Measuring Peak Envelope Power . . . . . . . . . 13
Measuring Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . 14
Measuring Power in dBm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Measuring Return Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Insertion Loss or Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Monitoring Maximum and Minimum Readings 16
Using the Peaking Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Battery Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cleaning and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Long-term Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Required Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Initial Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Element Wiper Contact Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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x
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Disassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Front Panel Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Main Printed Circuit (PC) Board Removal . . . 25
QC Connectors Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Line Section Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Battery Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Parts List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Customer Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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1
Chapter 1 Introduction
The Model 4391A is a multi-purpose Radio Frequency
wattmeter designed around a microcomputer. A program
stored in permanent memory controls the operation of the
instrument at all times, permitting the detection and
correction of various error sources and the refinement of the
raw data produced by the directional detectors. The
instrument can compute VSWR, amplitude modulation, and
various decibel variables reducing the odds of error and
making such measurements consistent or repeatable
regardless of who makes the measurement.
Other benefits include extended range using standard
elements in some modes of operation, continuous monitoring
of maximum and minimum readings, a peaking aid, and
error messages.
Because of its complexity, the proper use of the 4391A is not
always obvious. For this reason it is strongly advised that
this manual be read in its entirety before using the device.
Purpose and
Function
The 4391A RF Power Analyst is an insertion type digital RF
Directional Thruline® Wattmeter designed to measure peak
or average power flow, load match, and amplitude
modulation in 50 ohm coaxial transmission lines. It is
intended for use with CW, AM, FM, SSB, TV, and Pulse
modulation envelopes. The instrument directly reads PEP or
CW power in watts, milliwatts, or kilowatts in 9 ranges from
2.5 to 1000 full scale forward power and 0.25 to 100 full scale
reflected power depending on the Plug-in Element. In
addition it reads SWR directly over the range of 1.00 to
99.99, percent modulation directly over the range of 0.0 to
99.9, and return loss over the range of 0 to 36.1 dB. For
convenience, forward and reflected CW power can be
displayed in dBm (dB above 1 milliwatt) from 6 dB above to
24 dB below nominal element range.
Power range and frequency band are determined by the
Plug-in Elements used. Two switches on the front panel of
the instrument are set by the user to correspond to the
nominal power range of the forward element. The reflected
element is assumed to have a nominal range one tenth that
of the forward element.
In any mode of operation, the instrument can recall from
memory the lowest or highest reading taken or tell the
operator whether the newest reading is less than, equal to,
or greater than the previous reading.
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Bird Model 4391A Power Analyst
2
Description The instrument is housed in an aluminum case
approximately 4-3/8 inches high by 9-5/8 inches deep by 6-1/
4 inches wide (111 mm x 244 mm x 159 mm) including
connections, see Figure 1. At each end of the line section are
Bird Quick-Change type RF connectors which may be easily
interchanged with any other Bird QC connector. See Bird
Catalog for types available.
Operating power is derived from rechargeable nickel metal
hydride batteries inside the unit or from a 115/230 VAC
power source connected to the unit through the power cord
supplied with the unit.
Figure 1
Outline
Drawing
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3
Chapter 2 Theory of Operation
Description of
Operation
Figure 2 is a block diagram of the major functional parts of
the Model 4391A RF Wattmeter. The Microcomputer
integrated circuit shown, controls all the other portions of
the instrument, which fall into two major groups.
Keyboard,
Range
Switches, and
Display
Group
The keyboard and range switches serve only to pass
information to the computer. The display, of course, returns
information from the computer to the operator. The display,
which is comprised of four seven-segment LED digits, is
strobed digit by digit left to right at a rate of approximately
one digit per millisecond. This serves to conserve battery
power and drive circuitry while providing scanning for the
columns of the keyboard. Each time a digit is strobed, the
corresponding column of the keyboard is read and if a key is
pressed, the computer puts the code for that key into a
memory cell. The nine mode keys select which parameter is
to be measured. The three modifier keys simply modify the
way in which the result is displayed. The range selector
switches identify to the computer the nominal full scale
values of the elements used. They have no effect on input
sensitivity, which is determined by the elements.
Elements,
Analog
Circuitry, and
A/D Converter
These components are controlled by the computer. The Plug-
in Elements in the line section provide low level positive
voltages related to the instantaneous value of power (see
Figure 3). The first group of solid state switches selects the
forward element, the reflected element, or ground as the
input to the preamplifier which boosts these signals to 0.1 to
2.0 volt range. The remaining switches shown as two groups
direct the output of the preamp to the analog-to-digital
converter either directly or through a peak or negative peak
detector. The analog-to-digital converter converts the voltage
to a 15 digit binary number.
Figure 2
Circuit Block
Diagram
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Bird Model 4391A Power Analyst
4
Each reading output by the display is derived from up to
three voltage readings using the circuitry described above.
Once these voltages are measured, all remaining operations
are performed within the computer chip as follows:
The voltages are corrected for error due to dc drift in the
analog circuitry. Each voltage is converted to square root of
power using stored data tables. These values are then
combined mathematically to arrive at the final result in
binary. This is used to update the registers containing the
last value, the maximum value, or the minimum value as
required. Finally, the result is converted to a decimal
number and placed into a register from which the display
driving routine operates.
The coupling circuit that samples the travelling waves is in
the Plug-in Element. The circuitry of the element and its
relationship to the other components of the Thruline Watt-
meter are illustrated in the schematic diagram. Energy will
be produced in the coupling circuit of the element by both
mutual inductance and capacitance from the travelling RF
waves of the line section. The inductive currents will flow
according to the direction of the travelling waves producing
them. The capacitive portion of these currents is
independent of the direction of the travelling waves.
Therefore, assuming that the Plug-in Element remains
stationary, the coupling currents produced from the waves of
one direction will add in phase, and those produced from
waves of the opposite direction will accordingly subtract in
phase. The additive or “arrow” direction is assigned to the
forward wave.
Figure 3
Plug-In
Element
Schematic
Diagram
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Theory of Operation
5
The electrical values of the element circuits are carefully
balanced and designed so that current from the reverse wave
will cancel the other almost completely. The result is
directivity always higher than 25 dB, which means that the
element is highly insensitive (nulled) to the REVERSE
direction wave. Being highly directional, the Thruline
element is sensitive (at one setting) only to one of the
travelling waves that produce standing waves by
interference. Thruline Wattmeter measurements are,
therefore, independent of position along standing waves.
Figure 4
Readings with
Various
Envelopes
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Bird Model 4391A Power Analyst
6
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7
Chapter 3 Installation
The Model 4391A RF Power Analyst is completely portable
and very suitable for field or laboratory use. Its power is
derived from rechargeable nickel metal hydride batteries
inside the unit or from an AC outlet via the power cord
supplied with the device.
The batteries are shipped in a low charge state. It is,
therefore, recommended that you charge the instrument for
16 hours before using it for continuous operation.
Operating on
AC Power
For ac power operation, the Model 4391A is simply
connected to an AC receptacle using the line cord provided.
The correct AC voltage is selected via a rear panel switch
(Figure 5). The meter may be operated in this manner with
the batteries removed if desired.
CAUTION
Long-term storage of this instrument can affect battery
performance and reduce battery life. Do not store the
instrument for long periods of time without recharging the
batteries (refer to page 19). Failure to comply may result
in reduced battery charge and shortened battery life.
CAUTION
Always be certain the 115/230 voltage selector is set to the
proper voltage before ac power is applied.
Figure 5
Rear Panel
Item No. Description
1 AC input voltage selector switch
2Fuseholder
3 AC power cable connector
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Bird Model 4391A Power Analyst
8
Connections The Model 4391A contains a short section of rigid 50 ohm
coaxial air dielectric transmission line. To make
measurements relating to the travelling waves in a coaxial
line, that line must be disconnected at some convenient point
to permit the Model 4391A air line to be inserted.
Although the Model 4391A is normally supplied with two
Female N-type connectors, a variety of easily
interchangeable connectors are available to facilitate
connecting to the user’s system.
Once the Model 4391A is installed in the coaxial line, a Plug-
in Element or a pair of Plug-in Elements must be selected
which correspond to the frequency and power levels to be
measured.
NOTE: The instrument is shipped with dust plugs
installed in the element sockets. Remove the dust plugs
to insert elements.
In order to take full advantage of the Model 4391A’s
capabilities, two elements in a 10:1 ratio of power range
should be used. If only one element is used, the other socket
should be filled with a dust plug or a higher power element.
Also, for greatest accuracy, the element(s) should be chosen
having the lowest possible power range that will not result
in over-ranging. Table 1 lists elements required for each
mode of operation.
Table 1
Plug-In
Elements
Required
The higher power element is placed in the socket marked
“FORWARD” and its arrow pointed in the direction of
forward power flow (toward antenna or load). The lower
power element is placed in the socket marked
“REFLECTED” and is normally pointed in the direction
opposite to forward power flow. The elements are clamped in
place by the hold-down catches on the face of the line section.
These catches must be used to avoid error due to the element
not contacting the bottom or seating plate of the socket. With
the element(s) in place, set the range switches to correspond
Mode Forward Reflected
FWD CW 
RFL CW 
SWR  *
* The reflected element must have a nominal power range
one tenth that of the forward element.
FWD PEP 
RFL PEP 
% MOD 
FWD dBm 
RFL dBm 
RTN Loss  *
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Installation
9
with the nominal power range of the elements. For example,
if the forward element is a 5 watt element, the switches are
set at 5 and x1. For a 250 watt element they are set at 2.5
and x100. Sometimes it is necessary to use milliwatts or
kilowatts as the unit of measure. In other words, 1 watt
becomes 10 x 100 milliwatts and 2500 watts becomes 2.5 x 1
kilowatts.
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