BRUEL & KJAER 1212 User manual

Instruction Manual
Thermal Comfort Meter Type 1212
A portable instrument for measuring the ef-
fect
of the thermal environment on human
comfort by simulating the thermal balance
of the human body. It consists of a heated
Transducer having the same ratio
of con-
vective to radiant heat emittance as a hu-
man body, and similar directional character-
istics. The Transducer surface is heated to
the same temperature as the clothing
of a
person clothed as set on the controls
of the
instrument. The heating power supplied
to
the Transducer is then used to compute
electronically PMV, PPD and other quanti-
ties related to comfort. The Thermal Com- .
fort Meter has a liquid-crystal digital display
and three outputs suitable for feeding to a
recorder. It is designed for taking measure-
ments quickly and easily
on site. It may be
powered from built-in batteries,
an optional
slide-in mains power supply,
or an external
DC supply.
+ Brliel & Kjcer

THERMAL COMFORT METER
TYPE 1212
From serial number 961484
Revision
November 1986

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS {PRODUCT DATA) .............................................................................. 1
2. CONTROLS..................................................................................................................................................................5
2.1. FRONT PANEL........................................................................................................................5
2.2. REAR PANEL ..........................................................................................................................6
3. OPERATION .................................................................................................................................................................8
3.1. PRELIMINARY ........................................................................................................................8
Environment and Handling....................................................................................................8
Mounting ..................................................................................................................................9
3.2. CHOICE
OF POWER SOURCE ............................................................................................9
Alkaline Batteries...................................................................................................................9
Rechargeable Batteries.......................................................................................................10
Installing Battery Cells.........................................................................................................10
Mains Power Supply ZG 0199 ............................................................................................ 12
Battery Charger ZG 0113 .................................................................................................... 13
External DC .......................................................................................................................... 13
3.3. CHECKING THE CALIBRATION OF THE THERMAL COMFORT METER.................... 14
3.4. THERMAL COMFORT MEASUREMENTS ........................................................................ 15
Setting up the Transducer.................................................................................................. 15
Choosing Values for Preset Parameters .......................................................................... 15
Obtaining Readings ............................................................................................................. 19
Equivalent Temperature Accuracy..................................................................................... 21
Measuring Air Velocity and Mean Radiant Temperature................................................ 21
3.5. CLEANING THE THERMAL COMFORT TRANSDUCER MM 0023 ................................ 21
3.6. USING THE OUTPUT SOCKETS........................................................................................ 22
Portable Graphic Level Recorder Type 2317 ................................................................... 25
Portable Graphic Level Recorder Type 2309 ................................................................... 27
4. SERVICE AND REPAIR............................................................................................................................................ 28

type 1212
Thermal Comfort Meter
USES: FEATURES:
• Measurement of the quality of indoor thermal
environments • Combines
all thermal comfort factors: air
temperature, mean radiant temperature, air
velocity, humidity, and clothing and activity level
• Measurement
of PMV (Predicted Mean Vote)
• Measurement of PPD (Predicted Percentage of
Dissatisfied)
• Dial-in facilities for clothing, activity and water
vapour pressure levels
• Measurement of Operative and Equivalent
Temperatures
• Indication of PMV, PPD or Operative, Comfort,
Equivalent or Difference Temperature selectable
• Determination of heating and air-conditioning
system performance
• Measurements for standing or seated comfort
• Compact heated sensor with short setting-time
• Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in
aircraft, trains, buses and other transport
environments
• 3-digit liquid crystal display
• Three recorder outputs
Introduction
The Thermal Comfort Meter Type
1212 is a direct-reading instrument for
determining the effect on human com-
fort
of the thermal characteristics of
indoor environments. It is suitable for
use
both in buildings and also in air-
craft,
trains and other vehicles with
their own enclosed thermal environ-
ments.
It conforms to the require-
ments of ISO 7730, "Moderate ther-
mal environments - Determination
of the thermal indices PMV and PPD
and assessment of thermal environ-
ments for comfort".
Thermal comfort is a function not
only of air temperature, but also of
five other, less obvious parameters:
mean radiant temperature, air veloci-
ty,
humidity, activity level, and the
thermal resistance of clothing. When
any combination of these factors satis-
fies
the Comfort Equation derived by
Prof. P.O. Fanger,
the thermal com-
fort
of a majority of individuals can be
stated to be neutral. The Type 1212
measures
three of these parameters
(air velocity, air temperature, and
mean radiant temperature), and com-
putes in usable form a quantitive mea-
sure
of comfort, taking account of di-
alled-in values
of the other three pa-
rameters.
BP 0251-13
• Powered from built-in batteries, with mains power
optional
The Thermal Comfort Meter is a
portable,
battery-powered instrument
which senses environmental condi-
tions via
the Comfort Transducer
MM 0023. This Transducer is elec-
tronic in its
operation and is connect-
ed by a cable. It may be mounted on a
normal lightweight
photographic tri-
pod (a
Tripod Adaptor is included and
a tripod can be supplied as an optional
accessory), and is used in one of two
orientations corresponding to stand-
ing and seated people. The MM 0023
incorporates a controlled heat source
and in this and other respects models
the static thermal properties of a hu-
man being. It is sufficiently compact
and fast-acting for every-day use on
site, away from
the laboratory.
Measurements made with the Ther-
mal Comfort Meter may be read di-
rectly on
its liquid crystal display or
logged on a
strip-chart recorder such
as
Types 2317 or 2309 from B & K.

A human being is said to be ther-
mally comfortable when he cannot
say whether he would prefer cooler or
warmer surroundings. In the range of
moderate environments which the
B & K Thermal Comfort Meter is de-
signed
to measure, this condition is re-
lated to the equilibrium resulting from
heat generated within the body and
transferred to the environment by con-
vection,
radiation and evaportation of
moisture. The principles on which the
Meter is founded have been developed
in a
number of independent laborato-
ries, most notably
the Heating and Air
Conditioning Laboratory
of the Techni-
cal University
of Denmark. A thermal-
comfort
meter patent taken out by the
University in the name of T.L. Madsen
is now held by B & K. Research into
thermal comfort has relied on extensive
and thorough tests with large numbers
of volunteers, including members of
both sexes and a variety of different
ethnic
and age groups.
The PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) scale
ranges from
-3 (Cold) to + 3 (Hot). The
Thermal Comfort Meter can calculate
the PMV valu~ in the range -2,2 to
+2,2 from the measured and preselect-
ed parameters , using methods based on
the Comfort Equation of Prof . P.O.
Fanger (Technical University of Den-
mark). An indicator
of additional prac-
tical value, also
computed by the Type
1212, is the PPD (Predicted Percentage
of Dissatisfied), which is derived from
the PMV as shown in Fig. 1 and also
owes
its origins to Fanger's work.
The Operative Temperature (°C) is
the value of air temperature which
Description
The system configuration of the
Thermal Comfort Meter Type 1212 is
shown in Fig.
2.
Display and Controls
The Type 1212 has a liquid crystal
digital display which
can be switch-
selected
to indicate one of the six dif-
ferent
quantities listed in Fig. 2.
These terms are explained in the box
above.
The two important parameters to be
preset
are the thermal insulation of
the clothing, expressed in clo, and the
activity level, expressed in met. A
Thermal Data Card to enable these
quantities to be estimated is supplied
with the 1212. The vapour pressure
should also be preset.
This is a func-
tion of the air temperature and the
relative humidity, and may be esti-
mated as its influence on the measure-
ment is secondary.
2
%
80
60
Q)
40
E
c:
CU-
30
~]
O...'t;
N · ~
20
(.)"'
:go
~0
0
0...
0...
10
"""
"'
/~
'
~
/ ,
" /
~i\.
/~
\ I
\. /
8
6
'"
/
5 - 2,0
Cool - 1,5
-0 ,5 ' v
0
Neutral 0,5 1,5 2,0
Warm
-1,0
Slightly
cool PMV (Predicted
Mean Vote)
1,0
Slightly
warm
811406
Fig. 1. The relationship between PPD and PMV
would result in the same heat loss from
a person by convection
and radiation as
in the actual environment, if the air
temperature and mean radiant tem-
perature were equal. It integrates the
influence of the air and mean radiant
temperatures.
The Equivalent Temperature (°C)
of an environment is the temperature of
the air and all the interior surfaces in a
reference environment in which
the air
is still
and the temperature has been
adjusted to obtain the same heat loss
from a person by convection
and radia -
tion as that person experiences in the
actual environment. When this condi-
tion is satisfied, then the Equivalent
Temperature of the actual environment
is
the same as the air temperature in the
reference environment.
The Comfort Temperature (°C) is
the value of Equivalent Temperature
required to achieve thermal comfort
when
the clothing, activity level and hu-
midity are given.
The Difference Temperature (K) is
a measure
of the amount by which the
temperature of the measured environ-
ment should be altered so that a person
with
the metabolic activity and clothing
insulation
set on the front panel con-
trols will feel thermally comfortable.
It
is equal to the Comfort Temperature
minus the Equivalent Temperature.
,---------------,
I s 7 I
.,.+---1!---J IOutputs
1-
I
I ing
Amplifier
Display
PMV
!Displayed
Value
I
I
I o
I I
~..-.-.. ________________ _
Comfort
Temperature
Function:
1-0ff; 2-0p _erative Temperature; 3-Comfort Temperature; 4- Equivalent Temperature;
5- Difference Temperature;
6- PMV;
7- PPD
811080
Fig. 2. System diagram of the Type 1212
Transducer
The Thermal Comfort Transducer
MM 0023 (Fig. 3) has a simple ellip-
soidal
shape with a circular section in
plan. It contains a surface tempera-
ture sensor, and a heating element
whose output is adjusted automatical-
ly to warm the surface to a tempera-

Fig. 3. The Thermal Comfort Transducer
MM 0023 in its mahogany case
ture similar to that of a thermally
comfortable human being clad as pre-
set on the instrument front-panel
Clothing switch. The rate of heat pro-
duction needed to attain this tempera-
ture is used as a measure of the envi-
ronmental conditions. Since the heat-
ing element is located in the surface
layer
of the Transducer, the device
reaches
rapid thermal equilibrium
with its environment and enables suc-
cessive
measurements under different
conditions to be taken fairly quickly.
The lower limiting value of clothing
thermal insulation for which measure-
ments may be made is shown in Fig. 4
as a
function of Equivalent Tempera-
ture (above 15°C, measurements can
be made with all available clothing
values).
Heat loss from a human being oc-
curs by
radiation, convection and
evaporation. The effective radiant
surface area is typically 30 % smaller
than the convective surface area be-
cause
of reciprocal radiation exchange
between
re-entrant parts of the body,
for example
between the insides of the
legs. The two effective areas are equal
for the Thermal Comfort Transducer,
but because it is smaller than a human
body, its convective heat emission per
unit area is greater. The size and sur-
face finish of the Transducer are
therefore carefully selected to achieve
the same ratio of convective to radiant
heat emission as for a human being.
Briiel & Kjcer
Measurement Object /.. 0 J(· nr. J I( 7
Outside
2,0 Minimum
Clothing
(clo)
measurement -t---'---t-':.....------t---t---1
range
0,5
0 so
Equivalent Temperature 817761
Fig. 4. Graph showing the lower limiting
value of clothing thermal insulation
for which valid measurements may
be taken with the Type 1212, as a
function
of Equivalent Temperature
The shape of the Transducer is de-
termined by the need to obtain the
same ratio of horizontal and vertical
projected radiant surface areas as for a
human being. For a standing person
these two areas are very different.
There are also likely to be significant
differences
between horizontal and
vertical radiation temperatures, for
example where lighting
makes a sig-
nificant contribution to the radiant
heat, or where the ceiling constitutes
an active part of heating or air-condi-
tioning
plant. On the other hand the
difference between the side and fron-
tal radiant surface areas do not justify
the extra complication in construction
and use of a transducer with three
differentiated axes.
Additional Facilities
The Thermal Comfort Meter is pro-
vided with
three analogue voltage out-
puts for connection to a strip-chart
recorder . Two of the outputs carry di-
rect voltages proportional to Comofrt
Temperature and PMV respectively.
The third carries a direct voltage pro-
portional to the quantity selected on
the display. The Comfort Tempera-
ture output is used for calibrating the
recorder. Suitable recorders are B & K
Type 2317 for single-channel record-
ing (Fig. 5),
and Type 2309 for two-
Fig. 5. Portable Graphic Level Recorder
Type 2317
channel work. An example of a record-
ing is shown
in Fig. 6.
The 1212 is supplied with six non-
rechargeable alkaline cells of a popu-
lar size, contained in a detachable bat-
tery-box (see Fig. 7).
These may be
replaced by rechargeable NiCd cells
(available
to order) if required, which
can be recharged in situ using Battery
Charger ZG 0113 (also available to or-
der)
or any suitable DC power source.
A
Mains Power Supply ZG 0199 is
available
to enable the Type 1212 to
be powered continuously from the AC
mains. This may be installed in the
rear panel Supply Compartment in
place
of the battery box, but it may
also be used externally, for powering
the 1212 and/or charging rechargeable
batteries. Provision is also made to
power the 1212 and/or recharge bat-
teries from a suitable DC supply.
Fig. 7. Rear panel of the Type 1212, show-
ing
the battery box installed
•••• •••••••••• • •••••• •• •••••••••••••••••••
Writing Speed~~/'
••••••• • ••••••
QP 0270 Calibration :
Upper Limit ,, '"k
Lower Limit - ~k Unit
oc 0
K@'
%0
toO teqO
tdifU{I>MvO PPD 0
8 Hour Recording 1 lei o16 clo 2
M~met3
Pa
1,.:>
kPa 4 tcomf .t0,3°C
5
Start Time 0100
6 Date .tl!lo/1/ 7 Signature
'l!.Jint436
Fig. 6. Example of graphic recording made using the Thermal Comfort Meter with the Type 2317 Recorder
3

Applications
The Thermal Comfort Meter has
wide application to the field of heating
and air-conditioning in buildings and
vehicles. With the help of the 1212,
maximum performance can be ob-
tained with minimum energy con-
sumption. It is ideal for measuring the
characteristics of existing system-s to
enable new designs to be optimised. It
can be used by installers to balance
newly-commissioned heating or air-
conditioning
equipement. · Plant engi-
neers will find a
Thermal Comfort
Meter of benefit in keeping a check on
the running performance of syste ms
for which
they are responsible, and for
arbitrating in disputes over comfort
conditions. Designers of window and
insulation systems can use the instru-
INDICATIONS:
Opetative Temperature: -1 oo to + 40°C
± 0,5°C
Comfort Temperature: -20 ° to + 32 °C
± 0,5 oc
Equivalent Temperature: -12 ° to + 32 °C
± 0,5 oc. Lower limit subject to conditions as
shown in Fig.4
Difference Temperature: -20 K
to + 20 K
PMV:
-2,2 to + 2,2
PPD: 5
to 90%, maximum resolution 0,1%
Display:
3-digit liquid crystal type , 16 mm
(5/s in) characters
PRESET QUANTITIES:
Clothing: 0,0
to 2,0 clo (0 to 0,31 m2° C/W).
For lower limiting value as a function of
Equivalent Temperature, see Fig. 4
Activity: 0,8
to 4,0 met (46 to 232 W/m
2)
Vapour 'Pressure: 0,3 to 3,6 kPa (3 to 36
mbar)
RECORDER OUTPUTS:
Comfort Temperature: 0,1 V per °C, -2,0 to
+3,2 v
Displayed Value: 0,1 V per °C, 0,1 V perK ,
0,05 V per %, 1 V per PMV unit
PMV: 1 V
per unit, -2,2 V to + 2,2 V
Impedance: Source <50 Q, minimum load
impedance 10 kQ
Connector: Standard BNC type, accepting
plug JP 0035
POWER SOURCES:
Battery: Approximately 10 hours' operation
from 6 alkaline batteries, QB 0004, to IEC
R 20 dimensions (D size), in plug -i n battery
ment to monitor the effectiveness of
their product s. It is especially valuable
in difficult
heating and air-condition-
ing
applications such as indoor sw im -
ming-pools,
indu st rial clean-rooms
and hospital o perating -t heatres. Em -
ployers who provide special clothing
for
staff such as electronics assembly
and food-processing personnel can use
the 1212 to optimise the garments for
the actual working conditions. Al-
though it is designed primarily for
taking mea s urements, some of the
voltages available on the outputs of
the Thermal Comfort Meter could be
used as control
inputs for heating or
air-co nditioning systems, on a trial or
experimental basi s.
Specifications 1212
pack ZG 0146 (all supplied), or rechargeable
NiCd batteries of the same dimensions such
as QB 0008 (available
to order). Battery
charger ZG 0113 for recharging from
100-130 I 200-240 V AC mains (50 to 400 Hz)
available to order
Mains: Mains Power Supply ZG 0199 for con-
tinuous operation from 100, 115, 127, 220 or
240 V AC mains (50 to 400 Hz) available to
order
External DC: + 6 to + 15 V DC, max. 1A, to
power the instrument. + 9 to + 12 V DC, 0,1 to
0,4 A to recharge installed rechargeable bat-
teries. Ext. supplies, i nternal batteries and
Transducer heater electrically isolated from
measuring circuits, outputs a.nd all other ac -
cessible metalwork
WEIGHT:
2,4 kg (5,3 lb)
DIMENSIONS:
Height: 133 mm (5,2 in)
Width: 210
mm (8,3 in)
Depth: 200
mm (7,9 in)
ENVIRONMENT:
Operating Temperature Range: + 5° to
+40 °C (+41 ° to+ 104°F). Transducer down
to -15 °C (+ 5° F)
Storage Temperature Range: -25 ° to
+70 °C (-13 ° to +158 °F)
Humidity: 0 to 90% non-condensin _g
Electromagnetic Compatibility: Complies
with U.S. FCC requirements for Class B Com-
puting Device
Fig. 8. The Thermal Comfort Meter being
used to meas
ur e conditions in a
public
swimming bath
COMFORT TRANSDUCER MM 0023:
Weight: 230 g (8 oz)
Length: 160
mm (6,3 in), excluding handle
Diameter: 54 mm (2 ,1 in)
Warm-up Time: Typically 10 to 15 minutes
after application of heating-power to the
Transducer; much less for small changes in
environment or clothing setting
Electrical: Connect ion to Type 1212 by 3 m
cable with plug JP 0408
ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED:
Thermal Comfort Transducer ............ MM 0023
Tripod Adaptor ......................................UA 0588
Battery Box .... ........ .... ....... .. .................... ZG 0146
6 Alkaline cells, IEC R 20 size .......... .. QB 0004
Standard 7-pin DIN plug for ext.
power connections .... . .. ....... .. .................JP 0703
2 spare 2 A fuses .. .... ............................. VF 0010
Thermal Data Chart ............................ .. BR 0231
ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE:
6 m Extension Cable for MM 0023..... AQ 0358
1 ,2 m BNC cable (for recorder
etc.)........................................................... AO 0087
Recording Paper.......................... ... ....... QP 0270
Rechargeable NiCd cell (6 re-
quired)
.. .. ................. .. ................. .. ........ .... QB 0008
Battery Charger .... ....... .. ........................ZG 0113
Mains Power Supply .. ........................... ZG 0199
Charge/Power cable .............................AQ 0035
Portable tripod ................................ .... ... UA 0587
Mahogany cabinet ................................. KA 0063