burroughs 205 User manual

BULLETIN 3022
Burroughs
205
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS
HANDBOOK
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PAPER TAPE SYSTEM
PHOTOELECTRIC READER
HIGH SPEED TAPE PUNCH
MODEL 458 MODIFIED FLEXOWRITER
MODEL 446 TYPEWRITER CONTROL
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Copyright © 1957
Burroughs' Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAPER TAPE SYSTEM
GENERAL
COMPONENTS
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
PHOTOELECTRIC READER
MECHANICAL READER
HIGH SPEED TAPE PUNCH
FLEXOWRITER
TYPEWRITER CONTROL
Typewriter Control Panel
Patch Panel
CODE SYSTEM
COMMANDS
INPUT
FORMAT
METHODS OF OPERATION
INPUT SELECT~ SWITCH
OUTPUT SELECT~ SWITCH
PATCH PANEL CONNECTIONS
LOADING PAPER TAPE
Photoelectric Reader
Mechanical Reader
High Speed Tape Punch
Flexowriter Punch
READING A PROGRAM INTO THE DATATRON
TAPE PREPARATION
TAPE DUPLICATION
RELATIVE CODING
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
5
6
8
9
13
13
15
18
18
18
19
19
21
21
23
24
25
25
25
26
27

. .. .; ..... : ...
. ;, .. ~ .

PAPER TAPE SYSTEll HANDBOOK
GENERAL
One of the DATATRON's flexible input-output media is the Paper
Tape System which provides a convenient and econoaical means of
communication with the DATATRON. The system consists of input
and output devices which read or punch perforated paper tape
and a typewriter which prints out either directly from the com-
puter or from paper tape. All input is decimal and all nuaeric
output is decimal. Upper and lower case alphabetic characters,
punctuation marks, and all other symbols on the keyboard may be
printed out on the typewriter or punched out on paper tape.
COlIPONENTS
Paper tape input equipment for the DATATRON consists of the
Photoelectric Reader which is installed in the right desk drawer
position of the Control Console, and the Mechanical Reader which
is mounted on the left front side of the output typewriter.
Paper tape output equipment for the DATATRON consists of the
following:
High Speed Tape Punch which punches paper tape under control
of the DATATRON. It is mounted in a separate cabinet and con-
nected to the Control Console by a single cable.
Model 458 Modified Flexowriter for typewritten page or punched
paper tape output, or both simultaneously.
Model 446 Typewriter Control, a translator and fo~at control
unit which allows easy setting of line, paragraph, and page
lengths on the typewriter.
!2.EJSCRIPTION OF COIPONENTS
PHOTOELECTRIC READER
The Photoelectric Reader can read information into the
DATATRON at a speed of 540 decimal digits per second, or
about 45 computer words per second. Operation of the
Photoelectric Reader is under the control of commands from
the DATATRON, or co_ands punched in the paper tape. The
command which initiates the tape movement comes from the
DATATRON, and the command which stops the Photoelectric
Reader is punched in the paper tape. Loading of informa-
tion from the paper tape may be intermittent.
(1)

Two types ot adapters are available for use on the Photo-
electric Reader: a loop adapter and a reel adapter. The
loop adapter is used if the paper tape is short enough to
be held by the tape bin mounted below the Photoelectric
Reader. The reel adapter is used for longer sections of
paper tape when the loop adapter is not practical. Each
reel can hold about 100 feet of paper tape, enough for
about 2000 DATATRON words.
MECHANICAL READER
The Mechanical Reader can read information into the DATATRON
at a speed of about 10 characters per second. Because of
the Mechanical Reader's slow rate, the preferred means of
paper tape input is the Photoelectric Reader.
The Mechanical Reader, mounted on the output typewriter, is
an integral part of the Flexowriter. The reading operation
is started by a command from the DATATRON. The operation
is stopped by a command punched in the paper tape. Inter-
mittent operation is controlled by the DATATRON.
HIGH SPEED TAPE PUNCH
The High Speed Tape Punch operates through the Control Console
to reproduce on paper tape the output information coming from
the A Register of the DATATRON. The tapes so produced will
subsequently serve as input tapes to the typewriter where
translation can be effected, or as input tapes to the com-
puter, via the Photoelectric Reader or the Mechanical Reader.
Punching occurs at a rate of 60 characters per second. Since
the A Register is being used during the punch operation, the
DATATRON is not free for other operations.
FLEXOWRITER
The Flexowriter, Figure 1, is an electric typewriter with
an integral punch for paper tape and a Mechanical Reader for
punched paper tape. As moditied for use with the ~TATRON,
it can be used to perform any ot the following functions:
(1) Type, or simultaneously punch and type information,
numeric and alphabetic, received from the A Register of the
DATATRON, at a speed ot about 10 characters per second.
(2) Punch information, numeric and alphabetic, received
from the A Register ot the DATATRON, at a speed of about
14 characters per second.
(2)

(3) Type, punch, or simultaneously type and punch information
in either the DATATRON or Flexowriter code, received via the
Mechanical Reader at a speed of about 10 characters per second.
(4) Reproduce a paper tape from another paper tape automa-
tically, with or without translation from the DATATRON code
to the Flexowriter code at a speed of about 10 characters
per second.
(5) Punch a paper tape in either DATATRON or Flexowriter
code.
Keyboard
The
Flexowriter four bank keyboard has a total of 51 key lever
positions. There are 42 keys for character operation, and the
remaining 9 are for functional operations.
Carriage
The standard carriage accepts a 9-7/8 inch form with a
maximum
writing line of 8t inches.
Line Spacing
The Flexowriter is equipped with a 33 tooth ratchet, permit-
ting a line spacing of six lines per inch.
Tabulation
A tabular mechanism is provided with a minimum of two letter
spaces between tab settings.
Case Shift
The type basket shifts to select printing between upper and
lower case characters, with two shift keys (one for upper
case and one for lower case) on each side of the keyboard.
Shift key operation is required for shifting in each direc-
tion.
Carriage Return
The carriage return function is power operated with line
spacing incidental to carriage return operation. Platen
indexing is adjustable for single, double, or triple spac-
ing. The left-hand margin can be adjusted in increments of
one letter spaces.
(3)

F!exowriter. Figure 1
(4)

Control Switches
START READ When this switch is depressed, a prepunched
paper tape .oves through the Mechanical Reader.
STOP READ
When this switch is depressed, the Mechanical
Reader stops operation.
PUNCH ON When this switch is depressed, each character
or ~unction typed on the keyboard or read by the Mechanical
Reader is punched in the paper tape by the punch unit.
TAPE FEED When this switch is depressed, blank paper
tape ~eeds through the punch unit, provided the PUNCH ON
switch is in the ON position.
CODE DELETE When this switch is depressed, a delete
panch is recorded in the paper tape indicating that the
associated digit is to be ignored. This punch is an in-
struction to the Flexowriter only, and is not sensed by the
Photoelectric Reader. When the delete code is read by the
Mechanical Reader, no character or ~unction operation will
occur on the typewriter or be punched by the punch unit ~or
that digit. A paper tape containing a delete punch should
not be read into the DA~TRON via the Photoelectric Reader
since the error will not only remain, but an extra digit
will be added to the word.
STOP CODE When this switch is depressed, a stop code
is punched in the paper tape. When read by the Mechanical
Reader, the paper tape will stop at this point and will
move forward again when the START READ switch is depressed.
POWER SWITCH The ON-oFF switch, located on the right
front corner of the Flexowriter, must be in the ON position
for all operations requiring use of the Flexowriter.
TYPEWRITER CON'I'ROL
The Typewriter Control performs a variety of functions in
connection with output from the DATATRON to the paper tape
system. Housed in the Flexowriter Desk, it translates;
codes; decodes; counts words, lines, and groups of lines;
governs page format independently or in cooperation with
computer commands; and receives and interprets instructions
directly from the DATATRON, or indirectly, via punched paper
tape. The Typewriter Control has its own power supply, and
can be operated independently of the DATNtRON for paper tape
preparation, duplication, or transcription.
(5)

The operation of the Typewriter Control is automatic, and
the operator's only concern will be with the Control Panel
settings and the Patch Panel connections.
Typewriter Control Panel
The Typewriter Control Panel, Figure 2, is located on the
front of the Flexowriter Desk, and oontains the switches
that govern page format. The facilities controlled by these
switches relieve the programmer of the need to code the
DATATRON for format control.
Typewri ter Control Panel. Figure 2
These switches and their various functions are:
RESET BUTTON AND INDICATOR The RESET button is used to
set the counters and relays of the Typewriter Control to
their initial zero poSitions. When the RESET button is
pressed, the RESET INDICATOR will be lighted. The RESET
button should always be pressed before starting a prograa
which calls for output to the Flexowriter.
ZERO SUPPRESS If the ZERO SUPPRESS switch is in the ON
position, the first digit to be printed will be the first
non-zero digit. Only the leading zeros will be suppressed.
If this switch is in the OFF poSition, leading zeros are
not suppressed. However, if the printout command calls for
a decimal point to replace the Sign, there will be no zero
suppression for that printout, even though the ZERO SUPPRESS
switch may be in the ON poSition.
(6)

SPACE-TAB This is a three position switch: SPACE, OFF,
and TAB. The setting of the SPACE-TAB switch determines the
horizontal spacing between printouts.
SPACE
OFF
TAB
When the switch is in this position, a
typewriter space will occur between
printouts.
When the switch is in this position, there
will be no spacing between printouts.
When the switch is in this position, the
spacing between printouts will be deter-
mined by the tab settings.
WORDS/LINE This switch has twenty positions numbered
I through 20, and determines the number of words to be typed
on one horizontal line. When the number of words typed
agrees with the switch setting, the typewriter will execute
an automatic carriage return with incidental line spaCing.
LINES/GROUP This switch has twenty pOSitions numbered
I through 20, and determines the number of equally spaced
lines to be typed in one group on the page. \fhen the num-
ber of lines typed in one group agrees with the switch
setting, the typewriter will execute two automatic carriage
returns with incidental line spacing. This results in a
double space between groups.
GROUPS/pAGE This switch has twenty positions numbered
1
through 20, and determines the number of groups to be
typed on a page. When the number of groups on the page
agrees with the switch setting, and, provided the AUTO STOP
switch is ON, further printout will be stopped, and the
DATATRON will idle if any printout command comes up for
execution before the RESET button is pressed. This provides
a delay for changing forms in the typewriter after the pre-
determined number of groups has been typed.
GROUPING-COUNTERS
OFF-OFF, OFF-ON.
positions 1s:
This is a three position switch: ON-ON,
The function of this switch in each of its
ON-ON All counters, and grouping determined by
the counters, are active.
OFF-OFF - All counters, and grouping determined by
the counters, are inactive.
OFF-ON All counters are active, but the grouping
determined by the counters is inactive.
(7)

AUTO STOP This switch works in conjunction with the
GROUPSIPAGE counter. With AUTO STOP in the ON position,
printout will stop after the predetermined number of groups
per page have been typed. It is necessary to press the
RESET button before further computation and printout can
proceed. If AUTO STOP is in the OFF position, printout will
not stop at the end of a page.
POWER SWITCH The ON-OFF switch controls the power to
the Typewriter Control.
Patch Panel
The Patch Panel, Figure 3, is located on the back of the
Typewriter Control, directly behind the Typewriter Control
Panel. It is used to set up the Flexowriter facilities for
various types of input or output operations.
Patch Panel. Figure 3
The
Patch Panel contains eight plugs which are divided
into two groups of four each labeled "FROM" and "TO".
Individual labels over each plug refer to the source or
destination of information. The "FROII" plugs refer to
sources of information, and the "TO" plugs refer to de-
vices where information is being sent. Interconnections
between the various plugs are effected by means of patch
cords.
All paper tape system information going into or out of
the DATATRON passes through the Control Console, and the
plugs labeled FROM CONSOLE and TO CONSOLE refer to
(8)

information in the DATATRON binary-coded decimal language.
Any information going to the plugs labeled FORMAT is trans-
lated from DATATRON code to Flexowriter code, and tormat
arrangement is deterained by the settings on the Typewriter
Control Panel. The plugs labeled PUNCH and READER refer to
the Flexowriter Punch and Reader, respectively.
Interconnections on the Patch Panel for various operations
are discussed in METHODS OF OPERATION.
CODE SYSTEM
The paper tape readers coaaunicate to the DATATRON through serial
digital information read from six parallel channels of a 7/8 inch
paper tape. Four tape channels are used tor the binary-coded
decimal digit, one channel for a clock (C) punch which acca.panies
each digit of a word. and one channel for the finish (F) punch
which furnishes an end-of-word signal to the computer. Each digit
of the computer word must be accompanied by a clock punch, since
without it, the digit will not be read into the DATATRON. The
digit value is punched in the lower four channels, the! and ~
punches in the fifth and sixth channels, respectively. The
seventh channel, which is ignored by the Photoelectric Reader,
is used for the delete punch as an instruction to the Flexowriter,
and for the parity punch when tape is prepared with the Tape Pre-
paration Unit. (See Tape Preparation Unit Handbook.)
Each standard computer word on the tape occupies 12 digit pOSi-
tions; one for the Sign, ten for the binary-coded deCimal digits
of the word, and one for the tinish punch which tollows the last
digit.
The fora of a typical co~uter word as it would appear on paper
tape for input to the DATATRON is illustrated in Figure 4. Tbe
last digit punched on the tape shown in Figure 4 is a carriage
return code which is convenient for listing the contents of a
tape. It causes the words to be printed in columnar fora on the
typewriter. The carriage return code is not accompanied by a
clock punch, and is tberefore ignored by the Photoelectric Reader.
The DATATRON uses a four unit binary-code wbich agrees with the
Flexowriter code for purely numeric output. Numeric information
trom the DATATRON can be punched or typed on the Flexowriter
without requiring translation. A typical word of numeric output
as it would appear on paper tape is illustrated in Figure 5.
The Flexowriter useS a six unit binary-code which provides 63
possible code combinations. The Flexowr1ter code, as it would
appear on perforated paper tape, is shown in Figure 8, A per-
forated tape which would be produced by the punch unit when
(9)

C
F
8
~
C
F
8
4
2
1
,
8
4
2
1
1
-1234567890 tt
Carriage return
Finish
Input Word. Figure 4,
+ 3061277023
Output Word. Figure 5
rt
it
Lower case shift
Upper case shift
Translated Word (J'lexowri ter Code). Figure 6
c
r
4
r
•••••••••••
•
• • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • •
• ••• •
• • ••• ••
• ••• ••
03061277023
TB L!er t case shift
Upper case shift
---1~1~8i~ate alphanuaeric
Untrans1ated Word (DATATROH Code). Figure 7
(10)

operating simultaneously with Flexowriter type bar operatioD, or
when the punch unit is producing tape after translation from the
DATATRON code to the Flexowriter code is shown in Figure 6.
For alphanumeric output, it is necessary to translate the DATATRON
four unit binary-code into the Flexowriter six unit binary-code.
This requires that two adjacent digits of the computer word be
used for the representation of one alphanumeric character, three
binary units from each computer digit being translated on output
into one six unit binary-code. This translation is accaaplished
by the Typewriter Control. The standard alphanuaeric code for
DATATRON paper tape input and for alphanumeric Flexowriter
output from the computer is given in the following table:
Typewriter Action Alphanumeric
Typewriter Action Alphanumeric
L.C. U .C.
Code ~
L.C.
U .C.
Code
Y!'€:,(.
G.r '
40\ S~
A
-"2
-~.---
0 )
a
'if
b B 61
'I , 1 i 41
1),1/
' 4-
c C 62
~ ,7
2 & 42 i2
d D
63
3 /
43, ~ <:
e E
64
'-i \ 4 $ 441 )
I
f F 6
I.,f t,:" 5 ,
45
g G
66 6 ?
46:
h H 67 7
47
i I
70 8 •
50
j J 71 9 ( 51
k K 72
<;2
+
24:
1 L
36
.<' ~
",
25
;(0
m
Itt
73
";,.'-'f
26
n N 74
",<:'
31 .23
f
03 0 0
75
~ ~,
32
p P
76
"-
..
33
q Q
77
"" ..;
lower
case
27
' >
r R 21 "
~;
upper
case 30
' I
S S
22
G2
space 34
00
t T
23
G1
color
shift 35
u U
52
(] c
ignore
00
0;(
v V
53
")
back space 01
t:
.
w W
54
;./'
tab
04 311-
x X
55
..
carriage
return
05 35"
y y
56
<'
stop
07
z Z 57 \91
When alphanumeric
output from
the DATATRON is punched by the
Flexowriter punch unit and the output does not pass through the
Typewriter Control,
the information appears on the tape in the
untranslated DATATRON code.
Tape produced with this arrange.ent
(11)
10
I"
;(1
'3
':<'1

Typewriter Action
L.C. U.C.
a A
b B
c C
d D
e E
f F
g G
h H
1 I
j J
k K
1 L
• M
n N
0 0
p p
q Q
r R
s S
t T
u U
v V
...
W
x X
y y
z Z
Flexowriter Code.
(12)
Typewriter Actio.
L.C.
U.C.
0 )
1 i
2 &
3 /
4 $
5 ,
6 ?
7
8 *
9 (
, ,
• •
"
+ =
Tab
Lower
case
Upper case
Carriage return
Color shift
Back space
Delete
Space
Stop code
Sprocket holes
Figure 8

is identical with that produced by the High Speed Tape Punch.
The untranslated code, as it would appear on tape for subse-
quent alphanumeric translation is illustrated in Figure 7.
In the design of the Cardatron system, a nuaeric code for
alphabetic characters and special symbols is utilized in which
the pairs of digits are different from those now used in the
Paper Tape System. The new Flexowriter code which will be com-
patible with the Cardatron alphanumeric code can be found in the
Cardatron Handbook.
COMMANDS
INPUT
Information is read into the DATATRON from punched paper
tape upon the execution of the coJ1118.nd:
PTR
READ
0000 00 xxxx
When the PTR comaand is executed, the DATATRON will activate
the Photoelectric or Mechanical Reader, as selected by the
INPUT SELECTOR Switch on the Control Console. The comm.and
is interpreted as:
Read from paper tape, transferring words to
consecutive storage cells on the drum start-
ing with xxxx. Stop input and start compu-
tation after reading a CU or CUB command
(with a 6 or 7 in the sign position).
The flow of information from the paper tape reader into the
DATATRON is:
I Reader,~, D Register! "~I A Register! ts I Storage I
Control of the paper tape reader, B Register modification of
input words, and changes in the storage locations of input
words are accomplished by control functions on the tape itself.
The choice depends upon variations in the first control digit
of the word (the sign position) after it is in the D Register.
Input words containing digits other than O or 1 in the first
control digit position are used for control of the input
device and to specify B Register modification of words during
input. A 2 or 3 as the first control digit will cause the
B Register to be added to the address portion of the word
as the word is read into storage. The word in storage will
have a positive sign (0) if there was a 2 in the sign column
(13)

of the input word; a negative sign (1) if there was a 3 in
the sign column.
This is summarized in the following table:
First Control Digit B
Modification B Modification Comments
on Input on
0
1
2
3
Input
before
No
No
Yes
Yes
Execution
No
Yes
No
Yes
Sign in storage
is O.
Sign in storage
is 1.
An input word with a 4, 5, 6, or 7 in the first digit posi-
tion is used to control the input device, and causes the
last six digits of the word in the D Register to be read
directly into the first six positions of the C Register
where it is immediately executed. The effect of each of
these control digits appears in the table below.
First Control Digit Input Device B Modification
On Input
Deactivated ~ Before Execution
4
No No
5
No
Yes
6 Yes
No
7 Yes Yes
As commands with a 4, 5, 6, or 7 in the first control digit
are read directly from the input device into the C Register
for immediate execution, they never reach the storage drum.
The commands most commonly used with these control digits
are CU, CUB, PTR, and STOP. (For complete description of
these commands, see DATATRON Handbook.)
(14)

OUTPUT
Output information from the DATATRON is typewritten on the
Flexowriter or punched on paper tape for subsequent tran-
scription on the Flexowriter, upon the execution of the
command:
PTW WRITE
OOOp 03 ffnn
With the OUTPUT SELECTOR Switch on the Control Console set
at PAGE, the command is interpreted as:
Write on typewriter, transferring the sign and
!!!!. digits from the A Register. Digits ff act
as an instruction to the typewriter. Shift the
contents (including sign) of the A Register
!!.!!. +l places left. The digits shifted out of
the left end of the A Register re-enter the
right end of the A Register in the same order.
With the OUTPUT SELECTOR Switch on the Control Console set
at TAPE, the PTW command is interpreted as:
Punch on paper tape, transferring the sign and
!!!!. digits from the A Register. Punch digits ff
on tape to act as an instruction to a typewriter.
Shift the contents (including sign) of the A Re-
gister nn~l places left. The digits shifted out
of the left end of the A Register re-enter the
right end of the A Register in the same order.
The digits ff in the first and second positions of the
address portion of the command act as format instructions
to the typewriter. When output is on punched paper tape,
the format instructions are punched in the tape along with
the output information for subsequent control of the type-
writer during transcription. The first format instruction
digit is punched with the~ punch. The second format in-
struction digit is punched preceding the word.
The format instruction digits make it possible to control
page format by the computer command word. It is also pos-
sible to control format by means of the external switches
on the panel of the Typewriter Control which may be set for
automatic spacing between words, automatic count of words
per line, lines per group, etc. (Refer to TYPEWRITER CONTROL.)
The format instruction digit in the first address position of
the PTW command is used to control the action of the counters
in the Typewriter Control. The instruction digits and their
meanings are as follows:
(15)

FIRST ADDRESS
DIGIT
o
8
MEANING
Count this word in external
foraat counters.
Do not count this word in
external foraat counters.
The digit in the second address position of the coaaand
word is a format instruction. These instructions, which
are sensed and carried out before any other function of
the command is executed, are given in the table below.
SECOND ADDRESS
DIGIT
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
INSTRUCTION
None
Feed out one character-space of
blank tape. This instruction has
no effect on the Flexowriter.
Suppress the sign digit. Print
a decimal point.
Suppress the Sign digit and
substitute a space.
Ignore the sign digit. Translate
alphanumerically (two A Register
digits per alphanumeric character).
Actuate a carriage return.
Actuate the tab key.
Stop printout. Idle the computer
if any printout command comes up
for execution before the Typewriter
Control RESET button is pressed.
Actuate the space bar.
Feed out one character-space of
blank tape. This instruction has
no effect on the Flexowriter.
(16)