Cisco Router ios xr User manual

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Cisco IOS XR System Security

Configuration Guide

Cisco IOS XR Software Release 3.5

Text Part Number: OL-12287-01

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Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

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iii

Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

CONTENTS

Preface xi

Changes to This Document xi

Obtaining Documentation, Obtaining Support, and Security Guidelines xi

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software SC-1

Contents SC-1

Prerequisites for Implementing Certification Authority SC-2

Restrictions for Implementing Certification Authority SC-2

Information About Implementing Certification Authority SC-2

Supported Standards for Certification Authority Interoperability SC-2

Certification Authorities SC-3

How to Implement CA Interoperability SC-5

Configuring a Router Hostname and IP Domain Name SC-6

Generating an RSA Key Pair SC-7

Declaring a Certification Authority and Configuring a Trusted Point SC-8

Authenticating the CA SC-10

Requesting Your Own Certificates SC-11

Configuring Certificate Enrollment Using Cut-and-Paste SC-12

Configuration Examples for Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability SC-14

Configuring Certification Authority Interoperability: Example SC-14

Where to Go Next SC-16

Additional References SC-16

Related Documents SC-233

Standards SC-233

MIBs SC-233

RFCs SC-234

Technical Assistance SC-234

Index

Contents

Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

Preface

This guide describes the configuration and examples for system security.

For system security command descriptions, usage guidelines, task IDs, and examples, refer to the

Cisco IOS XR System Security Command Reference.

The preface contains the following sections:

•Changes to This Document, page xi

•Obtaining Documentation, Obtaining Support, and Security Guidelines, page xi

Changes to This Document

Table 1 lists the technical changes made to this document since it was first printed.

Obtaining Documentation, Obtaining Support, and Security

Guidelines

For information on obtaining documentation, obtaining support, providing documentation feedback,

security guidelines, and also recommended aliases and general Cisco documents, see the monthly

What’s New in Cisco Product Documentation, which also lists all new and revised Cisco technical

documentation, at:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/whatsnew/whatsnew.html

Table 1 Changes to This Document

Revision Date Change Summary

OL-12287-01 June 2007 Initial release of this document.

Preface

Obtaining Documentation, Obtaining Support, and Security Guidelines

xii

Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

SC-1

Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

Implementing Certification Authority

Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

Certification authority (CA) interoperability is provided in support of the IP Security (IPSec), Secure

Socket Layer (SSL), and Secure Shell (SSH) protocols. CA interoperability permits Cisco IOS XR

devices and CAs to communicate so that your Cisco IOS XR device can obtain and use digital

certificates from the CA. Although IPSec can be implemented in your network without the use of a CA,

using a CA provides manageability and scalability for IPSec.

This module describes the tasks that you need to implement CA interoperability on your Cisco IOS XR

network.

Note For a complete description of the public key infrastructure (PKI) commands used in this chapter, refer

to the Public Key Infrastructure Commands on Cisco IOS XR Software module of the Cisco IOS XR

System Security Command Reference. To locate documentation for other commands that appear in this

chapter, use the command reference master index, or search online.

Feature History for Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

Contents

•Prerequisites for Implementing Certification Authority, page SC-2

•Restrictions for Implementing Certification Authority, page SC-2

•Information About Implementing Certification Authority, page SC-2

•How to Implement CA Interoperability, page SC-5

Release Modification

Release 2.0 This feature was introduced on the Cisco CRS-1.

Release 3.0 No modification.

Release 3.2 Support was added for the Cisco XR 12000 Series Router.

Release 3.3.0 No modification.

Release 3.4.0 A procedure was added on how to declare the trustpoint certification

authority (CA) for both the Cisco CRS-1 and

Cisco XR 12000 Series Router.

Release 3.5.0 No modification.

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

Prerequisites for Implementing Certification Authority

SC-2

Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

•Configuration Examples for Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability, page SC-14

•Additional References, page SC-16

Prerequisites for Implementing Certification Authority

The following prerequisites are required to implement CA interoperability:

•You must be in a user group associated with a task group that includes the proper task IDs for

security commands. For detailed information about user groups and task IDs, see the Configuring

AAA Services on Cisco IOS XR Software module of the Cisco IOS XR System Security

Configuration Guide.

•You must install and activate the Package Installation Envelope (PIE) for the security software.

For detailed information about optional PIE installation, refer to the Cisco IOS XR System

Management Guide.

•You need to have a CA available to your network before you configure this interoperability feature.

The CA must support Cisco Systems PKI protocol, the Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol

(SCEP) (formerly called certificate enrollment protocol [CEP]).

Restrictions for Implementing Certification Authority

Cisco IOS XR software does not support CA server public keys greater than 2048 bits.

Information About Implementing Certification Authority

To implement CA, you need to understand the following concepts:

•Supported Standards for Certification Authority Interoperability, page SC-2

•Certification Authorities, page SC-3

Supported Standards for Certification Authority Interoperability

Cisco supports the following standards:

•IPSec—IP Security Protocol. IPSec is a framework of open standards that provides data

confidentiality, data integrity, and data authentication between participating peers. IPSec provides

these security services at the IP layer; it uses Internet Key Exchange (IKE) to handle negotiation of

protocols and algorithms based on local policy, and to generate the encryption and authentication

keys to be used by IPSec. IPSec can be used to protect one or more data flows between a pair of

hosts, a pair of security gateways, or a security gateway and a host.

•IKE—A hybrid protocol that implements Oakley and Skeme key exchanges inside the Internet

Security Association Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) framework. Although IKE can be used

with other protocols, its initial implementation is with the IPSec protocol. IKE provides

authentication of the IPSec peers, negotiates IPSec keys, and negotiates IPSec security associations

(SAs).

•Public-Key Cryptography Standard #7 (PKCS #7)—A standard from RSA Data Security Inc. used

to encrypt and sign certificate enrollment messages.

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

Information About Implementing Certification Authority

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Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

•Public-Key Cryptography Standard #10 (PKCS #10)—A standard syntax from RSA Data Security

Inc. for certificate requests.

•RSA keys—RSA is the public key cryptographic system developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and

Leonard Adelman. RSA keys come in pairs: one public key and one private key.

•SSL—Secure Socket Layer protocol.

•X.509v3 certificates—Certificate support that allows the IPSec-protected network to scale by

providing the equivalent of a digital ID card to each device. When two devices want to communicate,

they exchange digital certificates to prove their identity (thus removing the need to manually

exchange public keys with each peer or specify a shared key at each peer). These certificates are

obtained from a CA. X.509 is part of the X.500 standard of the ITU.

Certification Authorities

The following sections provide background information about CAs:

•Purpose of CAs, page SC-3

•IPSec Without CAs, page SC-4

•IPSec with CAs, page SC-4

•IPSec with Multiple Trustpoint CAs, page SC-4

•How CA Certificates Are Used by IPSec Devices, page SC-5

•CA Registration Authorities, page SC-5

Purpose of CAs

CAs are responsible for managing certificate requests and issuing certificates to participating IPSec

network devices. These services provide centralized key management for the participating devices.

CAs simplify the administration of IPSec network devices. You can use a CA with a network containing

multiple IPSec-compliant devices, such as routers.

Digital signatures, enabled by public key cryptography, provide a means of digitally authenticating

devices and individual users. In public key cryptography, such as the RSA encryption system, each user

has a key pair containing both a public and a private key. The keys act as complements, and anything

encrypted with one of the keys can be decrypted with the other. In simple terms, a signature is formed

when data is encrypted with a user’s private key. The receiver verifies the signature by decrypting the

message with the sender’s public key. The fact that the message could be decrypted using the sender’s

public key indicates that the holder of the private key, the sender, must have created the message. This

process relies on the receiver’s having a copy of the sender’s public key and knowing with a high degree

of certainty that it does belong to the sender and not to someone pretending to be the sender.

Digital certificates provide the link. A digital certificate contains information to identify a user or device,

such as the name, serial number, company, department, or IP address. It also contains a copy of the

entity’s public key. The certificate is itself signed by a CA, a third party that is explicitly trusted by the

receiver to validate identities and to create digital certificates.

To validate the signature of the CA, the receiver must first know the CA’s public key. Normally, this

process is handled out-of-band or through an operation done at installation. For instance, most web

browsers are configured with the public keys of several CAs by default. IKE, an essential component of

IPSec, can use digital signatures to authenticate peer devices for scalability before setting up SAs.

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

Information About Implementing Certification Authority

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Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

Without digital signatures, a user must manually exchange either public keys or secrets between each

pair of devices that use IPSec to protect communication between them. Without certificates, every new

device added to the network requires a configuration change on every other device with which it

communicates securely. With digital certificates, each device is enrolled with a CA. When two devices

want to communicate, they exchange certificates and digitally sign data to authenticate each other. When

a new device is added to the network, a user simply enrolls that device with a CA, and none of the other

devices needs modification. When the new device attempts an IPSec connection, certificates are

automatically exchanged and the device can be authenticated.

IPSec Without CAs

Without a CA, if you want to enable IPSec services (such as encryption) between two Cisco routers, you

must first ensure that each router has the key of the other router (such as an RSA public key or a shared

key). This requirement means that you must manually perform one of the following operations:

•At each router, enter the RSA public key of the other router.

•At each router, specify a shared key to be used by both routers.

If you have multiple Cisco routers in a mesh topology and want to exchange IPSec traffic passing among

all of those routers, you must first configure shared keys or RSA public keys among all of those routers.

Every time a new router is added to the IPSec network, you must configure keys between the new router

and each of the existing routers.

Consequently, the more devices there are that require IPSec services, the more involved the key

administration becomes. This approach does not scale well for larger, more complex encrypting

networks.

IPSec with CAs

With a CA, you need not configure keys between all the encrypting routers. Instead, you individually

enroll each participating router with the CA, requesting a certificate for the router. When this enrollment

has been accomplished, each participating router can dynamically authenticate all the other participating

routers.

To add a new IPSec router to the network, you need only configure that new router to request a certificate

from the CA, instead of making multiple key configurations with all the other existing IPSec routers.

IPSec with Multiple Trustpoint CAs

With multiple trustpoint CAs, you no longer have to enroll a router with the CA that issued a certificate

to a peer. Instead, you configure a router with multiple CAs that it trusts. Thus, a router can use a

configured CA (a trusted root) to verify certificates offered by a peer that were not issued by the same

CA defined in the identity of the router.

Configuring multiple CAs allows two or more routers enrolled under different domains (different CAs)

to verify the identity of each other when using IKE to set up IPSec tunnels.

Through SCEP, each router is configured with a CA (the enrollment CA). The CA issues a certificate to

the router that is signed with the private key of the CA. To verify the certificates of peers in the same

domain, the router is also configured with the root certificate of the enrollment CA.

To verify the certificate of a peer from a different domain, the root certificate of the enrollment CA in

the domain of the peer must be configured securely in the router.

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

How to Implement CA Interoperability

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Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

During IKE phase one signature verification, the initiator will send the responder a list of its CA

certificates. The responder should send the certificate issued by one of the CAs in the list. If the

certificate is verified, the router saves the public key contained in the certificate on its public key ring.

With multiple root CAs, Virtual Private Network (VPN) users can establish trust in one domain and

easily and securely distribute it to other domains. Thus, the required private communication channel

between entities authenticated under different domains can occur.

How CA Certificates Are Used by IPSec Devices

When two IPSec routers want to exchange IPSec-protected traffic passing between them, they must first

authenticate each other—otherwise, IPSec protection cannot occur. The authentication is done with IKE.

Without a CA, a router authenticates itself to the remote router using either RSA-encrypted nonces or

preshared keys. Both methods require keys to have been previously configured between the two routers.

With a CA, a router authenticates itself to the remote router by sending a certificate to the remote router

and performing some public key cryptography. Each router must send its own unique certificate that was

issued and validated by the CA. This process works because the certificate of each router encapsulates

the public key of the router, each certificate is authenticated by the CA, and all participating routers

recognize the CA as an authenticating authority. This scheme is called IKE with an RSA signature.

Your router can continue sending its own certificate for multiple IPSec sessions and to multiple IPSec

peers until the certificate expires. When its certificate expires, the router administrator must obtain a new

one from the CA.

When your router receives a certificate from a peer from another domain (with a different CA), the

certificate revocation list (CRL) downloaded from the CA of the router does not include certificate

information about the peer. Therefore, you should check the CRL published by the configured trustpoint

with the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) URL to ensure that the certificate of the peer

has not been revoked.

To query the CRL published by the configured trustpoint with the LDAP URL, use the query url

command in trustpoint configuration mode.

CA Registration Authorities

Some CAs have a registration authority (RA) as part of their implementation. An RA is essentially a

server that acts as a proxy for the CA so that CA functions can continue when the CA is offline.

How to Implement CA Interoperability

This section contains the following procedures:

•Configuring a Router Hostname and IP Domain Name, page SC-6 (required)

•Generating an RSA Key Pair, page SC-7 (required)

•Declaring a Certification Authority and Configuring a Trusted Point, page SC-8 (required)

•Authenticating the CA, page SC-10 (required)

•Requesting Your Own Certificates, page SC-11 (required)

•Configuring Certificate Enrollment Using Cut-and-Paste, page SC-12

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

How to Implement CA Interoperability

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Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

Configuring a Router Hostname and IP Domain Name

This task configures a router hostname and IP domain name.

You must configure the hostname and IP domain name of the router if they have not already been

configured. The hostname and IP domain name are required because the router assigns a fully qualified

domain name (FQDN) to the keys and certificates used by IPSec, and the FQDN is based on the

hostname and IP domain name you assign to the router. For example, a certificate named

router20.example.com is based on a router hostname of router20 and a router IP domain name of

example.com.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure

2. hostname name

3. domain name domain-name

4. end

commit

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 configure

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enables global configuration mode.

Step 2 hostname

name

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# hostname myhost

Configures the hostname of the router.

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

How to Implement CA Interoperability

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Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

Generating an RSA Key Pair

This task generates an RSA key pair.

RSA key pairs are used to sign and encrypt IKE key management messages and are required before you

can obtain a certificate for your router.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. crypto key generate rsa [usage keys | general-keys] [keypair-label]

2. crypto key zeroize rsa [keypair-label]

3. show crypto key mypubkey rsa

Step 3 domain name

domain-name

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# domain name

mydomain.com

Configures the IP domain name of the router.

Step 4 end

commit

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# end

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# commit

Saves configuration changes.

•When you issue the end command, the system prompts

you to commit changes:

Uncommitted changes found, commit them before

exiting(yes/no/cancel)?

[cancel]:

–

Entering yes saves configuration changes to the

running configuration file, exits the configuration

session, and returns the router to EXEC mode.

–

Entering no exits the configuration session and

returns the router to EXEC mode without

committing the configuration changes.

–

Entering cancel leaves the router in the current

configuration session without exiting or

committing the configuration changes.

•Use the commit command to save the configuration

changes to the running configuration file and remain

within the configuration session.

Command or Action Purpose

Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on Cisco IOS XR Software

How to Implement CA Interoperability

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Cisco IOS XR System Security Configuration Guide

DETAILED STEPS

Declaring a Certification Authority and Configuring a Trusted Point

This task declares a CA and configures a trusted point.

SUMMARY STEPS

1. configure

2. crypto ca trustpoint ca-name

3. enrollment url CA-URL

4. query url LDAP-URL

5. enrollment retry period minutes

6. enrollment retry count number

7. rsakeypair keypair-label

8. end

commit

Command or Action Purpose

Step 1 crypto key generate rsa [usage keys |

general-keys] [

keypair-label

]

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# crypto key generate rsa

general-keys

Generates RSA key pairs.

•Use the usage keys keyword to specify special usage

keys; use the general-keys keyword to specify general-

purpose RSA keys.

•The keypair-label argument is the RSA key pair label

that names the RSA key pairs.

Step 2 crypto key zeroize rsa [

keypair-label

]

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# crypto key zeroize rsa

key1

(Optional) Deletes all RSAs from the router.

•Under certain circumstances, you may want to delete

all RSA keys from you router. For example, if you

believe the RSA keys were compromised in some way

and should no longer be used, you should delete the

keys.

•To remove a specific RSA key pair, use the

keypair-label argument.

Step 3 show crypto key mypubkey rsa

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show crypto key mypubkey

rsa

(Optional) Displays the RSA public keys for your router.

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