CWT Vulcan S10 Installation and operation manual

Against Scale and Rust
Technology - Applications - Installation
Made in Germany
Training Book

Table of Contents
I. Hard Water and the Scale and Rust Problem
1. The Scale and Rust Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 What is Limescale? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 The Formation of Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Changes of water pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Increase of water temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Problems caused by Scale and Rust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 Rust - the common problem with scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Bacterial growth - the side effect of scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. Vulcan - Information and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Vulcan - Your Electronic Anti-Scale System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Quick Info. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 The Vulcan full Acrylic Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 The Vulcan Impulse Bands... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5
2.4 Quality Indicators - 12 Reasons why Vulcan is so good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 German Quality Certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. The Vulcan Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.1 1st Vulcan effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.2 2nd Vulcan effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Electronic Scale Protection - The 3 Vulcan Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The removal of scale = the removal of rust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The removal of scale = the removal of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.3 3rd Vulcan effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Physical Water Treatment - How it works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.2.1 The Vulcan impulse field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.2.2 Two natural phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
a) Separation of Ca(HCO3)2 by controlled electrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
b) Separation of Ca(HCO3)2 by overtone treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
4. External Factors and their Influence on the Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1 The Time Factor ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...12
4.2 The Distance Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
4.3 The Combination Factors: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...13
Temperature - Pressure - Type of heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.4 The Water Quality Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.1 High concentration of iron (Fe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.2 High concentration of manganese (Mn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.3 High concentration of salts - (Cl, PO, NO3, SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.4 Very high concentration of calcium (Ca) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.5 Swimming pool water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
5. Product Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1 Vulcan vs. Water Softeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
5.2 Vulcan vs. Magnetic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

III. Application Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6. Private Applications: Vulcan in your Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 The benefits in your private home - Protection for the piping system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
6.2 Kitchens, kitchen appliances, bathroom: Dishwashers, washing machines, bathrooms fittings, etc. . . . . . .20
6.3 Gardening and Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
6.4 A healthier Lifestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
6.5 Swimming Pools and Jacuzzis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
6.6 Heating and Solar Water Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
6.7 Vulcan and Reverse Osmosis Filters (RO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
6.8 Vulcan and Water Softeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
6.9 Vulcan and Well / Bore-wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
6.10 Saving Money with Vulcan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...23
Money savings in your private home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
7. Commercial and Industrial Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
7.1 Condominiums and Large Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
7.2 Educational Institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
7.3 Swimming Pools and Spas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...24
7.4 Hospitality: Hotels, Restaurants, Cafés. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
7.
5 Hospitals, Nursing Homes, Residences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.6 Agriculture: Plants, Livestock, Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
7.7 Industrial Applications... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...25
7.8 Maritime Applications ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...25
7.9 Poultry Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
7.10 Farming Applications ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...26
7.11 Ice Rinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
7.12 Naval Ships ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...26
7.13 Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
7.14 Supermarkets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
7.15 Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
7.16 Yachts ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...27
8. Commercial and Industrial Applications: Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.1 Facility Management ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...28
8.2 The Piping System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
a) Reduction of scale deposits in the piping system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
b) New scale-formation is stopped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
c) Corrosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
d) Increased water pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
e) Vulcan minimizes rust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
f) Vulcan minimizes bacterial growth in pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
8.3 Technical Appliances... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...28
Water heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Heating systems regain full performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Solar water heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Cooling towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
8.4 Vulcan in Hotels & Restaurants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Cleaner bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Kitchen and kitchen appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Cleaner dishwashers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...29
Laundry and washing machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Grease traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Gardening and irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Reverse osmosis filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Spas, swimming pools and jacuzzis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
8.5 A healthier Lifestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
9. The Commercial and Industrial Applications: Savings Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.1 Monthly Savings in Large Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
9.2 Increase the Efficiency of the Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
9.3 Your Hotel Operation – Some Cost Saving Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
9.4 Throw out that expensive Water Softeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
9.5 Savings in Machinery Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
10. Vulcan and its Effect on Machinery and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.1 Heating and Heat Exchangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
10.2 Grease Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
10.3 Ice Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
10.4 Solar Water Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
10.5 Snow Production... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...34
10.6 Cooling Towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
10.7 Reverse Osmosis Systems (RO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
10.8 Vulcan and Water Softeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
10.9 Savings Potential in Machinery Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
IV. Installation and FAQs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11. Vulcan Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.1 Choosing the right Vulcan Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
11.1.1 The pipe diameter ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...37
11.1.2 The water capacity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...38
11.2 Choosing the right Installation Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
11.2.1 Installation in a private house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
11.2.2 Installation in apartment buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
11.2.3 Installation in commercial & industrial settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
11.2.4 Installation in circulation lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
11.3 Factors influencing the Installation Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
11.3.1 Electric power fields and magnetic fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
11.3.2 Position of pumps and filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
11.3.3 Piping conditions of the installation area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Protective paint ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...40
Isolation material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Metallic splinters ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...40
Piping temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
11.3.4 Outdoor installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
11.4 Quick Guide: Do-It-Yourself-Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
11.4.1 Notes on the installation and examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
11.4.2 General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

11.4.3 Installation instructions for the Private Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
11.4.4 Installation instructions for the Commercial & Industrial Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
The CWT Impulse Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
11.4.5 Technical drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
12. Setting the Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
12.1 Commercial Line - Vulcan S10, Vulcan S25, Vulcan S100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
13 Installation Check List ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .46
14. FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
14.1 The Piping System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
14.2 The Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
14.3 Installation and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
14.4 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
14.5 Trouble Shooting... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...50
V. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
15. Water Hardness Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
16. Technical Data Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
17. Application Flyer Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
18. Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

1
Introduction
Physical water treatment has over the years successfully proven to be
an efcient method to improve the quality of our water without adding
chemicals or salt. Nowadays, it has become even more important to
capitalize on technologies which do not harm our environment but
rather try to create an optimal balance between man and nature.
Vulcan is based on such a technology and is the result of over thirty
years of constant research and improvements in the eld of physical
water treatment by Christiani Wassertechnik GmbH (CWT). Our latest
product generation continues to provide you with reliable German
quality combined with an extensive warranty.
Christiani Wassertechnik GmbH (CWT)
Köpenicker Str. 154
10997 Berlin
Germany
From USA/Canada
Phone: [phone] - 0494
E-Mail: [email protected]
Web: www.vulcan-descaler.com
From other countries
Phone: +49 (0)30 - 23 60 77 80
Fax: +49 (0)30 - 23 60 77 810
E-Mail: [email protected]
Web: www.cwt-international.com
© Copyright:
Permission is granted to copy or print material
published in this book, for personal use only. Its
use for any other purpose, and in particular its
commercial use or distribution, are strictly forbidden
in the absence of prior written approval.
Any content is not allowed to be translated into
other languages. It is not allowed to detach the
binding or pages from the book. It is also forbidden
to add pages. Please address your requests for
approval to the above address.
EN 11-2013

2
1. The Scale and Rust Problem
1. The Scale and Rust Problem
1.1 What is Limescale?
Scale mainly consists of calcium and magnesium - two minerals that by
themselves have a healthy effect on the human body. However, what is
good for living organisms quickly becomes a scale problem as it deposits
in the piping system, in machinery or on surfaces outside the piping
system. So-called hard water holds high concentrations of calcium: the
more calcium in the water, the harder the water and more problems.
1.2 The Formation of Scale
Scale builds up whenever hard water ows through a pipe. Liquid
calcium in untreated water crystallizes into a sticky structure (pic. 1).
These crystals adhere to each other, adhere to surfaces and immediately
produce solid scale deposits that have a very destructive effect.
1.2.1 Changes of water pressure
Scale grows in particular when the water pressure changes. This
happens when water changes direction in a bend or intersection which
then causes turbulence; or when it leaves the piping system through a
faucet. This drop in pressure enhances the formation of calcium crystals,
which form a sticky structure that deposits anywhere.
1.2.2 Increase of water temperature
Scale also particularly forms when the water temperature inside the
system increases such as on heating elements or in radiators. The hotter
the surfaces, the more scale problems will develop. These problems can
specically be found on heating elements, with water heaters and heat
exchangers.
I. Hard Water and the Scale and Rust Problem
pic. 1

3
1. The Scale and Rust Problem
1.3 Problems caused by Scale and Rust
• Blocked piping system
• Loss of water pressure due to a reduced pipe diameter
• Rust accumulation in the pipes that may lead to corrosion
• Bacterial growth in drinking water carrying pipes
• Repeated repairs or replacement of household appliances
• Replacement of the whole piping system
• Loss of energy in the hot water circuit and high costs for heating
• Dull surfaces in bathroom and kitchen
• High cleaning costs and the need of aggressive cleaning agents
• Malfunctioning machinery
• High production costs due to maintenance
• Long pauses in production when machinery has to be maintained
and cleaned leading to inefcient production planning
• Decrease in productivity
1.3.1 Rust - the common problem with scale
Unfortunately, scale deposits also attract other unwanted substances
which again create even more problems and threats: The main
components of scale are calcium and magnesium. This would lead us
to believe that scale deposits have a white color. However, most scale
deposits are brown. As soon as scale deposits built up, all iron and
oxidized iron particles imbed into the scale. This also means that rust is
rmly attached to the pipe which causes a serious threat to the pipe by
pitting corrosion.
1.3.2 Bacterial growth - the side effect of scale
Scale deposits are also perfect breeding ground for bacteria and other
unwanted micro-organisms. As the deposits have an uneven, rough
surface, these little sockets are a perfect hide-out for bacteria to nest
in. Whether in cold or hot water, you will always face an increase in
potentially dangerous bacteria growth on the scale.
Water heater Washing machine heating element
Heat exchanger
Tube heat exchanger Plate heat exchanger
Pipe with scale deposits

4
2. Vulcan - Your Electronic Anti-Scale System
The salt-free alternative to water softeners
Vulcan is an eco-friendly water treatment system that
protects your piping system and appliances against
scale deposits and rust. The Vulcan-Impulse-
Technology is based on the principle of physical water
treatment. Special electronic impulses change the
crystallization process of the liquid calcium. This way
the hard scale loses its adhesive power. The technology
works exclusively with capacitive electric impulses: no
use of any salt or chemicals.
• The eco-friendly solution against scale problems
• No use of salt or chemicals
• Suitable for pipe diameters from 1/2“ to 20“
(~10-500 mm)
• Fully cast in acrylic for optimal quality endurance
• Do-it-Yourself installation without cutting the pipes
• Works on every pipe material – iron, inox, copper,
stainless steel, galvanized iron, plastic, PVC, PE-x,
hose, compound pipes (any material mixture), etc.
2.2 The Vulcan full Acrylic Cast
The special Vulcan acrylic cast guarantees the best
quality. Vulcan is especially designed for use in humid,
wet, very cold or very hot areas.
The acrylic cast ensures that the circuit board is
protected. The parts are fully covered in acrylic.
Therefore the parts can not move and are xed in place.
This guarantees a high life expectancy.
It protects the unit from humidity, e.g. when
installed outdoor. The full body acrylic cast protects
from dust and dirt, e.g. when installed in a basement.
The full body acrylic cast protects against heat and
coldness as acrylic is a perfect isolating material. E.g.
when installed in extremely hot areas with outdoor
temperature up to 45-50°C (~113 - 122 °F) or in very cold
temperatures down to -25°C (~-13°F).
The acrylic cast ensures a very long product life. The
Vulcan‘s solid acrylic isolating material ensures
that the electronic components are perfectly isolated
from the inside as well. The most common cause of
a malfunction in electronic devices is a burn-out on
the circuit board due to excessively high operating
temperatures. The thick acrylic covering together
with the vacuum prevents heat production. This
"cooling" of the unit ensures a long life.
II. Vulcan - Information and Technology
2. Vulcan - Your Electronic Anti-Scale System
2.1 Quick Info

5
2. Vulcan - Your Electronic Anti-Scale System
Ø 2”
min. 2” min. 2”
2.3 The Vulcan Impulse Bands
Vulcan operates with customized isolated copper impulse bands that
are designed to rmly connect to the pipe. They are extremely thin
and exible with minimized isolation. This way, they achieve minimal
spacing loss and maximize the direct-contact-ratio to 97.5%. Their
special copper material with a high alloy purity degree guarantees the
best possible transfer output. The copper treatment bands are a crucial
factor to the performance of the water treatment.
The pipe diameter / treatment area ratio
The impulse bands cover the surface area that is vital for the treatment.
The surface of the pipe that is covered by the impulse band is the
"treatment area". This area needs to be large enough to ensure that
the impulses are transmitted through the pipe. As a general rule each
impulse band should cover a treatment area of at least the length of the
individual pipe diameter where Vulcan is to be installed:
Example
If you install a Vulcan 5000 on a 2" pipe, each impulse band
should cover a pipe length of min. 2".
Treatment with round cables vs. impulse bands
Comparison: The Vulcan Impulse Bands accumu-
late more direct contact compared to round cables
as there is less spacing. The direct contact ratio
reaches 97.5%.
other cables Vulcan Impulse Bands
Treatment Area

6
2. Vulcan - Your Electronic Anti-Scale System
2.4 Quality Indicators - 12 Reasons why Vulcan is so good
Vulcan clearly stands out with its quality and performance.
Please compare Vulcan against other products by matching some quality indicators:
German 24 Volt Impulse-Technology
(capacitive): The water is treated with
electric impulses that control scale in an eco-
friendly "green" way. It is an electric system that is not
magnetic-based.
Vulcan works on a frequency range
between 3-32 kHz with different frequency
peaks (wobbling distribution). The secret to
the right performance of physical water treatment lies in
the composition of these impulses. CWT has developed
and ne-tuned them for over 30 years.
Vulcan uses customized isolated copper
impulse bands. How the impulses are
transferred into the water is crucial. The
design of the bands increases the surface area that
transports the impulses. This improves transmission by
up to 40%.
The original acrylic cast is unique to the
Vulcan product line. It offers maximum
protection against water, heat, dirt, coldness,
humidity and keeps all parts secure and sealed in place.
Vulcan comes with external UL and TÜV-
approved electronic switching adaptors. They
operate with a very low power consumption
of 100-240V and equalize possible power instabilty.
Vulcan is not magnetic-based. Therefore,
it operates 100% independent of the
velocity (water ow rate) in the pipe and
constantly provides reliable impulses that guarantee the
right output at all times.
Material-matching programs for different
materials: Vulcan treats any pipe material.
No need to buy a different product for metal,
PVC, plastic etc. any more.
The automatic memory program keeps
Vulcan running correctly. In case of the un-
likely event of a power failure Vulcan auto-
matically resets back to the last program once power
is regained.
Vulcan holds numerous certifications
by renowned international institutions:
the German TÜV, the German CE, the UL-
approval (USA/Canada) for switching adaptors etc.
Vulcan requires very little electrical power as
it is very economical. The units operate
with 1.75 to max. 3.25 Watt. The running
costs are appox. $ US 3-7 (~3-6 EUR) per year.
Made-in-Germany: Vulcan is a German
quality product that has been manufactured
by the family-run Christiani Wassertechnik
GmbH, Berlin since 1989.
10-year international warranty is
granted for all Vulcan units. Due to the
special acrylic protection these units keep on
running with a life expectancy of over 30 years.

7
2. Vulcan - Your Electronic Anti-Scale System
CE Declaration of Conformity
Issuer’s name and address: Christiani Wassertechnik GmbH
Köpenicker Str. 154
10997 Berlin
Germany
Product: Water conditioning appliance
Type designation: Vulcan
3000/ 5000/ S10/ S25/ S100/ S250/ S500
The designated product is in conformity with the European Directive:
89/336/EEC
including amendments
„Council Directive of May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States
relating to electromagnetic compatibility“.
Full compliance with the standards listed below proves the conformity of the designated product
with the essential protection requirements of the above-mentioned EC Directive.
DIN EN 55014-2 (VDE 0875 Teil 14-2): 2002-08; EN 55014-2:1997 + A1:2001
Requirements of category II
DIN EN 55014-1 (VDE 0875 Teil 14-1); 2003-09; EN 55014-1:2000 + A1:2001 + A2:2002
DIN EN 61000-3-2 (VDE 0838 Teil 2): 2001-12; EN 61000-3-2:2000
DIN EN 61000-3-3 (VDE 0838 Teil 3): 2002-05; EN 61000-3-3:1995 + Corr.:1997 +A1:2001
The VDE Testing and Certification Institute (EU Identification No. 0366), Merianstr. 28, 63069
Offenbach, has tested and certified the product granting the VDE Approval for the mark(s) as
displayed.
Certificate No. 94050
File Reference 1898800-4521-0001 / 75684 FG43 / FU
Berlin, 15. July 2013 ________________________________
(Place, Date) (Legally binding signature of the issuer)
2.5 German Quality Certifications
The German TÜV/GS is an independent
institution that assesses products for
safety and reliability. When a product
passes the strict regulations it is awarded the TÜV/GS
mark which indicates that the product was tested and
certied for safety according to the "German Equipment
Safety Law". The GS mark is a certication that includes
periodic factory inspections covering the quality system
for the production. This law requires inspectors to
frequently assess whether the manufacturer is able
to maintain all the specications of the tested product
in his production. During this factory inspection, the
implementation of the quality system, the production
environment, and production related testing and
measurement equipment is evaluated.
CE Approval
The CE mark certies that a product has
met German and European Union consumer safety,
health or environmental requirements. "CWT hereby
declares that this product is operating in accordance with
the following EUguidelines: 73/23/EG; 89/336/EG which
is certied by the CE-mark. The equipment corresponds
to the requirements of the German Industrial Safety Act
and the European low-voltage guidelines."
Certificate of Origin Germany
The Certicate of Origin (CO) names and
ofcially approves the country where the goods are
actually produced. For Germany the certicate is issued
by the German Chamber of Commerce (IHK). It approves
the German origin (Made in Germany) after thorough
investigation of the origin of each individual part of the
product and after assessment of the production site in
Germany.
UL Approval (USA/Canada)
The UL - Underwriters Laboratories Inc. is
an international quality and safety approval institution
with headquarters in Illinois, USA. The UL-mark on a
product states that UL has tested and evaluated the
product and determined that the electronics fulll the
strict safety guidelines. All Vulcan switching power
adaptors are meeting these requirements and comply
with international standards.

8
3. The Vulcan Technology
3. The Vulcan Technology
3.1.1 1st Vulcan effect
Vulcan stops scaling in pipes and appliances
Without the Vulcan water treatment, the scale particles in the water
form sticky crystals that then build solid deposits. The patented
Vulcan-Impulse-Technology modies the crystallization of calcium and
magnesium using the natural process of electrophoresis. The crystals
become smoother and rod-shaped and can no longer attach to each other.
Scale is now washed away in the water as a ne powder. The formation
of new deposits is stopped. The more of the rod-shaped crystals that are
created, the stronger the positive effect of scale-prevention.
Mono crystals as a result of the Vulcan water treatment
When mono-crystals are created by the impulse variation, it is important
that they grow as long as possible before they start their way through
the piping system. The larger the crystals, the longer it takes until the
crystals fall apart again and eventually "die". In warm water, these
crystals grow faster and therefore are stronger and live longer. This
explains why the Vulcan-effect lasts the longest in warm water (up to
seven days) and shorter in cold water (approx. two days).
3.1.2 2nd Vulcan effect
Vulcan gently sanitizes the piping system
Two simultaneous processes take place in untreated, hard water:
a. In the rst process, scale deposits result from calcium crystals
adhering to each other which then adhere to surfaces. This rst process
produces carbonic acid (H
2
CO
3
) as a side product.
b. During a second process, the carbonic acid simultaneously breaks down
the existing scale deposits. This is referred to as the "natural resolving
process". Because the build-up process takes place much faster than the
natural resolving process the pipes’ diameter constantly decreases.
Ca(HCO3)2+ Vulcan CaCo3+ CO2+ H2O
Calcium hydro-
gen carbonate-
Vulcan
impulse
Mono-
crystal
Carbon
dioxide
Water
The Vulcan water treatment changes the balance between the scaling
process and natural resolving process. The mono-crystals can no longer
form deposits, therefore the scale build-up of the rst process is reduced.
The natural scale-resolving-process now needs only to deal with existing
deposits and can effectively combat them. Thus scale is removed faster
than it forms. The natural surplus of carbonic acid dissolves the scale from
the scale. Gradually and carefully, the deposits in the pipes will be removed.
3.1 Electronic Scale Protection - The 3 Vulcan Effects
1 2
CO2+ H2O H2CO3
Carbon
dioxide Water Carbonic acid
Process 1 Process 2Process 2 Process 1
scale
build-up
scale
dismantling
scale
dismantling*
scale
build-up
(minimized)
daily growth daily
dismantling
*natural resolving process
without Vulcan with Vulcan

9
3. The Vulcan Technology
The removal of scale = the removal of rust
As soon as scale deposits have built up, iron particles imbed into it.
Thus, the scale and the rust blend into one material that are seen as
red-colored deposits in the pipe. When the Vulcan treatment dismantles
the scale, it simultaneously removes all rust with it. Clearing out the
deposits is a gentle process where scwale is brought back into solution
and washed out in the water as: calcium, magnesium and iron. It is
absolutely safe to drink as these are all healthy minerals.
The removal of scale = the removal of bacteria
We know that scale acts as a breeding ground for bacteria and other
unwanted substances. As soon as Vulcan is installed and the scale
is cleaned away, the bacteria breeding ground disappears. This way,
bacterial contamination is greatly reduced or even fully removed.
3.1.3 3rd Vulcan effect
Vulcan protects against rust damage and perforation
Copper and/or iron oxidation occurs in all metal pipes through contact
with calciferous (hard) water. These oxides seriously affect the pipe
surfaces and may lead to corrosion. The Vulcan-impulse-technology
generates an electrophoresis effect which produces a protective metal-
carbonate layer. According to the material of the pipe, this layer consists
of copper carbonate, iron-carbonate or zinc-carbonate and settles on all
shiny metal surfaces. It protects the pipe from aggressive substances
which could lead to corrosion.

10
3. The Vulcan Technology
3.2 Physical Water Treatment - How it works
Vulcan is a phsyical water treatment system that does NOT use chemicals
or salt. It does not change the chemical mixture of the water. Instead,
it changes the physical characteristics of the scale crystals in a way that
the scale particles loose their adhesive power. Vulcan does not need to
have direct contact with the water and sits outside of the pipe.
It treats the water with electric impulses which are generated in the
electronic unit and are controlled by a computerized microchip. The
signal-frequencies are transmitted via the Vulcan impulse-bands that
are wrapped around the pipe. The bands interact as pairs and form a
frequency-eld that treats the water as it ows by.
3.2.1 The Vulcan impulse field
The Vulcan impulse bands act as pairs with a right side and a left side.
Each side triggers an alternating specific signal pattern which is send ten
times per second onto the pipe. The electronic impulse field is generated
from frequencies between 3,000 and 32,000 Hz. Due do the alternation
of the signal sides, which means that only one impulse band side is
active at a time, the frequencies in the impulse field are overlapping.
This effect multiplies the frequency patterns which again creates specific
(harmonic) overtones.
The Vulcan treatment is executed precisely, because the one-step
impulse generation exactly generates the desired outcome. It is
operating completely independent from the velocity (water flow rate)
and as the electricity is provided from the power supply, allowing a
continuous stream of impulse field generation.
3.2.2 Two natural phenomena
Scale deposits build up when the liquid calcium in the water forms
crystals that stick together (pic. 1). Physical water treatment creates a
different kind of calcium crystal structure that loses its power to attach
to surfaces and build deposits. These harmless new mono-crystals
(pic. 2) are the key players in the Vulcan water treatment.
Vulcan generates various processes to produce these mono-crystals and
sanitize the piping system:
a) Separation of Ca(HCO3)2 by controlled electrophoresis
The alternating frequencies in the impulse field create an electronic
gradient that manifests the electric potential in the water. This potential
influences the liquid calcium [Ca(HCO3)2] and separates its individual
parts.
1. Untreated crystals
2. Mono-crystals (CaCo3)
left right

11
3. The Vulcan Technology
CO2+ H2O H2CO3
Carbon
dioxide Water Carbonic acid
Separation of Ca(HCO3)
Ca(HCO3)2+ Vulcan CaCo3+ CO2+ H2O
Calcium hydro-
gen carbonate-
Vulcan
impulse
Mono-
crystal
Carbon
dioxide
Water
This is the birth of the calcium mono-crystal, which can only grow into
two opposite directions and can therefore not cluster together with other
mono-crystals to form scale deposits. The mono-calcium-crystal forms
in a rod shape (pic. 3) between one end (+) and the other end (-).
In this form they can no longer stick together and forms deposits. During
its journey in the pipe system it will grow in size. The longer the mono-
crystal, the better the effect of the treatment.
The separation of the water components due to the electrophoresis also
changes the balance of calcium and carbonic acid, which creates a slight
surplus of carbonic acid (formula 2). This small rise in free carbonic acid
helps the cleaning of already existing scale deposits.
b) Separation of Ca(HCO3)2 by overtone treatment
The Vulcan impulse treatment controls the creation of overtones as a
result of overlapping frequencies. The overtones are set to meet the
characteristics of a water cluster which is basically the smallest entity of
water. The extreme short wave lengths of the overtone parallels that of
the water cluster to the extent that the two begin resonating with each
other. Just as a high-pitch tone can burst a wine glass if it resonates
with the glass, matching the wave-length of the overtone with the water
cluster achieves the same result: the water cluster bursts.
When a water cluster bursts the same process of separation of the
Ca(HCO3)2 components happens (compare formula 1). The stronger this
effect, the more the mono-crystals grow, which results in the desired
effect of scale and rust dismantling.
Mono-crystals and carbonic acid
Both the controlled electrophoresis (a.) and the overtone-
treatment (b.) result in separating the liquid calcium [Ca(CO3)2]
into its individual substances. This way, Vulcan generates the rare
mono-crystals and a higher level of carbonic acid.
• The mono-crystals stop scale building up on surfaces
• Carbonic acid is the key ingredient to dismantling already existing
scale deposits.
overtones
pic. 3
As opposed to the typically chaotic clustered
calcium-crystal (a), the treated crystal forms
as well ordered mono-crystal (b) (the so called
aragonit shape) that is stream-lined between the
one end (+) and the other end (-).
Mono-crystals CaCo3
Untreated crystals
+–
small
–+
+–
medium
–+
––
+
+
large
Formula 1
Formula 2
(a) (b)

12
4. External Factors and their Inuence on the Treatment
As the eco-friendly technology of physical water treatment operates
within the laws of nature, we have to consider some of these laws. It
is important for the Vulcan water treatment to create as many of the
mono-crystals as possible. However, the mono-crystal structure does
not last forever. From the moment of its creation, it has only a limited
life expectancy. Time, distance and temperature determine how long the
crystal will last and this again determines how long the effect will last.
4.1 The Time Factor
The effect of the Vulcan lasts a minimum time span of 48h in
cold water and up to 7 days in warm water.
• In warm water (= more than 30°C/ 86°F) the effect lasts up to 7 days
• In cold water (= below 30°C/ 86°F) the effect lasts up to 2 days
Why does the temperature have an effect on how long the
Vulcan effect is active?
When mono-crystals are created by the impulse variation, it is important
that they grow as long as possible before they start their way through the
piping system. The larger the crystals, the longer it takes until they fall
apart again.
It is well known in nature that heat speeds up the growth process. It
is the same with the mono-crystals. In warm water, the crystals grow
faster and longer than in cold water. This results in a much higher number
of crystals, together with a larger size of the individual crystals. The larger
crystals then survive up to 7 days.
Cold water does not promote the crystal’s growth as much and they are
usually smaller. However, in cold water the scale deposits are usually less
prominent. In the cold-water setting the effect lasts up to 2 days.
4.2 The Distance Factor
We know that the mono-crystals do not last forever. The travelled
distance has an effect on the crystal’s life expectancy. When they begin
their journey through the piping system they fall apart during that time.
Several factors such as complexity of the piping, the number of
intersections and divisions, variations of pipe diameters throughout the
piping system or the existence of pumps all have some inuence on
the crystal’s life. For example, passing through turbulence in a bend
promotes the growth of a mono-crystal and will help to extend its life.
4. External Factors and their Influence on the Treatment

13
4. Factors inuencing the Physical Water Treatment
Temperature
heating element
best under 97°C
Effect Time
2 - 7 days
Distance
2 km and more
Temperature
heating element
best under 207°F
Effect Time
2 - 7 days
Distance
1.2 miles and more
Experience shows that the Vulcan effect will start to diminish after a
distance of approximately 2.000 m (~ 1.2 miles) in the pipe. However,
long distances of 2 km (~ 1.2 miles) or more are rarely reached within
buildings. Furthermore, with the favorable pipe system setup, the effect
often last longer.
4.3 The Combination Factors:
Temperature - Pressure - Type of heating
a. Temperature and its effect on the treatment
The water temperature itself is one factor that has some inuence on the
duration of the treatment (how long the effect will last). We learned that
warm water (30°C/86°F or more) has a positive effect on the growth of
the mono-crystals (see section 4.1) and therefore is even supporting the
treatment.
Extreme heat such as a heating element surface temperature of above
97°C (207°F) may also inuence the treatment’s outcome. What we
observe with the scale situation of a heating element is that the heating
element stays cleaner at 98°C (208°F) surface temperatures than at 110°C
(230°F) or than at 130°C (266°F) and so on. This is a natural nding
as heat promotes the scale formation. In general, the calcium crystals
naturally want to gain back their common shape.
Combinations: A mixture of influences
The combination of several external factors together inuence the
treatment and it is not always possible to know the exact outcome in
advance:
Temperature is one inuence to consider. A second factor to keep an
eye on is high pressure (e.g. in boilers/ steamers). What also comes into
the equations is the way of the heating provided (gas, electrical, heat
exchanging, burner etc).
 When there is extreme heat, a specic pressure with that and a
heating technology involved, this mixture may have a somewhat different
treatment effect.
Please consider that in such a situation it may be best to test and see.
For example, a typical nding can be: the hot surfaces of burners, heating
elements or steam generators may show some more deposits from 95°C
up. For example: the heating element stays cleaner at 98°C (208°F)
surface temperatures then at 110°C (230°F) then at 130°C (266°F) and
so on.
Conclusion
When several factors including extreme high heating element
temperatures and high pressure together with one of several possibilities
occur together, the treatment effect is not always easy to predict.
Always put in a trial installation! When the customer understands these
variables he knows what to expect and what not.
Vulcan working range - metric system (°C, km)
USA System (°F, miles)

14
4. Factors inuencing the Physical Water Treatment
4.4 The Water Quality Factor
The individual composition of water and especially very high concentra-
tions of certain substances can influence the Vulcan treatment.
4.4.1 High concentration of iron (Fe)
Iron is naturally found in water. Very high iron content is typically found
in water wells which then often causes problems with rust. If the iron
content reaches more than 1 mg/l (1 ppm) it may have a negative
effect on the treatment.
Treating the iron problem: We advise to treat any problems with
very high iron content in the water with a de-ironing lter. This will
ensure that the Vulcan treatment can reach its full potential.
4.4.2 High concentration of manganese (Mn)
Manganese is naturally found in water. Very high manganese content
is typically found in water wells which then often causes problems with
rust. If the manganese content reaches more than 0,1 mg/l (0,1
ppm) it may have a negative effect on the treatment.
Treating the manganese problem: We advise to treat any problems
with very high manganese content in the water with a de-manganization
lter. This will ensure that the Vulcan treatment can reach its full
potential.
4.4.3 High concentration of salts - (Cl, PO, NO3, SO4)
Sea Water: Very salty water (e.g. sea water) usually does not lead to
scale problems. In general, ocean water does not affect the performance
of Vulcan and you will see good results.
Cooling towers: However, high concentration of „salt“ (all sorts of
salts: Cl, PO, NO3, SO4) is a typical cooling tower issue. As cooling
towers are half-open circuits with water constantly evaporating, the
substances in the water constantly concentrate. Within a short time, the
water hardness and the salt level may dramatically increase (e.g. Cl, PO,
NO3, SO4). Here, it is recommended to use Vulcan with water that has a
conductivity of 5000 μ-Siemens or more.
Cl= Clorine, PO= Phosphate, NO3= Nitrate, SO4= Sulfate
4.4.4 Very high concentration of calcium (Ca)
The problems with scale deposits start when the water contains large
amounts of calcium. Vulcan can be successfully applied to water having
a very high to extreme high degrees of hardness. Vulcan has successfully
treated cases with water hardness of 1000 ppm (~ 59 gpg) or more).
Typical extreme-high hardness degrees occur in cooling towers. Here, even
when the conductivity is extremely high (e.g. 5000 μ-Siemens* or more)
Vulcan will show great results. Basically, the harder the water, the more
obvious the results. *Conductivity in cooling towers is measured in micro-
siemens which is an indicator but does not give exact hardness degrees.