Cynosure Cynergy Quick start guide

Cynergy™
850-1265-000, Rev. 4
TECHNICAL GUIDE
CYNOSURE®
Where art and science meet.

This manual is intended for both U.S. and International distribution.
™ Cynergy is a trademark of Cynosure, Inc.
® Cynosure is a registered trademark of Cynosure, Inc.
© 2005 Cynosure, Inc. All rights reserved.
Document #850-1265-000, Rev. 4, 7/06

Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 1 of 112
Table of Contents
Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations.................................................................................7
Section 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................9
Disclaimer .......................................................................................................................9
Contacting Customer Service .........................................................................................9
About the Laser.............................................................................................................10
Figure 1–Cynergy, Cynergy PL and Cynergy III .............................................10
About the Technical Guide ...........................................................................................11
Section 2 Equipment Safety............................................................................................13
Introduction...................................................................................................................13
Potential Hazards ..........................................................................................................13
Optical Hazard ..................................................................................................13
Electrical Hazard...............................................................................................14
Grounding .........................................................................................................14
Fire Hazard........................................................................................................15
Chemical Hazard...............................................................................................15
Potential Chemical Accidents and Appropriate Responses ..............................15
Hot-Water Hazard.............................................................................................15
Section 3 Laser System Controls....................................................................................17
Calibration.....................................................................................................................17
Memory.........................................................................................................................17
Operating Modes, User .................................................................................................17
Normal Operation .............................................................................................17
System Check....................................................................................................18
Performance Diagnostic Routine ......................................................................18
Cynergy MultiPlex............................................................................................18
Operating Modes, Service.............................................................................................19
Accessing Testall Mode....................................................................................19
Accessing CV Mode .........................................................................................19
Figure 2A–Performance Diagnostic Flow Diagram .........................................20
Figure 2B–Normal Operation Flow Diagram...................................................21
Figure 2C–Cynergy MultiPlex Flow Diagram .................................................22
Section 4 Laser Description............................................................................................23
Main Modules ...............................................................................................................23
Figure 3A–Main Modules, Front View ............................................................23
Figure 3B–Main Modules, Rear View..............................................................24

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Figure 4–Cynergy System Block Diagram.......................................................25
High Voltage Power Supply Module............................................................................26
Capacitor Bank Module ................................................................................................26
Figure 5–Capacitor Bank Module.....................................................................27
IGBT/Simmer Module..................................................................................................28
Figure 6–IGBT/Simmer Module.......................................................................28
Figure 7–Snubber Circuit..................................................................................29
Front Control Panel Module .........................................................................................30
Figure 8–Front Panel Display/Control Module ................................................30
Cal Port Assembly ............................................................................................30
Laser Control Board......................................................................................................31
Microcontroller .................................................................................................31
Optical Detectors ..............................................................................................31
Figure 9–Diagram, Laser Control PCB ............................................................31
High Voltage Controls ......................................................................................31
Software Controls .............................................................................................32
I/O Ports............................................................................................................32
Temperature Sensors.........................................................................................32
Figure 10–Control PCB ....................................................................................33
Rear Control Panel Module ..........................................................................................34
Figure 11–Rear Control Panel Module.............................................................34
Frame with Electrical Module ......................................................................................35
Figure 12A–Frame w/Electrical Module, Front View......................................35
Figure 12B–Frame w/Electrical Module, Rear View .......................................36
Resonator Rail Module .................................................................................................37
Figure 13A–Resonator Rail Module, Side View ..............................................37
Figure 13B–Resonator Rail Module, Top View...............................................38
Nd:YAG Laser Head.........................................................................................38
PDL Laser Head................................................................................................39
Resonator Reflectors.........................................................................................39
Fiber Block........................................................................................................39
Figure 14A–Fiber Block, Assembly .................................................................40
Figure 14B–Fiber Block, Beam Path................................................................41
Circulation Systems ......................................................................................................42
Water Circulation System.................................................................................42
Dye Circulation System ....................................................................................42
Figure 15–Circulation Systems Flow Diagram ................................................43
Figure 16–Dye Tank .........................................................................................44
Figure 17–Dye Concentration Sensor...............................................................45

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Figure 18–Dye Pump ........................................................................................45
Heat Exchanger Module ...............................................................................................46
Figure 19–Heat Exchanger Module..................................................................46
Water Pump Module.....................................................................................................47
Figure 20–Water Pump Module........................................................................47
Delivery System............................................................................................................48
Trigger Switches ...............................................................................................48
Figure 21–Delivery System ..............................................................................48
Section 5 Installation.......................................................................................................49
Section 6 Routine Maintenance/Service Equipment ....................................................51
Routine Maintenance ....................................................................................................51
Service Equipment........................................................................................................51
Hand Tools........................................................................................................51
Electrical Equipment.........................................................................................52
Optical Equipment ............................................................................................52
Miscellaneous Equipment.................................................................................52
Section 7 Servicing–Panel Removal...............................................................................53
Overview.......................................................................................................................53
Removing the Top Cover..............................................................................................53
Accessing the Laser Resonator .....................................................................................54
Removing the Side Panels ............................................................................................54
Removing the Rear Sub-Panels and Rear Panel ...........................................................54
Rear Sub-Panels................................................................................................54
Rear Panel .........................................................................................................54
Removing the Front Door .............................................................................................54
Section 8 Evaluating Performance/Planning a Fix.......................................................55
System Check–Display Results ....................................................................................55
System Check–Performance Criteria............................................................................55
Resonator Performance.................................................................................................56
Figure 22–Resonator Performance ...................................................................56
System Check or Laser Cal Condition Table................................................................57
System Check–Troubleshooting ...................................................................................58
Primary Optical Diagnostic Routine.................................................................58
Figure 23A–‘Primary Diagnostic Routine’ Flowchart .....................................58
PFN Diagnostic Routine ...................................................................................59
Laser Head Diagnostic Routine ........................................................................60
Figure 23B–‘Laser Head Diagnostic Routine’ Flowchart ................................60
Beam Train Diagnostic Routine........................................................................61
Figure 23C–‘Beam Train Diagnostic Routine’ Flowchart................................61

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Section 9 Servicing–Laser Heads and Beam Train ......................................................63
Dye Kit Methodology ...................................................................................................63
Dye Kit Assessment..........................................................................................63
Dye Kit Assessment Checklist..........................................................................64
Dye Injection.....................................................................................................64
Figure 24–‘Dye Injection’ Diagnostic Routine Flowchart ...............................65
Fiber Block Removal Procedure...................................................................................66
SMA/Focus Lens Removal...............................................................................66
Fiber Block Removal ........................................................................................66
Quantifying Laser Output, PDL....................................................................................66
Verify FOM, PDL.........................................................................................................67
Resonator Alignment Procedure, PDL .........................................................................68
Rough Resonator Alignment.............................................................................69
Resonator Optics Inspection/Replacement Procedure, PDL ........................................70
Pump Chamber Replacement Procedure ......................................................................70
Quantifying Laser Output, YAG...................................................................................71
Verify FOM, YAG........................................................................................................71
Resonator Alignment Procedure, YAG ........................................................................72
Resonator Optics Inspection/Replacement Procedure, YAG .......................................73
Flashlamp Inspection/Replacement Procedure .............................................................74
Figure 25–Flashlamps.......................................................................................74
Beam Combiner Inspection/Replacement Procedure ...................................................75
Fiber Alignment Procedure, PDL .................................................................................75
Turning Mirror Inspection/Replacement Procedure .....................................................75
Fiber Alignment Procedure, YAG ................................................................................76
Handpiece Inspection/Repair/Replacement..................................................................77
Fiber Inspection/Replacement Procedure .....................................................................78
Focus Lens Inspection/Replacement Procedure ...........................................................79
Calibration Procedures..................................................................................................79
Section 10 Servicing–Electrical Modules ........................................................................81
Replacing the Front Control Panel Module ..................................................................81
Calibrating the Touch Screen........................................................................................81
Replacing and Calibrating the ETX PCB .....................................................................81
Section 11 Servicing–HVPS Module................................................................................83
Replacing the High Voltage Power Supply Module.....................................................83
Calibrating the HVPS ...................................................................................................83
Section 12 Servicing–IGBT/Simmer Module..................................................................85
Replacing IGBT/Simmer Module Shelf .......................................................................85
Replacing Low Voltage Power Supply.........................................................................85
Replacing IGBT Triple Driver PCB, PDL....................................................................86

Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 5 of 112
Replacing Simmer/Snubber PCB, PDL ........................................................................86
Replacing the Trigger Transformers.............................................................................86
Replacing the Simmer Transformers ............................................................................86
Section 13 Servicing–Capacitor Bank Module ...............................................................87
Removing the Cap Bank Module..................................................................................87
Replacing a Cap Bank Fuse ..........................................................................................87
Section 14 Servicing–Water Pump Module ....................................................................89
Draining the Coolant System........................................................................................89
Draining the Water........................................................................................................89
Replacing the Water Pump ...........................................................................................89
Replacing the Water Flow Switch ................................................................................90
Section 15 Servicing–Heat Exchanger Module...............................................................91
Replacing the Heat Exchanger Module ........................................................................91
Replacing the Temperature Sensor(s)...........................................................................91
Replacing the Deionizer (DI) Cartridge........................................................................92
Calibrating the Dye Concentration Monitor .................................................................92
Calibrating the Dye Temperature..................................................................................92
Section 16 Servicing–Dye Res/Dye Pump Modules........................................................93
Replacing the Dye Flow Switch ...................................................................................93
Replacing the Dye Pump ..............................................................................................93
Replacing the Dye Concentration Monitor...................................................................94
Section 17 Servicing–Frame w/Electrical Module..........................................................95
Replacing the Voltage Selection PCB ..........................................................................95
Replacing the AC Distribution PCB.............................................................................95
AC Fuses.......................................................................................................................95
Section 18 Servicing–Calibration Procedures ................................................................97
Schedule for Calibration ...............................................................................................97
Overview.......................................................................................................................97
Required Equipment .....................................................................................................98
Calibration Procedures..................................................................................................98
Calibrating the Resonator Port, YAG ...........................................................................99
Calibrating the Resonator Port, PDL ..........................................................................100
Calibrating the Cal Port, YAG....................................................................................101
Calibrating the Cal Port, PDL.....................................................................................102
Section 19 Servicing–Final Check..................................................................................103
Final Check Procedure................................................................................................103
Section 20 Troubleshooting ............................................................................................105
Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................................105

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Faults...............................................................................................................105
Fault Code Table.............................................................................................105
Self Test ..........................................................................................................107
Troubleshooting Chart ....................................................................................108
Transferring Diagnostic Data..........................................................................109
Figure 26A–USB Access Panel Location.......................................................109
Figure 26B–USB Slot Location......................................................................110
Appendix A Laptop Computer..........................................................................................111
Attaching a Laptop Computer.....................................................................................111
HyperTerminal Setup..................................................................................................111

Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 7 of 112
Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations
The following international symbols and abbreviations may be used on the Cynergy lasers and/or
in this manual.
Symbols
Declaration of Conformity to
Medical Device Directive 93/42/EEC
CE Mark to Directive 93/465/EEC
Optical Fiber Applicator
per EN60601-2-22: 1996
Type B applied part per EN60601-1: 1990
Emergency Laser Stop
per EN60601-2-22: 1996
Attention, consult accompanying documents
Off—power disconnection
from mains
Laser Hazard Warning
On—power connection to
mains
Dangerous Voltage Foot Switch
Non-ionizing Radiation Other
Symbols
Remote Interlock Connector per
EN60601-2-22: 1996
Hand Switch
Abbreviations
°C Degrees Celsius V Volts
A Amperes DVM Digital Voltmeter
mA Milliamp Hz Hertz
µA Microamp J Joule
AC Alternating Current J/cm² Joule per square centimeter
cm Centimeter kW Kilowatt
mm Millimeter ms Millisecond
nm Nanometer ΩOhms
CW Continuous Wave mΩMilliohms

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Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 9 of 112
Section 1 Introduction
Disclaimer
The Cynergy Technical Guide is written specifically for service technicians and customers who
have received formal training in the servicing of Cynosure laser systems. Cynosure requires that
all technicians who plan to service these lasers attend an authorized training program.
Information on service training programs may be obtained by contacting Customer Service, see
contact information on page 9.
The technical guide provides useful information about the maintenance and servicing of the
laser. It is not intended to be a complete guide.
Cynosure does not accept responsibility for personal injury or property damage resulting from
the servicing of Cynosure equipment by its customers or by third parties, except where such
injury or damage is a direct result of Cynosure’s negligence. Customers, by accepting the service
manual, agree to indemnify Cynosure against any claims alleging personal injury or property
damage resulting from the servicing of Cynosure equipment by the customer or by third parties,
except where such injury or property damage is a direct result of Cynosure’s negligence. These
limitations include situations where Cynosure personnel advise customers on the repair of
Cynosure equipment over the telephone.
Any servicing of Cynosure equipment by individuals who have not completed a current
Cynosure training program for that equipment will void Cynosure’s product warranty.
Contacting Customer Service
If there is a technical problem with the laser, contact the Cynosure Service Department.
Normal Business Hours Monday–Friday, 7:30 am–7:00 pm EST
Call: 1-888-523-2233;
or fax to [phone] or [phone].
After Hours and Weekends Call: 1-888-692-2966.
If there is a question regarding clinical information call Cynosure.
Normal Business Hours Monday–Friday, 9:00 am–5:00 pm EST
Call: 1-800-886-2966 ext. 443

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About the Laser
The Cynergy laser system manufactured by Cynosure is considered to be the ultimate vascular
lesion laser workstation. It combines a high performance pulsed dye laser (PDL) operating at
585 nm± 2% with a high performance YAG laser (1064 nm) delivered through one delivery
system and selectable with the touch of a button. In addition, selected models of the laser have
the capability of delivering both wavelengths in one pulse, separated by a selectable delay, for
added clinical benefit.
There are two upgrade paths that are planned for this product. One path involves taking a V-Star
in this chassis and adding the YAG resonator and controls to become a Cynergy. The other takes
a Cynergy and adds the MultiPlex option which allows the user to deliver both wavelengths in a
single pulse.
Figure 1–Cynergy, Cynergy PL and Cynergy III
To further augment the versatility of the workstation, the Cynergy laser serves as a platform for
an intense pulsed light source, the Cynergy PL™. Combining the Cynergy with the Cynergy PL
yeilds a complete system called the Cynergy III™. The technical guide for the Cynergy PL is
covered in another document. This guide covers all aspects of the Cynergy laser, including PDL,
YAG and MultiPlex options.
™ Cynergy PL and Cynergy III are trademarks of Cynosure, Inc.

Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 11 of 112
About the Technical Guide
The technical guide provides information on the following topics:
♦Equipment Safety
♦Laser Description
♦Theory of Operation
♦Installation
♦Service Procedures
♦Routine Maintenance
♦Troubleshooting
♦Calibration Procedures
The Cynergy Technical Guide applies to the Cynergy and the Cynergy MultiPlex systems.
The Cynergy Service Manual, doc. 850-1270-100,includes this technical guide, the operator
manual, and a comprehensive drawing set and procedures that will aid in the understanding of
salient mechanical and electrical assemblies. Additionally, electrical schematics and technical
illustrations are provided. It is important to check the revision level of controlled drawings as
designs change. Upon request, Cynosure will provide circuit diagrams, component part lists,
descriptions, calibration instructions, or other information not already contained within the
service manual to assist appropriately qualified technical personnel to repair those parts of the
laser system that are designated by Cynosure as repairable. “Appropriately qualified technical
personnel” refers to personnel who have undergone Cynosure’s Service Training Course for the
Cynergy laser system and have been authorized in its repair.
Service personnel are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the laser and its operation.
Make sure all components within the laser can be identified. Understand the Performance
Criteria as outlined on page 55. Follow the Troubleshooting Sequence to restore performance if
the laser does not meet or exceed the defined performance criteria.
WARNING: Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those
specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.

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Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 13 of 112
Section 2 Equipment Safety
Introduction
As with any electrical equipment, there are potential hazards involved with the operation and
servicing of the laser system. This section of the technical guide identifies these potential hazards
and suggests precautions to avoid them.
Potential Hazards
Optical Hazard
The PDL side of the Cynergy laser generates laser light at a wavelength of 585 nm ± 2% with a
maximum energy of approximately 8 joules delivered from the handpiece. The YAG side
generates laser light at a wavelength of 1064 nm with a maximum energy of approximately 63
joules delivered from the handpiece. Greater energies can be generated from the laser head
especially during service operations. At these wavelengths and energy levels, serious and
permanent damage to the eyes can occur when there is direct or even indirect optical exposure.
WARNING: Do not look directly at laser resonator as the flashlamps fire or severe and
permanent eye damage may occur. These lasers produce laser light each time the
flashlamps fire. Make certain to wear the correct laser eyewear for the wavelength you are
servicing.
Please adhere to the following precautions to avoid optical damage during the operation or
servicing of the laser:
♦Ensure that everyone present during service procedures wears the appropriate protective
eyewear recommended by Cynosure.
♦Never look directly into the laser light, even while wearing protective eyewear.
♦Mark treatment rooms clearly to avoid unexpected entry during treatment or servicing.
♦Limit entry to the treatment or servicing room to trained, necessary personnel only.
♦Cover windows and other openings in the treatment room to avoid the inadvertent escape
of laser light.
♦Cover reflective objects, such as jewelry or mirrors, which could reflect the laser beam to
an area other than the intended treatment area.
♦Put the laser into the standby mode when the laser is not in use.
♦Ensure that everyone present during service procedures can shut down the laser in an
emergency.

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Electrical Hazard
The system requires 220 VAC ± 10%, 30 A, 50-60 Hz, single-phase electrical service to operate.
WARNING: Even when the laser is off and the AC line cord is disconnected, DC
voltages on various laser components, such as capacitors may exist. This can present a
potentially fatal electrical hazard during service procedures.
Take the following precautions to avoid electrical shock during servicing:
♦Always turn the laser off and disconnect the AC line cord from the receptacle before
removing the protective housing of the laser system.
♦With the laser off, allow the dump resistors to dissipate the energy in the pulse forming
network capacitors to a safe level, approximately 45 seconds. Monitor the voltage on the
capacitors with a DVM probe to ensure it is at a safe level.
IMPORTANT: The Cynergy laser system, the capacitor bank does not dump when
going between laser states (Ready to Standby) or between laser wavelengths. The
only time it dumps is when the user selects Utility. The capacitor bank voltage is
displayed on the screen as a quick reference, but the voltage on the lamps should
still be checked with a DVM prior to servicing.
♦If it is necessary to test or adjust any electrical component while the system power is on,
be careful not to touch any electrical components with bare fingers; use appropriate
probes or insulated tools only.
♦Become familiar with the electrical schematics and layout of the system before
attempting to service the laser.
If the AC must be connected during service routines, exercise caution around mains connected
components, such as power supply feeds, circuit breakers, key switches, etc. A remote interlock
fault condition will reduce high voltage electrical hazards to service personal. This fault
condition disables the high voltage power supply control and simmer circuits, as well as ensuring
that the dump relay is closed, grounding the potential of the pulse forming network. When
possible, remove the remote interlock plug during “live” service routines.
Grounding
Even when the laser is turned off and the AC line cord disconnected, high DC voltage levels may
remain. Before performing any procedure, use a shorting stick to ground all interior components.
The main capacitor bank stores large amounts of electrical energy. Measure the voltage on the
capacitor bank before attempting any service. Ground the capacitor bank with a shorting stick for
at least five seconds.
WARNING: Do not attempt to short directly (i.e., with a screwdriver) or a potentially fatal
electrical shock can occur.

Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 15 of 112
Fire Hazard
When the laser beam contacts any exterior surfaces, the surface absorbs the laser energy, which
raises the surface temperature of any flammable substance. Service personal must take the
following precautions.
♦Always keep a small fire extinguisher and water in the treatment room.
♦Never direct the laser beam onto any surface except a power meter or an appropriate
beam dump.
Chemical Hazard
The Cynergy laser uses a dye medium. Handle the dye with care, both to protect against toxicity
and against staining. Operators should follow these precautions:
♦Wear rubber or plastic gloves when handling the dye.
♦Do not dispose of dye down drains.
♦Return empty dye bottles and used filters to Cynosure.
♦Avoid spillage on fabrics or on any porous material.
Potential Chemical Accidents and Appropriate Responses
The following table lists potential chemical accidents and their appropriate emergency responses.
Chemical Accident Appropriate Emergency Response
Ingestion of dye or solvent Drink water, induce vomiting, and seek immediate
medical attention.
Excessive inhalation of dye or solvent Go outdoors and inhale fresh air.
Seek medical attention if symptoms appear.
Eyes exposed to dye or dye solvent Rinse eyes with water.
Seek medical attention if symptoms appear.
Skin exposed to dye or dye solvent Immediately wash the exposed skin area with plain
water, then with soap and water.
Hot-Water Hazard
The laser system can possibly reach 65 °C in normal operation. This water is very hot and could
scald. Do not perform any maintenance on the water system while hot. Always let the system
cool down before changing the deionizing filter or adding deionized or distilled water.

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Cynergy Technical Guide 850-1265-000, Rev. 4 17 of 112
Section 3 Laser System Controls
Calibration
At the factory or during field tests, both the calibration port and resonator port must be calibrated
for the system to accurately measure output energy. The resonator port will act similar to the
modular Elite laser, where the full energy will be measured. Initially, the resonator port will have
to be calibrated at two points for the two wavelength checkpoints used in System Check. The
resonator will be used for transmission data only.
Once the two ports are carefully calibrated, the user simply adjusts the laser to the settings they
want and either wait 5 seconds for the laser to calibrate automatically, or press the screen where
indicated by the instructions on the display to initiate the calibration process. For any change,
even fluence (the handpiece must be in the cal port) the laser automatically fires into the cal port
and adjusts the PFN voltage to match the setting. During this period, CAL appears in the upper
left area of the display. Once the laser arrives at the settings, the upper left will toggle to READY
indicating that the handpiece can be removed from the cal port and treatment begun.
Memory
The system defaults to the lower fluence settings on the first start-up after a System Check, but
later memorizes the last settings and uses them at start up. This avoids having to set the laser
each day or set when switching between lasers.
Operating Modes, User
Normal Operation
In normal operation before the warm-up, a self-check is conducted by the laser to test shutters,
simmer circuits, etc. Afterwards, the system warms up for typically less than 15 minutes. During
the warm-up period, the system checks the dye concentration. If low, the system will boost the
dye concentration until it reaches an acceptable level. Normally this will not significantly delay
the warm-up, but in extreme cases this may take up to 30 minutes to resolve itself. After the dye
concentration has reached an acceptable level, the system will not adjust the dye concentration
unless the laser is restarted.

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System Check
System Check consists of testing the laser at one set of operating parameters per wavelength to
determine basic, acceptable performance. This is often referenced to as Figure of Merit (FOM)
performance.
First: After the laser has warmed up, the dye laser is fired at 750V, 0.5 ms and an output > 4.0
Joules must be recorded at the resonator port and the transmission must be greater than
50%. (A warning is provided at 65% and the output governed). A minimum of three
shots should be taken with a sampling of the last.
Second: After the laser has warmed up, the YAG laser is fired at 750V, 5 ms and an output >25
Joules must be recorded at the resonator port and the transmission must be greater than
50%. (A warning is provided at 65% and the output governed). A minimum of three
shots should be taken with a sampling of the last.
If upon start-up, the laser cannot meet the minimum acceptable performance, the microprocessor
determines the root of the problem in the Performance Diagnostic routine.
Performance Diagnostic Routine
The system determines which laser, if any, is not performing and which transmission, if any, is
unacceptable. The system signals for the operator to change handpieces/fibers, notifies the user
that only one laser can be used and that service is required, or notifies the user that both lasers
are unusable and to call for service.
Cynergy MultiPlex
The Cynergy MultiPlex mode consists first of a PDL pulse, set at any fluence for a 7- or 10-mm
HP followed by a YAG laser pulse with similar adjustments. Pulse widths are controlled by
8 pulse groups that assign clinically relevant pulse width combinations to the two lasers. The
available delay between pulses will vary for different pulse groups. The delay between pulses is
variable, but not without limitations. NOTE: The health of the two laser systems are relative to
one another will affect the minimum possible delay time. Refer to the Cynergy Operator Manual
Specification section for pulse group information.