Gamry eQCM 10M User manual

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Impedance Scanning
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
TM

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iii
Impedance Scanning
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Operator's Manual
Copyright 2012 Gamry Instruments, Inc.
Revision 1.2
August 27, 2012

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If You ave Problems
Please visit our service and support page at .gamry.com/service-support/. This page contains information
on installation, soft are updates, and training. It also contains links to the latest available documentation. If
you are unable to locate the information you need from our ebsite, you can contact us via email using the link
provided on our ebsite. Alternatively, you can contact us one of the follo ing ays:
Internet .gamry.com/service-support/
Telephone (215) 682-9330 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM US Eastern Standard Time
(877) 367-4267 Toll Free US & Canada Only
Please have your instrument model and serial numbers available, as ell as any applicable soft are and
firm are revisions.
If you have problems in installation or use of a system containing an eQCM10M, it ould be helpful if you
called from a phone next to your computer, here you can type and read the screen hile talking to us.
We ill be happy to provide a reasonable level of free support for registered users of the eQCM10M.
Reasonable support includes telephone assistance covering the normal installation, use and simple
customization of a computerized system containing an eQCM10M connected to a Windo s compatible
computer.
A service contract that extends both the hard are arranty and soft are update period is available at an
additional charge. Soft are updates do not include soft are enhancements offered to our customers at
additional cost.
Enhancements to the eQCM10M and Gamry’s standard applications soft are that require significant
engineering time on our part can be performed on a contract basis. Contact us ith your requirements.

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Limited Warranty
Gamry Instruments, Inc. arrants to the original user of this product that it shall be free of defects resulting from
faulty manufacture of the product or its components for a period of t o years from the original shipment date
of your purchase.
Gamry Instruments, Inc. makes no arranties regarding either the satisfactory performance of the
eQCM 10M including the soft are provided ith this product or the fitness of the product for any particular
purpose. The remedy for breach of this Limited Warranty shall be limited solely to repair or replacement, as
determined by Gamry Instruments, Inc., and shall not include other damages.
Gamry Instruments, Inc. reserves the right to make revisions to the system at any time ithout incurring any
obligation to install same on systems previously purchased. All system specifications are subject to change
ithout notice.
There are no warranties which extend beyond the description herein. This warranty is in lieu of, and
excludes any and all other warranties or representations, expressed, implied or statutory, including
merchantability and fitness, as well as any and all other obligations or liabilities of Gamry Instruments,
Inc; including but not limited to, special or consequential damages.
This Limited Warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may have others, hich vary from state to state.
Some states do not allo for the exclusion of incidental or consequential damages.
No person, firm or corporation is authorized to assume for Gamry Instruments, Inc., any additional obligation or
liability not expressly provided herein except in riting duly executed by an officer of Gamry Instruments, Inc.

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Disclaimers
Gamry Instruments, Inc. cannot guarantee that the eQCM 10M ill ork ith all computer systems, operating
systems, and third party soft are applications hard are/soft are.
The information in this manual has been carefully checked and is believed to be accurate as of the time of
printing. Ho ever, Gamry Instruments, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors that might appear.
Copyrights
eQCM 10M™ Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Operator's Manual -
copyright 2012, Gamry Instruments, Inc., all rights reserved.
Gamry Frame ork - copyright 1989-2012, Gamry Instruments, Inc., all rights reserved.
Reference 600, Reference 3000
TM
, PC4, PCI4, eQCM 10M, Gamry Frame ork, PHE200, and
Gamry are trademarks of Gamry Instruments, Inc.
No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form ithout the prior ritten consent of Gamry
Instruments, Inc.

Table of Contents
Limited Warranty...........................................................................................................................v
Disclaimers ....................................................................................................................................vi
Copyrights .....................................................................................................................................vi
Chapter 1 -- Safety Considerations ................................................................................................1-1
Inspection.........................................................................................................................1-1
Product Safety ..................................................................................................................1-1
AC Mains Connection to the Po er Brick ..........................................................................1-1
Grounding in the eQCM 10M...........................................................................................1-2
Temperature and Ventilation.............................................................................................1-2
Defects and Abnormal Stresses..........................................................................................1-3
Environmental Limits.........................................................................................................1-3
Cleaning ...........................................................................................................................1-3
Service..............................................................................................................................1-3
Emission Warning .............................................................................................................1-4
Electrical Transient Sensitivity ............................................................................................1-4
CE Compliance .................................................................................................................1-4
RoHS Compliance.............................................................................................................1-4
Chapter 2 -- Introduction ..............................................................................................................2-1
About this Manual.............................................................................................................2-1
About the eQCM 10M......................................................................................................2-1
Notational Conventions.....................................................................................................2-1
Chapter 3 -- Instrument Circuitry...................................................................................................3-1
eQCM 10M Schematic/Block Diagram ..............................................................................3-1
Chapter 4 -- Installation ................................................................................................................4-1
Initial Visual Inspection .....................................................................................................4-1
Physical Location ..............................................................................................................4-2
Computer Requirements ...................................................................................................4-2
Plug & Play System Configuration......................................................................................4-2
Po er Cord and Po er Connection ..................................................................................4-3
Po er Up Test..................................................................................................................4-3
USB Cabling .....................................................................................................................4-4
1
st
Time Device Installation in Windo s ............................................................................4-5
Device Manager................................................................................................................4-7
Chapter 5 -- Cell Connections.......................................................................................................5-1
Normal Cell Connections ..................................................................................................5-1
Quartz Crystal Installation .................................................................................................5-2
Chapter 6 -- Panel Indicators and Connectors................................................................................6-1
Front Panel .......................................................................................................................6-1
Quartz Crystal Holder Connector .........................................................................6-1
The Po er LED....................................................................................................6-1
The Data LED......................................................................................................6-1
Rear Panel ........................................................................................................................6-1
Po er In Jack.......................................................................................................6-1
Po er S itch.......................................................................................................6-1
Chassis Ground....................................................................................................6-2
USB Port..............................................................................................................6-2
Appendix A – eQCM 10M Specifications........................................................................................6-3
Appendix B – CE Certificate ...........................................................................................................6-4
Declaration of Conformity.................................................................................................6-4
Comprehensive Index ....................................................................................................................7-1


Chapter 1 -- Safety Considerations--Inspection
1 - 1
Chapter 1 -- Safety Considerations
Your eQCM 10M has been supplied in a safe condition. This chapter of the eQCM 10M Operator's Manual
contains some information and arnings that you must follo to insure continued safe operation of the eQCM
10M.
Inspection
When you receive your eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance you
should inspect it for evidence of shipping damage. If any damage is noted, please notify Gamry Instruments
Inc. and the shipping carrier immediately. Save the shipping container for possible inspection by the carrier.
WARNING
An eQCM 10M that has been damaged in shipment can be a safety hazard. Do not
operate damaged apparatus until a qualified service technician has verified its safety. Tag
a damaged eQCM 10M to indicate that it could be a safety hazard.
Product Safety
The eQCM 10M has been designed, tested and certified to meet the requirements of EN 61010, Safety
requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use. As defined in this
standard, it is a Category I apparatus, designed for connection to circuits other than the po er mains.
The instrument contains a limited amount of internal circuitry that is at “hazardous live” voltages as defined in
EN 61010 (the standard mentioned above). “Reinforced insulation” (again defined in EN 61010) is used to
reduce the risk of electrical shock due to this “hazardous live” voltage.
As a generalization, input and output voltages in the eQCM 10M are limited to 12 volts. This voltage level is
considered safe.
The “AC Adapter” supplied ith the instrument is certified under EN 60950. The AC Adapter converts the AC
mains voltage to 12 volts DC, hich is used to po er the instrument.
You should al ays use the AC adapter (po er brick) supplied ith your eQCM 10M to supply DC po er to the
instrument.
Warning
Do not use a DC power source other than the AC adapter model provided with your
eQCM 10M. Other replacements may void the performance and/or safety characteristics
of the eQCM 10M.
AC Mains Connection to the Power Brick
The eQCM 10M does not connect directly to an AC Mains supply. Instead, the mains are connected to a
desktop AC adapter (po er brick), hich outputs 12 volts DC, hich in turn po ers the instrument.
NOTE
The instrument’s AC Adapter is rated for operation from 100 to 240 volts AC, 50 to 60 z. It
should therefore be useful throughout the world.

Chapter 1 -- Safety Considerations--Grounding in the eQCM 10M
1 - 2
The instrument is normally provided ith an AC line cord suitable for your location. This AC line cord connects
the AC mains to the AC po er adapter. If your instrument has been provided ithout an AC line cord, or a
cord that is not compatible ith your local AC mains socket, obtain a line cord certified for use in your country.
Contact your local Gamry Representative or Email to techsupport@gamry.com if you are uncertain hat AC
line cord to use.
Grounding in the eQCM 10M
A Chassis Ground binding post on the rear panel of the eQCM 10M is provided for a connection to earth
ground. Simply run a ire from this binding post to a suitable source of earth ground. A black 1.2-meter ire
is provided to facilitate this connection.
NOTE
Sources of earth ground include;
• Most metal water pipes,
• the chassis of most electronic apparatus (which are generally earth grounded),
and
• the protective ground terminal of an AC Mains power plug.
We recommend that you discuss grounding with an electrical or electronics professional
prior to making this earth ground connection.
Note this connection of the instrument to an earth ground is not a “Protective Earth Ground” as defined in EN
61010.
This binding post is not intended for any use other than connecting the eQCM 10M to an earth ground to
improve shielding against noise. Connecting this binding post to a hazardous voltage can create a significant
safety hazard.
WARNING
Do not connect the chassis ground binding post to any voltage other than earth ground.
An improper connection can create a safety hazard, which could result in personal injury
or death.
Temperature and Ventilation
Your eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance as designed for indoor
use at ambient temperatures bet een 0°C and 45°C.
Caution
Do not block the airflow around the instrument chassis. While the circuitry should suffer
no damage due to excessive heat, the enclosure may become uncomfortably hot to the
touch with insufficient air flow aorund the chassis.
Be careful hen operating the instrument in an enclosed space (such as an enclosed relay rack or NEMA
enclosure). The temperature ithin the enclosure must not exceed 45°C. You may need to provide ventilation
holes or even forced air-cooling for the enclosed space if excessive temperature rise occurs.

Chapter 1 -- Safety Considerations-- efects and Abnormal Stresses
1 - 3
Defects and Abnormal Stresses
You should treat your eQCM 10M as potentially hazardous if any of the follo ing is true of the unit:
• it sho s visible damage,
• it does not operate properly,
• it has been stored for a long period of time under unfavorable conditions,
• it has been dropped or subjected to severe transport stress,
• it has been subjected to environmental stress (corrosive atmosphere, fire, etc.).
Do not use your eQCM 10M or any other apparatus if you think it could be hazardous. Have it checked by
qualified service personnel.
Environmental Limits
Note that there are environmental limits conditions on the storage, shipping and operation of this equipment.
The eQCM 10M has not been designed for outdoor use.
Storage
Ambient Temperature -40 °C to 75 °C
Relative Humidity Maximum 90% non-condensing
Shipping
Same as storage plus
Acceleration Maximum 30 G
Operation
Ambient Temperature 0 °C to 45 °C
Relative Humidity Maximum 90% non-condensing
Warning
The instrument is not designed for operation in conditions where liquid water may enter
the chassis, or water vapor may condense within the chassis. Operation of an instrument
that has water within the chassis can create a safety hazard, which could result in
personal injury or death.
Cleaning
Disconnect the eQCM 10M from all po er sources prior to cleaning.
Use a cloth lightly dampened ith either clean ater or ater containing a mild detergent to clean the outside
of the enclosure. Alternatively, you can use isopropyl alcohol. Do not use a et rag or allo fluid to enter the
enclosure. Do not immerse the instrument in any type of cleaning fluid (including ater). Do not use any
abrasive cleaners.
Service
Your eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance has no user serviceable
parts inside. You should refer all service to a qualified service technician.
Warning
The eQCM 10M must not be operated with any cover or panel on the chassis open.
Dangerous voltages may present at several points within the instrument chassis, including
PC board traces. Always remove the power connection before opening the case.

Chapter 1 -- Safety Considerations--Emission Warning
1 - 4
Emission Warning
Your eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance generates, uses, and can
radiate radio frequency energy. The radiated levels are lo enough that the instrument should not create an
interference problem in most industrial laboratory environments.
The eQCM 10M has been tested for both radiated and conducted RF interference and has been found to be in
compliance ith EN 50081-1, 55011, and 55022 and 61000-4-3.
Electrical Transient Sensitivity
Your eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance as designed to offer
reasonable immunity from electrical transients, including transients on the incoming AC Mains supply and
Electrostatic Discharge. It has been tested for compliance ith EN 580082-2, 61010-1, and EN 61010-2-081.
The eQCM 10M is not rated for continuous use hen subject to ESD events. It should suffer no permanent
damage hen subject to the standard ESD events defined in EN61000-4-2, but may cease normal operation
until it is po ered do n and restarted.
In severe cases, the instrument could malfunction as a result of electrical transients such as a static discharge. If
you are having problems in this regard, the follo ing steps may help:
If the problem is static electricity (sparks are apparent hen you touch the instrument or it’s cables):
• Placing the instrument on a static control ork surface may help. Static control ork surfaces are no
generally available from computer supply houses and electronics tool suppliers. An antistatic floor mat
may also help, particularly if a carpet is involved in generating the static electricity.
• Air ionizers or even simple air humidifiers can reduce the voltage available in static discharges.
If the problem is AC po er line transients (often from large electrical motors near the instrument):
• Try plugging your eQCM 10M into a different AC po er branch circuit.
• Plug your eQCM 10M into a po er line surge suppressor. Inexpensive surge suppressors are no
generally available because of their use ith computer equipment.
Contact Gamry Instruments, Inc. if these measures do not solve the problem.
CE Compliance
The European Community has instituted standards limiting radio frequency interference emitted by electronic
devices, setting limits for susceptibility of apparatus to RF energy and transient events, and mandating safety
requirements. The eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance has been
tested to comply ith these standards.
The relevant CE regulations include EN 61010 and EN 61326.
Ro S Compliance
The eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance has been built using lead
free components and lead free solder. It is in compliance ith the European RoHS initiative.

Chapter 2 -- Introduction--About this Manual
2 - 1
Chapter 2 -- Introduction
About this Manual
This manual covers the installation, safety, and use of the eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Electrochemical
Quartz Crystal Microbalance.
This manual describes use of an eQCM 10M ith Revision 5.62 (and later revisions) of the Gamry Resonator
soft are.
Chapter 1 as an in-depth discussion of safety issues. This chapter describes this manual and gives a brief
overvie of the eQCM 10M features. Chapter 3 is a description of the electronics circuitry in the eQCM 10M.
Chapter 4 contains installation instructions. Chapter 5 describes inserting a crystal into a holder and connecting
the holder to the eQCM 10M and Chapter 6 describes the eQCM 10M’s Front and Rear Panels.
You ill find specifications in the Appendix.
This manual does not discuss soft are installation or soft are operation in any detail.
Soft are support for the eQCM 10M is described in the Gamry’s On-line Help system and associated
documentation.
About the eQCM 10M
The eQCM 10M is a research grade electrochemical instrument packaged in a small, easy to handle case. It
offers measurement capabilities similar to instruments that are more than ten times its size and eight and
more than t o times its price. The instrument can operate as a stand-alone quartz crystal microbalance or in
conjunction ith a potentiostat.
eQCM 10M features include:
• 1 – 10 MHz operating range ith no need to send the unit back to the factory in order to recalibrate
for different frequency crystals
• DC-decoupled output for interface ith a potentiostat
• 0.02 Hz resolution
• Reporting of both the series and parallel resonance frequencies
• An insulated USB connection avoiding ground loops
The eQCM 10M, like all Gamry instruments, requires a computer for its use. Unlike some other quartz crystal
microbalances, the instrument interfaces to the computer through a USB connection. The USB connection has
become truly universal, ith USB ports found on all modern computers.
Notational Conventions
In order to make this manual more readable e have adopted some notational conventions. These are used
throughout this manual and all other Gamry Instruments manuals:
• Numbered lists. A numbered list is reserved for step-by-step procedures, ith the steps al ays
performed sequentially.
• Bulleted list. The items in a bulleted list, such as this one, are grouped together because they represent
similar items. The order of items in the list is not critical.
• File names and folders. Inside paragraphs, references to computer files and Windo s folders ill be
capitalized and placed ithin quotes, for example: “C:\MYGAMRYDATA\EQCM.DTA" and
“GAMRY5.INI".

Chapter 2 -- Introduction--Notational Conventions
2 - 2

Chapter 3 -- Instrument Circuitry--eQCM 10M Schematic/Block iagram
3 - 3
Chapter 3 -- Instrument Circuitry
eQCM 10M Schematic/Block Diagram
If you are not familiar ith electronic schematics or quartz crystal microbalances, you probably ant to skip this
chapter. This information is for expert use only and is not required for routine use of the instrument.
The follo ing figure is part schematic diagram and part block diagram. They are intended to sho the basic
principles of the instrument ithout the confusion of the full circuitry details.
The schematic/block diagram figure sho s the quartz crystal microbalance board.
Figure 3-1
eQCM 10M Impedance Scanning Quartz Crystal Microbalance Board
Simplified Schematic/Block Diagram
Notes for Figure 3-1
• The programmable logic device (PLD) acts as the core of the QCM. Sine aves of varying frequencies
and amplitude are generated by the DDS, in 4096 steps from 0.05 to 8.33 V
rms
. The PLD and DDS are
driven by the same primary 80 MHz clock (CLK).
• Output from the DDS is filtered through a 4
th
order lo -pass filter (LP) ith a cut-off range of 15 MHz.
This signal is amplified by a high-speed current-feedback operational amplifier. The amplified signal is
passed through the AC coupler (AC cpl.) and injected into the quartz crystal.
3 - 1

Chapter 3 -- Instrument Circuitry--eQCM 10M Schematic/Block iagram
3 - 4
• The coupler allo s integration to a potentiostat for electrochemical studies. The output signal from the
crystal is coupled out by the same net ork. The signal is then passed through an RMS-to-DC (TRMS)
converter and evaluated by a successive approximation A/D-converter (ADC).
• The PLD then performs some lo -level math functions and delivers the data to a
ground-isolated (ISO), USB interface (USB).
3 - 2

Chapter 4 -- Installation--Initial Visual Inspection
4 - 1
Chapter 4 -- Installation
This chapter of the Gamry Instruments Inc. eQCM 10M Operator's Manual covers normal installation of the
instrument.
Figure 4 - 1
View of an eQCM 10M
Initial Visual Inspection
After you remove your eQCM 10M from its shipping carton, you should check it for any signs of shipping
damage. If any damage is noted, please notify Gamry Instruments, Inc. and the shipping carrier immediately.
Save the shipping container for possible inspection by the carrier.
Warning
The “reinforced insulation” that keeps the operator from accessing the “hazardous live”
voltages in the instrument can be rendered ineffective if the eQCM 10M is damaged in
shipment. Do not operate damaged apparatus until a qualified service technician has
verified its safety. Tag a damaged eQCM 10M to indicate that it could be a safety hazard.
Warning
If the eQCM 10M is taken from a cold location (for example outdoors in winter
conditions) to a warm humid location, water vapor could condense on the cold surfaces
inside the instrument, possibly creating a hazardous condition. Before connecting power
to a “cold” eQCM 10M, allow at least one hour for the instrument to warm at room
temperature.

Chapter 4 -- Installation--Physical Location
4 - 2
Physical Location
You normally locate your eQCM 10M on a flat orkbench surface. You ill ant to have access to the rear of
the instrument because some cable connections are made from the rear. The eQCM 10M is generally operated
in a horizontal position (see Figure 4-1). Operation in other positions is possible as long as you insure that air
movement around the chassis is not restricted.
Caution
Do not block the airflow around the chassis. While the circuitry should suffer no damage
due to excessive heat, the enclosure may become uncomfortably hot to the touch if no air
flows around the chassis. Running the instrument without adequate cooling could
shorten the time to failure of some of the circuitry.
If you do place your eQCM 10M ithin an enclosed space, make sure that the internal temperature ithin that
space does not exceed the 45°C ambient temperature limit of the eQCM 10M. Be particularly careful if a
computer or other heat dissipating equipment is mounted in the same enclosure.
The eQCM 10M has not been designed for outdoor use.
Computer Requirements
Before you connect an eQCM 10M to a computer you must make sure that your computer meets these simple
requirements.
• A computer based on one of the Pentium family of Intel microprocessors or a 100% compatible
processor from another vendor.
• One of the follo ing Operating Systems: Windo s XP SP3, Windo s Vista, or Windo s 7.
• A USB port that supports Full Speed (12 Mbits/second) or High Speed (480 Mbits/second) USB
transfers. It must be compatible ith Revision 1.1 or Revision 2.0 of the USB specification.
Plug & Play System Configuration
The eQCM 10M is completely compatible ith the Windo s Plug & Play configuration system. Like most Plug
& Play hard are, it is best if you install the soft are for the eQCM 10M before you install the hard are.
A Setup program ill normally startup automatically hen you place the Gamry Instrument’s Soft are CD into
the CD drive on your computer. Consult Gamry’s soft are installation manual if you need assistance accessing
the Setup program or choosing options in its menus.

Chapter 4 -- Installation--Power Cord and Power Connection
4 - 3
Figure 4 - 2
Rear Panel of the eQCM 10M
Power Cord and Power Connection
The eQCM 10M does not plug directly in the AC mains supply. Instead, the mains are connected to an
external po er supply, hich supplies a regulated 12-volt DC output. This regulated DC is then connected to
the DC po er input jack on the rear of the instrument.
The external po er supply provided ith the instrument is rated for operation from 100 to 240 V AC, at
frequencies from 50 to 60 Hz. It should therefore be useable orld ide.
The eQCM 10M external supply is supplied ith a line cord suitable for use in the United States. In other
countries, you may have to replace the line cord ith one suitable for your electrical outlet type. You must
al ays use a line cord ith a CEE 22 Standard V female connector on the apparatus end of the cable. This is
the same connector used on the US standard line cord supplied ith your instrument. See Chapter 1 for
specific safety information regarding line cord selection.
The DC output cord from the external po er supply plugs into the DC Po er input jack on the rear panel of
the eQCM 10M (see Figure 4 - 2).
CAUTION! Only use the supplied, 12-volt DC, power supply for the eQCM 10M.
Connection of a 24-volt DC power supply, such as the one supplied with a Reference 600
or Reference 3000, will cause damage to the unit.
Power Up Test
Before you make any other connections to your eQCM 10M you should check that the instrument is at least
nominally functional.
One quick test is to po er up the eQCM 10M and atch the blue po er LED indicator on the front panel (see
Figure 4 - 1).
After connecting DC po er to the instrument, turn on the Po er s itch on the rear panel (see Figure 4 - 2).
The Po er LED should go on and remain on.
The status of the other LED indicator is not important at this time.

Chapter 4 -- Installation--USB Cabling
4 - 4
If the po er LED goes on, then turns off and does not come on, the eQCM 10M is not orking properly!
Contact Gamry Instruments or your local Gamry Instruments representative as soon as possible if this po er up
test fails.
USB Cabling
The eQCM 10M connects to the computer using a standard High Speed USB A/B cable. A suitable cable as
shipped ith your instrument. If this cable has been lost, you can get a replacement at almost any computer
retailer. The replacement cable should be rated for USB 2.0 high speed USB operation.
An A/B USB cable has different connectors on each end. The end ith a ider, rectangular shaped connector
plugs into a USB port on your computer (or a similar port on a USB hub). The end ith a nearly square
connector plugs into the USB port on the eQCM 10M (see Figure 4 - 3).
Figure 4 - 3
Rear Panel of the eQCM 10M with USB Cable
The USB connection can be “hot-plugged”. This means, both the computer and the eQCM 10M can be
po ered-up before the USB cable is plugged in. Unlike many other instrument system connections, you need
not po er do n the system before plugging in the USB.
You can also safely remove the USB cable ithout po ering do n the eQCM 10M and your computer. Be
a are ho ever, that this may have undesirable consequences if the system is currently taking data or
performing an electrochemical experiment.
Table of contents