GRAUPNER HoTT GR-18 User manual

User manual
HoTT GR-18 receiver with Copterfirmware
No. 33579
English

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Index .................................................................................. 2
Introduction ........................................................................ 3
Service centre..................................................................... 3
Package content ................................................................ 3
Intended use ...................................................................... 4
Technical Data .................................................................... 4
Installation in the model (Copter)......................................... 6
Binding............................................................................... 6
Connections ....................................................................... 7
Receiver setting menu ........................................................ 7
Gyro initialization ................................................................ 8
Transmitter pre-setting........................................................ 9
Main settings ...................................................................... 9
Axis assignment ............................................................... 10
Roll and Nick setting......................................................... 11
Multicopter Yaw settings................................................... 12
Firmware Update.............................................................. 13
Declaration of conformity.................................................. 15
Notes for environmental protection ................................... 16
Warranty........................................................................... 16
Index

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Introduction
Thank you very much for choosing a Graupner HOTT GYRO
RECEIVER. This receiver is extremely versatile.
Read this manual carefully to achieve the best results with
your receiver and first of all to control safely your model. If you
experience any trouble during operation, take the instructions
to help or ask your dealer or Graupner Service Centre.
Due to technical changes, the information may be changed in
this manual without prior notice. Be always updated by check-
ing periodically for news on our website, www.graupner.de
This product complies with national and European legal re-
quirements.
To maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation, you must
read and follow this user manual and the safety notes before using
the product!
NOTE
This manual is part of that product. It contains important in-
formation concerning operation and handling. Keep these
instructions for future reference! Take this into consideration
when you pass it on to other future owner.
Service centre
Graupner/SJ-Zentralservice
Graupner/SJ GmbH
Henriettenstrasse 96
D-73230 Kirchheim / Teck
Servicehotline
(+49) (0)7021/722-130
Mon - Thu
7:30 am - 9:00 am
9:15 am - 4:00 pm
Fri
9:00 am - 1:00 pm
For the sevice centres outside Germany please refere to our bew
site www.graupner.de
Package content
ÐHoTT Gyro receiver
ÐUser manual
Graupner in Internet

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Intended use
The receiver is only suitable for use with RC multicopter mod-
els. More punctual information about receiver can be found in
the Technical data section.
The receiver is designed exclusively to be used as a bat-
tery-powered, radio controlled model, any other use is not
allowed. For any improper use no warranty or liability is ac-
cepted. Read through this entire manual before you attempt
to program or set the receiver.
Graupner/SJ constantly works on the development of all prod-
ucts; we reserve the right to change the item, its technology
and equipment.
Target group
The receiver is not a toy. It is not suitable for children under 14
years. The installation and operation of the controller must be
performed by experienced modellers. If you do not have suf-
ficient knowledge about dealing with radio-controlled models,
please contact an experienced modeller or a model club.
Features
ÐThe Firmware is a specific Multicopter firmware. The
model type Surface/Heli are not available. The firmware
for Surface/Heli models can however be used. Only one
firmware can be used per time.
ÐThe receiver provides copter stabilization on 3 axes
ÐNatural flight performance
ÐVery good stabilization for aerobatic figures
ÐEasy adjusting of the gyro settings
ÐParameters setting by the HoTT Telemetry
ÐAltitude sensor for vario and altitude
Technical Data
ÐOperating temperature: - 15...+70 °C
ÐAntennas: 2 x wires 145 mm
ÐTotal weight approx.: 14 g
ÐFrequency: 2400 ... 2483.5 MHz
ÐRange approx.: 4000 m
ÐDimensions ca.: 46 x 21 x 14 mm
ÐModulation: 2.4 GHz FHSS
ÐCurrent consumption: 70 mA
ÐOperating voltage: (2,5) 3,6 ... 8,4 V

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Symbols explication
Always follow the information marked with the CAUTION or
WARNING symbol. The signal word WARNING indicates the
potential for serious injury, the signal word CAUTION indicates
potential minor injuries.
The NOTE indicates important information that should alert you
to potential property damage.
Safety notes
WARNING
ÐThese safety instructions are intended not only to protect
the product, but also for your own and other people’s safe-
ty. Therefore please read this section very carefully before
using the product!
ÐDo not leave the packaging material lying around, this could
be a dangerous toy for children.
ÐPersons, including children, with reduced physical, sensory
or mental capabilities, or lack of experience or knowledge,
or not capable to use safely the receiver, must not use it
without supervision or instruction by a responsible person.
ÐThe operation of radio controlled models must be learned!
If you have never driven such a model, then start extra
carefully and make sure to be familiar with the reactions
of the model to the remote control commands. Proceed
responsibly.
ÐAlways carry on a first range test and function test on the
ground (hold the model tightly) before your model is used.
Repeat the test with the motor running and with short
bursts of throttle.
ÐBefore you start using the remote control model, you have
to check the further relevant laws and regulations. These
laws you must obey in every case. Pay attention to the pos-
sibly different laws of the countries.
ÐThe insurance is mandatory for all kinds of model opera-
tion. If you already have one check out whether the opera-
tion of the model is covered. If applicable, extend it to spe-
cial model liability insurance. We recommend to provide the
copter with a label, where are indicated the name, address,
tel. n., E-mail and Insurance n. So that the copter can be
clearly assigned in the event of a crash.
ÐFor safety and (CE) certification the unauthorized conver-
sion and / or modification of the product is not permitted.
ÐThey may only be used our recommended components
and accessories. Use only genuine matching Graupner con-
nectors of the same design and the same material.
ÐMake sure that all connections are secure. Do not pull on
the cables when you unplug the connector.
!
!

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ÐProtect the receiver from dust, dirt, moisture and other for-
eign parts. Do not expose this equipment to vibration and
excessive heat or cold. The remote control operation may
be carried out only in “normal” ambient temperatures, in a
range from -10 ° C to +55 ° C.
ÐUse all of your HoTT components only with the latest soft-
ware version.
ÐIf any questions arise that can not be ascertained with the
help of the operating manual, please contact us (contact
information, see page 3) or another expert.
WARNING
Pay attention, even while programming, that the connected
motors do not start suddenly. Injury risk by the turning pro-
pellers!
Avoid shock and pressure. Check the receiver regularly for
damages to the housings and cables after every flight. Dam-
aged or wet electronic components, even if re-dried, should
no longer be used.
Installation in the model (Copter)
The receiver must be placed in line with one side of the Cop-
ter, secure it to the receiver holder. The lower surface of the
receiver must always be parallel to one of the copter sides.
Put some double-sided tape on the bottom of the receiver
and use the optimal double taped pads S8376 for Gr-18,
S8377 for Gr-24 PRO.
Binding
The binding is only possible if the receiver has not yet been
binded to another transmitter (red LED blinks). Pushing the
SET button the receiver will be set in Bind mode.
If you want to bind an already binded receiver to another
memory, follow the next steps:
ÐTurn off the RF module in the “Basic setting“ menu (see
transmitter’s manual)
ÐSwitch on the receiver pushing the SET button to bring it in
bind mode
ÐStart the binding in the “Basic setting“ menu
ÐIf within 10 seconds the red light turns off and the green
LED will light, the binding process was successful.
ÐYour RC system is now ready for use.
ÐIf the red LED is still on it means that the binding process
didn’t work properly. In this case repeat the procedure.
!

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Connections
Connect the speed controllers or Servos to the row of sock-
ets on one end of the receiver. The connectors are polarised:
note the small
chamfers on one side. Never use force - the connectors should
engage easily. The polarity is also printed on the receiver; the
negative wire (-) is brown, the positive (+) red and the signal
orange. The servo sockets of Graupner HoTT 2.4 receivers are
numbered sequentially. The socket for channel 8 (K6 in GR
18) can also be programmed to deliver a (digital) sum signal
(see next section).
Power supply
The receiver does not feature specific sockets for connect-
ing the battery. We recommend that you connect the power
supply to the socket(s) close to the servos already connected
to the receiver. If you wish to connect multiple separate bat-
teries, the batteries must be of the same nominal voltage and
capacity. Never connect batteries of different type, or packs
of greatly differing states of charge, as this can cause effects
similar to a short-circuit. If you encounter this problem, we
recommend the use of a voltage stabiliser unit (e.g. PRX-5A
receiver power supply, Order No. 4136) between the batteries
and the receiver.
Telemetry or channel (T/9) socket
The optional telemetry sensors are connected to the socket
marked “T” (T/9)- Telemetry. In addition, the update is per-
formed on this socket (see point 5). The socket can be used
optionally for K9. (see next section)
Receiver setting menu
The receiver set-up menu appears in the “Telemetry” menu
under SETTINGS / DISPLAYS; alternatively - if you are using a
SMART-BOX - under SETTING & DATAVIEW. The method of
accessing this menu is described in the operating instructions
supplied with your transmitter or the Smart-Box.
Low-voltage warning (ALARM VOLT)
If the receiver voltage falls below the set value, a low-voltage
warning is generated by the transmitter’s RF module in the
form of the “general alarm tone”: a regular beeping at a rate of
about one per second; alternatively the speech output mes-
sage “Receiver voltage”.
Temperature warning (ALARM TEMP)
If the receiver temperature exceeds the set temperature thresh-
old, a warning is generated by the transmitter’s RF module in
the form of the “general alarm tone”: a regular beeping at a
rate of about one per second; alternatively the speech output
message “Receiver temperature”.
OK
RECEIVER Q.01 >
>ALARM VOLT: 3,8V
ALARM TEMP: 70°C
max altitude: 25m
>PERIOD: 20ms
>SUMD at CH6: No
Sensor at CH9: No
LANGUAGE: english

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Inform yourself before flying your
model on which maximum alti-
tude you can fly in the uncon-
trolled airspace over the starting
position and do not exceed it.
When using an optional OSD
module (No. 33641) the data
from vario and from Euler angle
are only displayed after connect-
ing the transmitter.
Setting important only if servos are
installed for particular functions
Initialization by switching on
Maximum altitude (Max. altitude)
At this point you can enter a maximum altitude, at which an
alarm is triggered, either via the transmitter’s RF module in the
form of the “general alarm tone”: a regular beeping at a rate of
about one per second; alternatively the speech output mes-
sage “Height”. Note: the model’s actual height is adopted as
zero when the receiver is switched on; the indicated height is
therefore the altitude relative to the launch point.
Cycle time (PERIOD)
If your system is used exclusively with digital servos, you can
set a cycle time (frame rate) of 10 ms at this point. If your sys-
tem includes some or all analogue servos, you should always
select 20 ms, as many analogue servos cannot process the
higher frame rate, and may respond by “jittering” or “growl-
ing”. Not important for connected speed controllers.
HoTT sum signal (SUMD)
If you activate the digital sum signal at channel 8, a sum signal
containing eight channels is present at this socket, instead of
a servo signal. The HoTT receiver configured as SUMD con-
stantly generates a digital sum signal from 8 control signals
from the transmitter and makes this signal available at the ap-
propriate servo socket, which is receiver-specific. At the time
these instructions were revised, this type of signal is used by
several of the latest electronic developments in the area of
flybarless systems, heavy-duty airborne power supplies, etc.
Telemetry sensor (sensor at CH9)
This socket allows you to use either for telemetry or for an ex-
tra channel (9). (Note: Both together is not possible!) Switch-
ing is done in this menu item.
ÐIf you select “Yes”, the socket is connected to the connec-
tion of a sensor.
ÐIf you select “No” a jack is connected to the control chan-
nel 9.
Gyro initialization
After switching on the Copter, the gyro is already active but not
yet initialized. To initialize it, hold the Copter still after switch-
ing on. The calibration will be done only when the receiver is
completely still.
After 3 seconds in still position you will hear beeps emitted
by all motors. The signal tone can variate depending on the
esc model. The beeps will stop when the calibration and ini-
tialization is complete. Wait until the initialization is complete
before you start the model! The motors will not start until the
calibration is complete.

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Step 1:
Setting the flight mode - Attitude or
Rate mode
Step 2:
Main settings
Transmitter pre-setting
In the transmitter it must be selected a free model memory,
the model type must be “surface model“ and the channel 1
direction must be set so that in “motor off“ position the power
indicator must show -100%.
The flight mode must be set on channel 5. Then program a
two-way switch for channel 5 to control the flight mode:
Attitude mode: Channel 5 = -100% to 0%. The stick movement
determinates the Copter reaction on Roll and Nick. It allows
a maximal angle of about 50° at 100% of stick movement.
Mode suggested for beginners. The stick movements acts
directly proportionally to Roll and Nick.
Rate mode: Channel 5 = 0% to +100%. The stick movement
determinates the rate without angle limit. Aerobatic mode that
allows Rolls and Loopings.
Main settings
Type
Quadro x, Quadro +, Hexa I, Hexa V,Tri L, Tri R
Channel connections to the receiver for the different copter
types, motor and speed controller connection seen from the
top. In case of tricopter use only digital servos for servo 4.
Mode
ESC settings for the learning of the controller the receiver K1
signal will be passed directly to the controller.
Normal is set for ‘normal‘ multicopter (without clockwise rota-
tion).
Note: For safety reason the Type and Mode changes take effect
after switching off and on (only for this parameter). Which con-
MULTICOPTER BASE < >
>TYPE QUADRO X
MODE NORMAL
MINPOWER % 10
LOGGING 1
CALIBR. POSITION NO
12
3
1
2
3
4
12
3
1 2
3
4
612
3
4
5
12
3
4
5
6
Tri L Tri R
Quadro X Quadro +
Hexa IHexa V
R+L= Servo direction
Servo 4 = Yaw
44

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Step 3
Axis assignment in the gyro
sequence this parameter has to gas curve, will be explained
in next section.
MINPOWER %
The setting is principally used to prevent the motors shut
down in flight. Adjust so that the motors are running straight.
Under no circumstances unnecessarily high set, this would
limit the controller possibilities. These are some internal chan-
nel 1 curves:
Mode = normal: (Attitude+Rate) <-95%: Motors off, from
about minimum gas linear increase
Note: When in use with mode = normal we suggest, to pro-
gram a switch in the transmitter, which can set channel 1 at
least at -95%, so that while fling you cannot stop completely
the motors.
LOGGING
Value 1 is the general attitude control, rest as needed logs the
corresponding servo to SD card for later evaluation and error
analysis.
Settable values:
0 = No logging, Telemetry display of Euler and yaw angle
1 = Roll and Nick logging
We suggest to set at least one function.
CALIBR. POSITION
With Calibr. Position the acceleration sensors can be calibrated
so that in attitude mode with stick and trim neutral, the copter
is precisely horizontally aligned. For this purpose, it is simply
placed on absolute level surface and set the value to Yes. Af-
ter a moment, it jumps back to No and the calibration is done.
Do not forget to store disabling the field!
Axis assignment
Setup: Setup: Yes/No
Assignment of the gyros and their operating direction.
In the receiver’s “Axis assign” menu, go to the “Setup” option
and set it to “Setup: Yes”. Now assign the axes as follow:
ÐOn the transmitter, briefly set the roll command fully to the
right; the roll axis is highlighted. Roll the Copter more than
45 degrees to the right  the identified axis with the
required prefix is displayed, the field is no longer highlighted
and identification of this axis is complete.
ÐNow do the same for nick: on the transmitter, briefly set the
nick command so that it is fully forward. Roll the Copter
more than 45 degrees forwards; the axis is displayed, the
field is no longer highlighted and identification of this axis
is complete.
ÐFinally complete the procedure for the yaw: on the
Axis assignment <
>Setup No
ROLL +0
NICK +0
YAW +0

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Step 4:
Optional setting for Roll and Nick
transmitter, briefly set the yaw command fully to the right.
Turn the Copter so that the nose turns more than 45
degrees to the right; the axis is displayed, the field is no
longer highlighted and identification of this axis is complete.
The gyros and operating directions have now been assigned.
Now check to make sure that the operating directions are
correct:
ÐTo do this remove the propeller of the copters and give
approximately a quarter of gas, all motors are running at
the same speed
ÐTilt the Copter in Attitude mode so that its nose is facing
downwards  the front motors must turn faster than
back ones
ÐTilt the Copter in Attitude mode to one side  the motors
of the side, in witch you tilt the model, must turn faster
then the motors on the other side.
ÐIf one of the directions of operation is wrong, you must
repeat the axis assignment process.
Roll and Nick setting
For Attitude and Rate mode:
ROLL/NICK P:
Set this parameter in steps of 5 higher and higher, until a me-
dium-speed overshoot occurs. Then go 5-10 steps back in
order to prevent the soar up climb in case of full throttle.
ROLL/NICK D:
Now adjust well to the D component in steps of 5, until the
Copter engages exactly on nick and roll. A too high value
leads to very rapid oscillations.
DAMPING:
The damping factor should be set as low as possible, but as
high as necessary, so that the PID control can operate opti-
mally and the setting can be increased at best. If you do not
get vibrations away with the PID settings , then change the
damping of a step and test whether the setting works better
or worse.
Recommended settings:
For Racecopter with fast controllers and 5-6 inch propellers: 0
For Copter with 8 inch propellers and fast controllers: 1
Copter with large propellers: 2
ROLL FACTOR %:
Set the Roll setting as percent value of the overall gain. For
symmetric Copters the value can be 100. If, because of its
gravity centre, the Copter is more agile on the Roll axis than
on the Nick axis, then you can change here the roll factor. In
the Graupner ALPHA RACE 250 Q this value is set about 65%.
POWER2SENS.:
Multicopter RO/NI< >
>ROLL/NICK P 50
ROLL/NICK D 30
DAMPING 0
ROLL FACTOR % 65
POWER2SENS. 80
--ATTITUDE MODE--
ROLL/NICK I 40
AGILITY 3
Multicopter RO/NI< >
--RATE MODE--
R/N RATE I 25
RATE 3

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Step 5:
Optional settings for Yaw
Very strong drives can lead to oscillating at full throttle. This
parameter allows you to set a kind of gyro suppression. High-
er values result in an increased gyro suppression towards full
throttle.
Only for attitude mode:
ROLL/NICK I:
Set the I component of the Attitude mode. At too low values
the Copter swings slowly. If it stops after a roll or pitch com-
mand and “oscillates”, the value must be reduced.
AGILITY:
Agility determines at what speed (yaw rate) a new position is
occupied.
Only for Rate mode:
R/N RATE I:
Sets the I component of the rotation in rate mode. At too low
values of Copter swings slowly. However, it stops after a roll or
pitch command and “oscillates”, the value must be reduced.
RATE: Sets the max. potential rate of rotation in Rate mode.
Multicopter Yaw settings
Yaw P - Factor
Standard setting: +45
The P factor is responsible for the harder snap to yaw. Higher
values result in a faster engagement.
At too high P-values the copter starts to “swing”. In this case,
the value must be reduced again.
Yaw I - Factor
Standard setting: +15
The I-factor ensures constant rotations. Start with low values
and increase only as long until the rotations are constant. Too
high value cause an oscillation when you stop and possibly
the motors can run higher. This can lead to an undesirable
rise.
Yaw D - Factor
Standard setting: MIN
The D-factor affects the stopping behaviour in yaw. In most
Copters a hard D action is necessary. The D component must
be set as low as possible, since it affects the whole system.
Multicopter Yaw<v>
>Yaw P 40
Yaw I 20
Yaw D 20

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Firmware Update
Updates to the receiver’s firmware are made via the telemetry
socket using a PC running Windows XP, Vista or 7. You will
also need a USB interface (order no. 7168.6) and adapter lead
(order no. 7168.6A or 7168.S), which are available separately.
The programs and files required can be found in the Down-
load area for the corresponding products at www.graupner.de.
Connect the adapter lead to the USB interface (order no.
7168.6). The connectors are reverse polarity protected: note
the small chamfers on the sides. Never use force – the con-
nectors should engage easily.
Connect the adapter lead to the receiver’s telemetry socket.
The connectors are reverse polarity protected: note the small
chamfers on the sides. Never use force – the connectors
should engage easily.
Starting the “Slowflyer/Gyro receiver update”
We recommend accessing the “Slowflyer/Gyro receiver
downloader” program from the “Firmware_Up-grade_grStu-
dio” program. Click on the “Receiver Downloader” item under
“Link” in the left function menu. (Alternatively, select the “Mi-
cro Receiver Upgrade” under “Menu”).
It is also possible to start the associated application program
directly by double-clicking on the “micro_gyro_swloader.
exe” file. You will find this .exe file in the “Graupner_ PC Soft-
ware” folder of the “HoTT_Software VX” package. A program
window will now appear in which you should first set the “cor-
rect” COM port for the USB interface (order no. 7168.6) in the
selection window.
If you are not sure which port to use, check the COM port in
the “Select Port” window in the “Menu” of the “Firmware_Up-
grade_grStudio” and note down the COM port number for
the “Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge” entry – in this
case “COM03”. (If you select the wrong port, you will be alert-
ed to this when you read out the receiver data). Click on “File”
to load the corresponding firmware file named “MicroStabi7X-
_V_XX.bin” from the hard disc (“XX” stands for the version
number).

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When the file has loaded, click on start...
... connect the receiver and switch it on.
The progress bar shows that the transfer is running normal-
ly. The receiver LED lights up red and green during this pro-
cess and flashes red and green alternately once the transfer is
complete. Please refer to the detailed update instructions for
the item in question in the Download area at www.graupner.de.

INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGIE
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Konformitätserklärung gemäß dem Gesetz über Funkanlagen und
Telekomunikationsendeinrichtungen (FTEG) und der Richtlinie 1999/5/EG (R&TTE)
Declaration of Conformity in accordiance with the Radio and Telecomunikations Terminal Equipment
Act (FTEG) and Directive 1999/5/EG (R&TTE)
Graupner/SJ GmbH
Henriettenstraße 96
D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck
erklärt, dass das Produkt:
declares that the product
Geräteklasse: 1
Equipment class
den grundlegenden Anforderungen des § 3 und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen des
FTEG (Artikel 3 der R&TTE) entspricht.
complies with the essential requirements of § 3 and the other relevant provisions of the FTEG (Article 3 of the
R&TTE Directive).
Angewendete harmonisierte Normen:
Harmonised standards applied
EN 60950-1:A11+A1+A12
+A2:2013
62311:2008
EN 301 489-1 V1.9.2
EN 301 489-17 V2.2.1
EN 300 328 V1.8.1
Health and safety requirements pursuant to § 3 (1) 1. (Article 3 (1) a))
Protection requirement concernig electromagnetic compatibility
§ 3 (1) 2, Artikel 3 (1) b))
Measures for the efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum
§ 3 (2) (Article 3 (2))
Kirchheim, 07. Mai 2015 Ralf Helbing, Geschäftsführer
Ralf Helbing, Managing Director
Graupner/ SJ GmbH Henriettenstraße 96 D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck Germany
Tel: [phone] EMail: [email protected]Fax: [phone]
Gesundheit und Sicherheit gemäß § 3 (1) 1. (Artikel 3 (1)a))
Schutzanforderungen in Bezug auf elektromagnetische
Verträglichkeit § 3 (1) 2, Artikel 3 (1) b))
Maßnahmen zur effizienten Nutzung des Frequenzspektrums
§ 3 (2) (Artikel 3 (2))
GR-24 PRO +3xG + 3A + 3M+Vario HoTT - No. 33583
GR-18 +3xG + 3A+Vario HoTT - No. 33579
EN
Declaration of conformity
#33579: GR-18+3xG+3A+Vario
FCC ID: SNL-16006100
#33583 : GR-24 PRO +3XG+3A+3M+VARIO
FCC ID: SNL-16005800

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GR-18_Copter_jh_V1
Notes for environmental protection
DISPOSAL NOTES
The symbol on this product, its operating instructions or pack-
aging gives notice that this product may not be discarded as
common household waste at the end of its service life. It must
be turned over to a recycling collection point for electric and
electronic apparatus.
The materials can be recycled according to their markings.
You make an important contribution to protection of the en-
vironment by utilizing facilities for reuse, material recycling or
other means of exploiting obsolete equipment.
Batteries must be removed from the unit and disposed of
separately at an appropriate collection point. Please inquire
with local authorities about the responsible waste collection
locations.
Warranty
Graupner/SJ GmbH, Henriettenstrasse 96, 73230 Kirchheim/
Teck, Germany guarantees this product for a period of 24
months from date of purchase. The guarantee applies only to
such material or operational defects witch are present at the
time of purchase of the product. Damage due to wear, over-
loading, incompetent handling or the use of incorrect acces-
sories is not covered by the warranty. The user´s legal rights
and claims under guarantee are not affected by this guaran-
tee. Please check the product carefully for defects before you
are make a claim or send the item to us, since we are obliged
to make a charge for our cost if the product is found to be free
of faults.
The present construction or user manual is for information-
al purposes only and may be changed without prior notice.
The current version can be found on the Internet at www.
graupner.de on the relevant product page. In addition, the
company Graupner/SJ GmbH has no responsibility or liability
for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in construction
or operation manuals.

No liability can be accepted for printing errors.