HP HP-16C User guide

HEWLETT-PACKARD
HP-16C
Computer Scientist
OWNER’S HANDBOOK
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NOTICE
Hewlett-Packard Company makes no express or implied
warranty with regard to the keystroke procedures and
program material offered or their merchantability or their
fitness for any particular purpose. The keystroke procedures
and program material are made available solely on an “‘as is’’
basis, and the entire risk as to their quality and performance is
with the user. Should the keystroke procedures or program
material prove defective, the user (and not Hewlett-Packard
Company nor any other party) shall bear the entire cost of all
necessary correction and all incidental or consequential
damages. Hewlett-Packard Company shall not be liable for
any incidental or consequential damages in connection with
or arising out of the furnishing, use, or performance of the
keystroke procedures or program material.

(fifi HEWLETT
PACKARD
HP-16C
Computer Scientist
Owner’s Handbook
April 1984
00016-90001 Rev. D
Printed in U.S.A. © Hewlett-Packard Company 1982

Introduction
Welcome to the world of the Hewlett-Packard Computer Scientist!
You’re in good company with HP—the calculator of choice for
astronauts in the space shuttle, climbers on Mt. Everest,
yachtsmen in the America’s Cup, and engineers, scientists, and
students the world over.
The HP-16C is a versatile and unique calculator, especially
designed for the many professionals and students who work with
computers and microprocessors—whether as programmers or
designers. The HP-16C specialized design provides:
e Integer arithmetic in four number bases (hexadecimal,
decimal, octal, and binary), operating in 1’s or 2’s Complement
or Unsigned mode.
e A variable word size, selected by the user, up to a maximum of
64 bits.
e Logical operators and bit manipulations.
e 203 bytes of user memory, providing up to 203 program lines.
¢ Floating-point decimal arithmetic.
e Continuous Memory, retaining data and program instructions
indefinitely.
e Extremely low power consumption and long battery life.
This handbook is written with the professional in mind—someone
already familiar with the principles of computer organization and
binary operations. The handbook accommodates a wide range of
expertise, however. For a quick overview of and reference to the
calculator’s operations, use the Function Summary and Index—the
blue-edged pages just in front of the Subject Index.
Part I of the handbook, HP-16C Fundamentals, covers the specific
operations of the HP-16C, as well as its RPN (Reverse Polish
Notation) logic system. Part II, HP-16C Programming, is dedicated
to keystroke programming methods and capabilities. Each pro-
gramming section is structured to give first a general explanation
2

Introduction 3
of operations, then examples, then a more detailed look at certain
features. This makes it easy for you to get a quick picture of how
the system operates, if this is all you need.
The functions discussed in sections 1 and 2 of part I and in part II
(HP-16C Programming) are similar to those used in certain other
HP calculators, while the features unique to the HP-16C are
concentrated in sections 3 through 6.
Before starting these sections, you can get a brief introduction to
the capabilities of the HP-16C by working through the HP-16C: A
Quick Look, starting on page 10.
Finally, the appendices include details on error and flag
conditions, lists of operations with special characteristics, and
warranty and service information. The Function Summary and
Index at the back of the handbook provides short descriptions of
every key’s function, with page references to more comprehensive
material within the handbook. It makes it easy to get the most from
your HP-16C!

Contents
The HP-16C: A Quick Look ............................... 10
Keyboard Operation ............coiiiiiii .. 10
Integer Calculations .......... .. ..., 11
Floating-Point Calculations ............................. 11
Programmed Solutions ........... ... . i, 12
Partl: HP-16C Fundamentals ....................... 15
Section 1: Getting Started ............. .. ... ... .. ... ..... 16
Power Onand Off ... ... ... e, 16
Keyboard Operation ..., 16
Primary and Alternate Functions ........................ 16
Clearing Prefix Keys . ..., 17
The “CLEAR KEYS ...ttt it i e e 17
Display Clearing: [CLx]and[BSP] ............ccovvvvunn... 17
One-Number Functions ........... ... .. . i, 18
Two-Number Functionsand [ENTER] ..................... 18
ContinUOUS MEMOrY .. .ttt it et et et ieieenns 19
WhatisRetained .............coiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnn. 19
Resetting Continuous Memory ...............ccovenin... 20
Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack ................ 21
The Memory Stack and Stack Manipulation .................. 21
Stack Manipulation Functions .................. ..., 22
The LAST X Register ........couiiiiinnnnnnnn.. 23
Numeric FunctionsandtheStack ........................... 24
Stack Movement ........... ...t 24
Nested Calculations .............co i, 25
Calculations WithConstants ...............coovenvnnnn.. 26
Section 3: Number and Display Control ................. 28
IntegerMode ........ .. i 28
NumberBaseModes ...............ccoviiiinennnni... 28
Temporary Display (“SHOW"™) ..., .. 28
4

Contents 5
Complement Modes and UnsignedMode .................... 29
1'sComplementMode ................cciiiiiinininn... 30
2'sComplementMode ........... ..., 30
UnsignedMode ... 30
Word Size and Window Display ...............c.ccovivnn.. 31
Word Size ..o e 32
WindoWws ... 33
Scrolling oo 33
The Display and Internal Representation .................... 35
Flags ..o e e 36
Machine Status ([STATUS]) ...oviiinee e 37
Special Displays . ...viiii i e 38
ANNUNCIAIOTS ot e e i e et e e e 38
Error Display ... e 38
Low-Power Indication ..............cciiiiiiiiininanan.. 38
Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation
Functions ........ ... ... ... . . . 39
Carry and Out-of-Range Conditions .............. ..., 39
Flagd: Carry (C) ..ovvi i e e et et e e 39
Flag5: Out-of-Range (G) ........ccviiiiiiiiiinnn. 40
Arithmetic Functions . ... i i i 41
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Divison ......... 41
Remainder After Divisionand[RMD] ..................... 43
SQUAre ROOt ...t e 44
Negative Numbers and Complementing .................. 44
Logical Operations ..........uuiriuintninin i innenennn. 44
NOT ot e e 45
AND e e 45
O R o e e 45
EXCLUSIVE OR ..o e i e e 46
ShiftingandRotating Bits ... 46
Shifting Bits . ... ... e 46
Rotating Bits ........ i it e i e 48
Setting, Clearing, and TestingBits ................ccivvnon.. 50
MasSKIiNg ottt e e 51
Bit SUMMaAtiON ... e 52
“Double” FUNCLIONS ... . i it i et e 52
Double Multiply ... i e 52
DoubleDivide ...... ... i e 53
Double Remainder ........ ...ttt 54
Example: Applying Double Divide ....................... 54

6 Contents
Section 5: Floating-Point Numbers ..................... 56
Converting to Floating-Point DecimalMode .................. 56
ConversionintheStack ............coiiiiiiiiinvnn. 56
Other Effects of Converting to Floating Point Mode ........ 57
Digit Entry and Other Display Formats ................... 58
ReturningtointegerMode ......... ..., 59
ConversionintheStack ............cccoiiiiiivnnnn. 59
Other Effects of ConvertingtoIntegerMode .............. 60
Floating-Point Arithmetic ........ ...t iiiiiinnnn.. 61
FUNCLIONS ..o i e et e et ittt i ieeeens 61
The Out-of-RangeFlag .......... ..., 61
Functions Not Active in Floating PointMode ................. 61
Digit Separators . ....ovii i e e 61
Section 6: Memory and Storage ..................cc.cuu... 62
Memory AlloCation . ...ttt it et e 62
Converting Storage Registers to Program Memory ........ 62
Converting Program Memory to Storage Registers ........ 63
Storage Register Size ..........coiiiiiii i 63
Viewing the Status of Memory Allocation ((MEM]) ......... 65
Storage Register Operations ...........c.cciiiiiinnnennnnn. 66
Storing and Recalling Numbers Directly .................. 66
Alteration of RegisterContents .....................ou... 67
Clearing Data Storage Registers ...............ooiieen. 68
Thelndex Register ........coiniiniiiiiiiiiininenenn, 68
Abbreviated Key Sequences .............. ... i, 68
Storing and Recalling Numbers in the Index Register ...... 68
Storing and Recalling Numbers Indirectly ................ 69
PartII: HP-16C Programming ...................... 71
Section 7: Programming Basics ......................... 72
The Mechanics ...ttt ittt 72
Creatinga Program ..........ccoiriiiininennenennennnnns 72
LoadingaProgram ..........c.iuiiiiiinininenenenennnnns 72
Runninga Program ...........cciiiiiiiiiiiniiiinennens 75
Intermediate Program Stops .........coviiiiiiiiinnnann 75
Datalnput ... e 76
Program Memory ...ttt it e et e 77
Program InstructionsandKeycodes ...................... 77
Example ... e e e 78

Contents 7
Further Information ......... ...ttt 80
ProgramLabels ......... ..o 80
Unprogrammed Program Stops .. .....ovvvinvnenennennn. 81
Nonprogrammable Functions .................cooivin.. 81
Section 8: Program Editing .............................. 82
The MechaniCs ......vuuiiiiii it i 82
Movingto alinein Program Memory .................... 82
Deleting ProgramLines ............ccoiiiiinininennnnn. 83
Inserting ProgramLines ..........cuiiiiiivnnnnnnnnnnnns 83
EXample .. e e 83
FurtherInformation ....... ... ... .. ittt 85
Line POSItioN ... ..ot i e 85
Initializing Calculator Status .............coviiiiienenn. 85
Section 9: Program Branching and Controls ............ 87
The MechaniCs ......o.iiiiii it i et ieennn 87
Branching .......... i i e 87
Indirect Branching Using the Index Register .............. 88
Conditional TeStS ....iiiiiir ittt it ei i enennn 88
Testing for SetFlagsandSetBits ........................ 89
Loop Control with Counters: and(1SZ] ............... 90
EXampPle .o e e e 90
Further Information .......... ..o iiiiiiinii i, 94
SUDIOULINES ..ottt i e e 94
Program Versus Keyboard Use of ................... 95
Appendix A: ErrorsandFlags ........................... 96
Error Conditions ... ..ottt e e e 96
Functions That AffectFlags ............ccoiiiiiiiiennennnn. 98
Appendix B: Classes of Operations ...................... 99
Operations Terminating DigitEntry ......................... 99
Operations Affecting Stack Lift ............................. 99
Disabling Operations ..........coiiiiiiinininnenenenennn 99
Neutral Operations ..........coiiiiiniieenennennnnennnn 99
Enabling Operations ............coitiiiiiiiinenennnens 100
Operations Affecting the LAST X Register .................. 100
Operations AffectingScrolling ...................ciuia... 100
Prefix Keys .. ovvi i e i e e e e 101
Operations Not Active in Floating-Point Decimal Mode ....... 101

8 Contents
Appendix C: Battery, Warranty, and
ServiceInformation ............cooiiiiiiiiiiiiiin.. 102
Batleries ..ottt ittt e 102
Low-Powerindication ............ccouiiiiiinininenennn. 103
Installing New Batteries .............cccciiiiiienvnn.. 104
Verifying Proper Operation (Self-Tests) ..................... 106
LimitedOne-YearWarranty ..........ovveiinrinennnnennnns 108
What WeWillDo ... .ot it i ii e 108
WhatlsNotCovered ............cciiiiiiniiiinnnnnnnn. 108
Warranty for Consumer Transactions in the
UnitedKingdom ... ... ... ittt 108
Obligationto Make Changes .................covvivnn.. 109
Warranty Information .......... ... ... i, 109
S BIVICE it i e e e 110
Obtaining Repair Service in the
United States ...ttt ittt 110
Obtaining Repair ServiceinEurope ..................... 110
International Service Information ....................... 111
Service RepairCharge ..........coviiiiiinininnenenenn. 111
Service Warranty ........co.iiiiiniiinenennenennenns 112
Shipping Instructions ..........coiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnn. 112
Further Information ........... ... i, 113
When You Need Help . ......... ... ... ... ... .......... 113
Temperature Specifications .................ccciiiivnon.. 113
Potential for Radio and Television Interference
(forU.S.A. ONly) oot e e e 114
Appendix D: Programs for Format Conversion ........ 115
Function SummaryandIndex ........................... 120
.................................................... 120
Clearing . .ovr i e 120
DIgIt ENtry .o e e 120
Stack Rearrangement ........... .. .. .. i, 121
Number and Display Control ............ccviiinininenen... 121
Mathematics ...t 121
Bit Manipulation ....... ... ... i 122
Memoryand Storage ...........ccoiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin, 123
Index RegisterControl .............co i, 123