HP 8753D User manual

Printed in USA March 2000
Notice
Hewlett-Packard to Agilent Technologies Transition
This documentation supports a product that previously shipped under the Hewlett-
Packard company brand name. The brand name has now been changed to Agilent
Technologies. The two products are functionally identical, only our name has changed. The
document still includes references to Hewlett-Packard products, some of which have been
transitioned to Agilent Technologies.

User's Guide
HP 8753D Network Analyzer
ABCDE
HP Part No. 08753-90257 Supersedes October 1997
Printed in USA December 1997

Notice.
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice
.
Hewlett-P
ackard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including
but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and tness for aparticular
purpose
.Hewlett-P
ackard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or
consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance
,or use of this material.
c
 Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1994, 1995, 1997
All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission
is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.
1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799, USA

Certication
Hewlett-P
ackard Company certies that this product met its published specications at the
time of shipment from the factory
. Hewlett-P
ackard further certies that its calibration
measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and
T
echnology
,to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility
,and
to the calibration
facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
W
arranty
This Hewlett-P
ackard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and
workmanship for aperiod of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period,
Hewlett-P
ackard Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to
be defective
.
F
or warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to aservice facility designated by
Hewlett-P
ackard. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Hewlett-P
ackard and Hewlett-Packard
shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer
.However
,Buyer shall pay all
shipping charges
,duties
,and taxes for products returned to Hewlett-P
ackard from another
country
.
Hewlett-P
ackard warrants that its software and rmware designated by Hewlett-P
ackard for
use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on
that instrument. Hewlett-P
ackard does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or
software
,or rmware will be uninterrupted or error-free
.
Limit
a
tion of W
arranty
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate
maintenance by Buyer
,Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modication or
misuse
,operation outside of the environmental specications for the product, or improper
site preparation or maintenance
.
NO OTHER W
ARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
. HEWLETT-P
ACKARD SPECIFICALLY
DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED W
ARRANTIES OF MERCHANT
ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
P
ARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Exclusive Remedies
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
HEWLETT-P
A
CKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT
, INDIRECT
,SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL D
AMAGES, WHETHER B
ASED ON CONTRA
CT, TORT
,
OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY
.
iii

Maintenance
Clean the cabinet, using a damp cloth only
.
Assistance
Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for
Hewlett-P
ackard products
.
F
or any assistance
,contact your nearest Hewlett-P
ackard Sales and Service Oce.
iv

2Chapter1
Contacting Agilent
By internet, phone, or fax, get assistance with all your test and measurement needs.
Table 1-1 Contacting Agilent
Online assistance: www.agilent.com/find/assist
United States
(tel) 1 800 452 4844 Latin America (tel) [phone]
(fax) [phone]
Canada
(tel) 1 877 894 4414
(fax) [phone]
Europe
(tel) ([phone]
(fax) ([phone]
New Zealand
(tel) 0 800 738 378
(fax) ([phone]
Japan
(tel) ([phone]
(fax) ([phone]
Australia
(tel) 1 800 629 485
(fax) ([phone]
Asia Call Center Numbers
Country Phone Number Fax Number
Singapore 1-800-375-8100 (65) 836-0252
Malaysia 1-800-828-848 1-800-801664
Philippines (632) 8426802
1-800-16510170 (PLDT
Subscriber Only)
(632) 8426809
1-800-16510288 (PLDT
Subscriber Only)
Thailand [phone] (outside Bangkok)
[phone] (within Bangkok) (66) 1-661-3714
Hong Kong 800-930-871 (852) 2506 9233
Taiwan 0800-047-866 (886) 2 25456723
People’s Republic
of China 800-810-0189 (preferred) 10800-650-0021 10800-650-0121
India 1-600-11-2929 000-800-650-1101

Safety Symbols
The following safety symbols are used throughout this manual. F
amiliarize yourself with each
of the symbols and its meaning before operating this instrument.
Caution
Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to aprocedure that, if not
correctly performed or adhered to
,would result in damage to or destruction
of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond acaution note until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and met.
W
arning
W
arning denotes ahazard. It calls attention to aprocedure which, if not
correctly performed or adhered to
,could result in injury or loss of life.
Do not proceed beyond awarning note until the indicated conditions are
fully understood and met.
Instrument Markings
L
The instruction documentation symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it
is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation.
\CE" The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community
.(If accompanied by
ayear
,it is when the design was proven.)
\ISM1-A" This is asymbol of an Industrial Scientic and Medical Group 1Class Aproduct.
\CSA" The CSA mark is aregistered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association.
vi

General Safety Considerations
Warning
This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing
ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be
inserted in asocket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any
interruption of the protective conductor
, inside or outside the instrument,
is likely to make the instrument dangerous
. Intentional interruption is
prohibited.
W
arning
No operator serviceable parts inside
.Refer servicing to qualied
personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers
.
Caution
Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line voltage selector
switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is
installed.
W
arning
The opening of covers or removal of parts is likely to expose dangerous
voltages
.Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources while it is
being opened.
W
arning
The power cord is connected to internal capacitors that may remain live
for 10 seconds after disconnecting the plug from its power supply
.
W
arning
F
or continued protection against re hazard replace line fuse only with
same type and rating (F 3A/250V). The use of other fuses or material is
prohibited.
W
arning
If this instrument is used in amanner not specied by Hewlett-P
ackard
Co
., the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.
Note
This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC
Publication 348, Safety Requirements for Electronics Measuring Apparatus
,and
has been supplied in asafe condition. This instruction documentation contains
information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe
operation and to maintain the instrument in asafe condition.
vii

User's Guide Overview
Chapter 1, \HP 8753D Description and Options
," describes features
,functions, and available
options
.
Chapter 2, \Making Measurements
," contains step-by-step procedures for making
measurements or using particular functions
.
Chapter 3, \Making Mixer Measurements
," contains step-by-step procedures for making
calibrated and error-corrected mixer measurements
.
Chapter 4, \Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
," contains instructions
for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory
,andprinting and plotting displayed
measurements
.
Chapter 5, \Optimizing Measurement Results
," describes techniques and functions for
achieving the best measurement results
.
Chapter 6, \Application and Operation Concepts," contains explanatory-style information
about many applications and analyzer operation.
Chapter 7, \Specications and Measurement Uncertainties
," denes the performance
capabilities of the analyzer
.
Chapter 8, \Menu Maps," shows softkey menu relationships
.
Chapter 9, \Key Denitions
," describes all the front panel keys
,softkeys
,and their
corresponding HP-IB commands
.
Chapter 10, \Error Messages
," provides information for interpreting error messages
.
Chapter 11, \Compatible P
eripherals
," lists measurement and system accessories
,and
other applicable equipment compatible with the analyzer
.Procedures for conguring the
peripherals
,and an HP-IB programming overview are also included.
Chapter 12, \Preset State and Memory Allocation," contains adiscussion of memory
allocation, memory storage
,instrument state denitions
,and preset conditions
.
Appendix A, \The CITIle Data F
ormat and Key W
ord Reference
," contains information on
the CITIle data format as well as alist of CITIle keywords
.
viii

Network Analyzer Documentation Set
The
Installation and Quick Start Guide
familiarizes you with the network analyzer's
front and rear panels
,electrical and
environmental operating requirements
,as well
as procedures for installing, conguring, and
verifying the operation of the analyzer
.
The
User's Guide
shows how to make
measurements
,explains commonly-used
features
,and tells you how to get the most
performance from your analyzer
.
The
Quick Reference Guide
provides a
summary of selected user features
.
The
Programmer's Guide
provides
programming information including an HP-IB
programming and command reference as well
as programming examples
.
The System V
erication and T
est Guide
provides the system verication and
performance tests and the P
erformance Test
Record for your analyzer
.
ix

x

Contents
1. HP 8753D Description and Options
Where to Look for More Information ...............
..
..
..1-1
Analyzer Description ...................
..
..
..
....1-2
Front P
anel F
eatures ................
...... .......1-4
Analyzer Display ..................... .. .. .....1-6
Rear P
anel F
eatures and Connectors ................ .. .. .1-10
Analyzer Options A
vailable ............... .. .. .......1-12
Option 1D5, High Stability Frequency Reference ...........
.... 1-12
Option 002, Harmonic Mode ................. .......1-12
Option 006, 6GHz Operation ....................
....1-12
Option 010, Time Domain ..
.....................
.. 1-12
Option 011, Receiver Conguration ................. .. ..1-12
Option 075, 75 Impedance ...............
..
..
..
....1-12
Option 1CM, Rack Mount Flange Kit Without Handles ............1-12
Option 1CP
,Rack Mount Flange Kit With Handles ............
.. 1-12
Service and Support Options .................
..
......1-13
On-Site System V
erication (+23G) .....................1-13
Standard System Maintenance Service (+02A) ................1-13
Basic System Maintenance Service (+02B) ..................1-13
Return to HP Full Service Agreement (+22A) ................1-13
Return to HP Repair Agreement (+22B) ...................1-13
Return to HP Calibration Agreement (+22C) ...........
..
....1-13
Return to HP Calibration (+22G) ....
..
................1-13
Changes between the HP 8753 Network Analyzers ..
.............1-14
2. Making Measurements
Where to Look for More Information ..... .. ..............2-1
Principles of Microwave Connector Care ...................2-2
Basic Measurement Sequence and Example ..
................2-3
Basic Measurement Sequence .... .. .. ............. .. .2-3
Basic Measurement Example ........
................2-3
Step 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment. .. 2-3
Step 2. Choose the measurement parameters
. ............... 2-3
Setting the Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2-3
Setting the Source P
ower... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... 2-4
Setting the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4
Step 3. P
erform and apply the appropriate error-correction. ........ 2-4
Step 4. Measure the device under test. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2-4
Step 5. Output the measurement results
..... ............. 2-4
Using the Display Functions .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 2-5
To View Both Measurement Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
To Save a Data Trace to the Display Memory ................ 2-6
To View the Measurement Data and Memory Trace ............. 2-6
To Divide Measurement Data by the Memory Trace ............. 2-7
To Subtract the Memory Trace from the Measurement Data Trace . . . . . . . 2-7
To Ratio Measurements in Channel 1 and 2 ................. 2-7
Contents-1

T
o Title the A
ctive Channel Display ............
..
..
.....2-8
Using Analyzer Display Markers ............
..
..
..
..
..
. 2-9
T
oUseContinuous and Discrete Markers ........... .. .. .. . 2-9
T
oA
ctivate Display Markers ............
..
..
..
......2-10
T
oUseDelta (1) Markers ............
..
..
..
..
..
....2-11
T
oA
ctivate aFixed Marker ...........
..
..
..
..
..
....2-11
Using the
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
1REF=1FIXED MKR
Key to activate aFixed Reference Marker ..2-12
Using the
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
MKR ZERO
Key to A
ctivate aFixed Reference Marker ...... 2-13
To Couple and Uncouple Display Markers ..................2-14
To Use P
olar F
ormat Markers ...................
..
..
.2-14
To Use Smith Chart Markers ................. .. .. ...2-15
To Set Measurement P
arameters Using Markers ............... 2-16
Setting the Start Frequency ...................
..
.. 2-17
Setting the Stop Frequency ...................
..
..
. 2-17
Setting the Center Frequency ...................
..
.. 2-18
Setting the Frequency Span ...............
..
..
..
..2-19
Setting the Display Reference V
alue ...............
..
...2-20
Setting the Electrical Delay .......................
.2-21
Setting the CW Frequency .........................2-21
T
oSearch for a Specic Amplitude . ..
..................2-22
Searching for the Maximum Amplitude .................. 2-22
Searching for the Minimum Amplitude .................. 2-23
Searching for aT
arget Amplitude ...................
.. 2-24
Searching for aBandwidth .....................
..
.2-25
Tracking the Amplitude that Y
ou are Searching ..............2-25
To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data .............2-26
Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response ..............2-27
Measuring the Magnitude Response .....................2-27
Measuring Insertion Phase Response ....................2-28
Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion ............... 2-30
Measuring Electrical Length ..................
..
....2-30
Measuring Phase Distortion ..........
..
.............2-32
Deviation From Linear Phase .........
..
............2-32
Group Delay .........
..
..
..
................2-33
T
esting ADevice with Limit Lines ......
..
..
............2-36
Setting Up the Measurement P
arameters .......
..
..
.......2-36
Creating Flat Limit Lines .........
..
..
..
...........2-37
Creating aSloping Limit Line .. .. .. .................. 2-39
Creating Single P
oint Limits ..
..
..
..
..
.............. 2-41
Editing Limit Segments ............
...............2-42
Deleting Limit Segments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... 2-42
Running a Limit T
est.. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2-43
Reviewing the Limit Line Segments . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2-43
Activating the Limit T
est . . ....................... 2-43
Osetting Limit Lines .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2-44
Measuring Gain Compression . . . . . . .... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 2-45
Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously .... .. .. .. .. . 2-49
Measurements Using the Tuned Receiver Mode ..............
.. 2-51
Typical test setup . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2-51
Tuned receiver mode in-depth description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
Frequency Range .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 2-51
Compatible Sweep Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
External Source Requirements ...................... 2-52
Test Sequencing ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2-53
Contents-2

Creating a Sequence .. .. ............. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2-54
Running a Sequence .............
..
..
..
..
..
..
...2-55
Stopping a Sequence ............... .. .. .. .. .. ...2-55
Editing a Sequence ............... .. .. .. .. .. ...2-56
Deleting Commands . ...............
..
..
..
..
..
.2-56
Inserting a Command ...............
..
..
..
.....2-56
Modifying aCommand .............
..
..
..
.......2-57
Clearing aSequence from Memory ............... .. ....2-57
Changing the Sequence Title ................ .. ......2-58
Naming Files Generated by aSequence .............. .. ....2-58
Storing aSequence on aDisk .............. .. ........2-59
Loading aSequence from Disk ........... .. ..........2-60
Purging aSequence from Disk .........
..
..
..
........2-60
Printing aSequence ............. .. .. ...........2-60
Cascading Multiple Example Sequences ..........
...... ...2-61
Loop Counter Example Sequence ..........
..
..
..
......2-62
Generating Files in aLoop Counter Example Sequence ........ .. .. 2-63
Limit T
est Example Sequence ......... ...............2-64
Measuring Swept Harmonics ...............
..........2-66
Measuring aDevice in the Time Domain (Option 010 Only) ...........2-68
Transmission Response in Time Domain ........
..
.........2-68
Reection Response in Time Domain ........
..
..
..
......2-73
Non-coaxial Measurements ....... ...................2-76
3. Making Mixer Measurements
Where to Look for More Information .....................3-1
Measurement Considerations .......
..................3-2
Minimizing Source and Load Mismatches ..................3-2
Reducing the Eect of Spurious Responses .................3-2
Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals ..............3-2
How RF and IF Are Dened ...................... .. 3-2
Frequency Oset Mode Operation . .....................3-4
Dierences Between Internal and External R-Channel Inputs .........3-4
P
ower Meter Calibration ..............
..
..
..
......3-6
Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Oset Mode ............... 3-7
High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss ..............3-12
Fixed IF Mixer Measurements .................. .. .. ..3-17
Tuned Receiver Mode .................
...... ....3-17
Sequence 1Setup .......
..
...... .. ............3-17
Sequence 2Setup ................... ..........3-21
Phase or Group Delay Measurements ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. 3-24
Amplitude and Phase Tracking . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3-27
Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Oset Mode . . . . . ...... 3-28
Isolation Example Measurements ....................... 3-33
LO to RF Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . 3-33
RF F
eedthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. .. .. 3-35
Contents-3

4. Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
Where to Look for More Information .......... .. .. .. .. .. . 4-2
Printing or Plotting Y
our Measurement Results .........
..
..
..
.. 4-3
Conguring a Print Function .............. .. .. .. .. .. .4-3
Dening a Print Function .............. .. .. .. .. .. ..4-5
If You are Using aColor Printer .............. .. .. .. ...4-6
T
oReset the Printing P
arameters to Default V
alues .....
..
..
..
...4-6
Printing One Measurement P
er P
age ........... .. .. ......4-6
Printing Multiple Measurements P
er P
age ...........
..
..
....4-7
Conguring aPlot Function ................ .. .......4-8
If Y
ou are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer .......... ..
.4-8
If Y
ou are Plotting to aP
en Plotter ....
..
..
.............4-10
If Y
ou are Plotting to aDisk Drive ....... .. .. ..........4-11
Dening aPlot Function ............ .. ..
...........4-12
Choosing Display Elements ............... .. ........4-12
Selecting A
uto-F
eed ............ .. .. ............4-12
Selecting P
en Numbers and Colors ............ .. .......4-13
Selecting Line Types .........
..
.................4-14
Choosing Scale ................
...............4-15
Choosing Plot Speed ............................4-15
T
oReset the Plotting P
arameters to Default V
alues .... .. ........4-16
Plotting One Measurement P
er P
age Using aP
en Plotter . ...... .....4-16
Plotting Multiple Measurements P
er Page Using a P
en Plotter ..........4-17
If Y
ou are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer ..............4-18
Plotting aMeasurement to Disk ..
..
....................4-19
T
oOutput the Plot Files ...
.......................4-20
T
oView Plot Files on aPC . ......................... 4-20
Using AmiPro ...............................4-21
Using Freelance . ......................... ....4-22
Outputting Plot Files from aPC to aPlotter .................. 4-22
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer ........4-23
Step 1. Store the HPGL initialization sequence
................4-23
Step 2. Store the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence
..........4-24
Step 3. Send the HPGL initialization sequence to the printer
........
.. 4-24
Step 4. Send the plot le to the printer
...........
..
..
.....4-24
Step 5. Send the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence to the printer
....4-24
Outputting Single P
age Plots Using aPrinter .............. .. .. 4-24
Outputting Multiple Plots to aSingle P
age Using aPrinter ........... 4-25
Plotting Multiple Measurements P
er P
age From Disk . ..
..
..
..
.....4-26
T
oPlot Multiple Measurements on aFull P
age ............
....4-26
To Plot Measurements in P
age Quadrants ..
................ 4-28
Titling the Displayed Measurement ........... .. .. . .. .. .. 4-29
Conguring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp .... .. .. .. .. .. 4-30
Aborting a Print or Plot Process ........... .. .. .. .. .. .. 4-30
Printing or Plotting the List V
alues or Operating P
arameters .... .. .. .. 4-30
If Y
ou want a Single P
age of V
alues . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . 4-30
If Y
ou W
ant the Entire List of V
alues .... .. .. .. .. ........ 4-31
Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4-32
Saving and Recalling Instrument States .................... 4-33
Places Where You Can Save ........................ 4-33
What You Can Save to the Analyzer's Internal Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk .................... 4-33
What You Can Save to a Computer .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4-34
Saving an Instrument State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Saving Measurement Results ......................... 4-36
Contents-4

ASCII Data F
ormats . ............... .. .. .. .. .. .. 4-39
CITIle ...............
..
..
..
..
..
..
......4-39
S2P Data F
ormat .............. .. .. .. .. .. .....4-39
Re-Saving an Instrument State ..............
..
..
..
..
.. 4-41
Deleting aFile ...............
...... .. .. .......4-41
T
o Delete an Instrument State File ........... .. ..
..
..
.. 4-41
T
oDelete all Files ...........
..
..
..............4-41
Renaming aFile ...............
..
..
............4-42
Recalling aFile ...............
..
..
............4-42
F
ormatting aDisk ................ .. ............4-43
Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files ............. .. .4-43
If Y
ou are Using an External Disk Drive ....... .. ..........4-43
5. Optimizing Measurement Results
Where to Look for More Information ........
...... .......5-2
Increasing Measurement A
ccuracy ..........
..
..
..
......5-2
Connector Repeatability .......... .. .. ............5-2
Interconnecting Cables ............ ...............5-2
T
emperature Drift .............................5-2
Frequency Drift ..............................5-3
P
erformance V
erication .........
..
..
.............5-3
Reference Plane and P
ort Extensions .......
..
..
.........5-3
Measurement Error-Correction ....... .................5-4
Conditions Where Error-Correction is Suggested .... ...........5-4
Types of Error-Correction ....
..
...................5-4
Error-Correction Stimulus State .......................5-5
Calibration Standards .......
....................5-6
Compensating for the Electrical Delay of Calibration Standards .......5-6
Clarifying Type-N Connector Sex .....................5-6
When to Use Interpolated Error-Correction .................5-6
Procedures for Error-Correcting Your Measurements ..............5-7
Frequency Response Error-Corrections .. ..................5-8
Response Error-Correction for Reection Measurements ...........5-8
Response Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements ..........5-10
Receiver Calibration ..................
..
..
......5-11
Frequency Response and Isolation Error-Corrections ..............5-13
Response and Isolation Error-Correction for Reection Measurements .....5-13
Response and Isolation Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements ...5-15
One-P
ort Reection Error-Correction ......
..
..
..
..
..
.....5-17
Full Two-P
ort Error-Correction ..................
......5-20
TRL* and TRM* Error-Correction . . . . . . ................. 5-23
TRL Error-Correction .. .. .. .. ................... 5-23
TRM Error-Correction .............. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5-24
Modifying Calibration Kit Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 5-26
Denitions ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ 5-26
Outline of Standard Modication ...... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 5-26
Modifying Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 5-26
Modifying TRL Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 5-28
Modifying TRM Standards .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5-30
Power Meter Measurement Calibration ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 5-33
Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-34
Editing Frequency Segments ....................... 5-34
Deleting Frequency Segments ...................... 5-35
Compensating for Directional Coupler Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Contents-5

Using Continuous Correction Mode . ...............
..
..
. 5-37
T
o Calibrate the Analyzer Receiver to Measure Absolute P
ower ....... 5-38
Matched Adapters .............
..
..
..
..
..
..
....5-39
Modify the Cal Kit Thru Denition .............. .. .. .. . 5-40
Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices ..............
..
..
..
.5-41
A
dapter Removal ...............
..
..
..
..
..
....5-42
P
erform the 2-port Error Corrections ............ .. .. ...5-43
Remove the A
dapter ............
..
..
..
.........5-44
V
erify the Results ................ .. ..........5-45
Example Program .................. .. ........5-47
Making A
ccurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices .......... 5-48
The Cause of Measurement Problems ........... .. .......5-48
T
oImprove Measurement Results .........
..
..
..
.......5-48
Decreasing the Sweep Rate ............ ..
..
........5-48
Decreasing the Time Delay ............ .. .. ........5-49
Increasing Sweep Speed ...........
..
..
..
..........5-50
T
oDecrease the Frequency Span .......... .. .. ........5-50
T
oSet the A
uto Sweep Time Mode ..... ................5-51
T
oWiden the System Bandwidth ......................5-52
T
oReduce the A
veraging F
actor ......................5-52
T
oReduce the Number of Measurement P
oints ...... .. ........5-52
T
oSet the Sweep Type ......... .. .. ..............5-53
T
oView aSingle Measurement Channel ...................5-53
T
oA
ctivate Chop Sweep Mode .......................5-54
T
oUse External Calibration .... ....................5-54
T
oUse F
ast 2-P
ort Calibration . ......................5-54
Increasing Dynamic Range ......
....................5-56
To Increase the T
est P
ort Input P
ower ....................5-56
T
o Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor ..................... 5-56
Changing System Bandwidth .......................5-56
Changing Measurement A
veraging . ...................5-56
Reducing Trace Noise .........................
..
.5-57
T
oA
ctivate A
veraging ......................
..
...5-57
T
oChange System Bandwidth .............
..
........5-57
Reducing Receiver Crosstalk ................... .. ....5-57
Reducing Recall Time ................... .. .......5-58
Understanding Spur A
voidance ................
..
..
..
.5-59
6. Application and Operation Concepts
Where to Look for More Information ...
..................6-1
HP 8753D System Operation .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6-2
The Built-In Synthesized Source ........... .. .. .. .. .. . 6-2
The Source Step Attenuator ........
............... 6-2
The Built-In T
estSet.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ 6-3
The Receiver Block .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... 6-3
The Microprocessor ......................... .. . 6-3
Required P
eripheral Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6-3
Data Processing ............................. .. 6-4
Processing Details ............................. 6-5
The ADC .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 6-5
IFDetection..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-5
Ratio Calculations ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-5
Sampler/IF Correction .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-5
Sweep-To-Sweep Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Pre-Raw Data Arrays .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-6
Contents-6

Raw Arrays . ..
..
...............
..
..
..
..
..
.6-6
V
ector Error-correction (A
ccuracy Enhancement) ..........
..
. 6-6
Trace Math Operation ............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .6-6
Gating (Option 010 Only) ..............
..
..
..
..
..
.6-6
The Electrical Delay Block ..............
..
..
..
..
.. 6-6
Conversion .................
..
..
..
..
..
....6-6
Transform (Option 010 Only) .............. .. .. .....6-6
F
ormat ..............
..
..
..
.............6-7
Smoothing ................... .. ...........6-7
F
ormat Arrays ................. .. ...........6-7
Oset and Scale ...............
..
..
..........6-7
Display Memory .............. .. .............6-7
A
ctive Channel Keys ..........
..
..
..
.............6-8
Dual Channel ............
..
..
..
.............6-8
Uncoupling Stimulus V
alues Between Channels ........
..
..
..
.6-8
Coupled Markers .............. .. .. ............6-8
Entry Block Keys ............. .. .. .............6-9
Units T
erminator ........... ...................6-9
Knob .................
..................6-10
Step Keys .................................6-10
4
ENTRY OFF
5
............
..
..
................6-10
4

5
.............. ..
..
.................. 6-10
4
1
5
......
..
.......................
..
....6-10
4
0
5
........ ....................... .. ...6-10
Stimulus Functions ....... ...................... 6-11
Dening Ranges with Stimulus Keys ....................6-11
Stimulus Menu .......
........................6-12
The P
ower Menu ...............................6-13
Understanding the P
ower Ranges ...................... 6-13
A
utomatic mode ......................... ....6-13
Manual mode . .. .......................
..
..6-13
P
ower Coupling Options . ......................... 6-15
Channel coupling . ......................... .. 6-15
T
est port coupling ..............
..
..
..
........6-15
Sweep Time ..................
..
..
...........6-16
Manual Sweep Time Mode ................
..
..
.....6-16
A
uto Sweep Time Mode ...............
..
..
..
.....6-16
Minimum Sweep Time .................
..
..
..
....6-16
Trigger Menu .......... .. .. .. .. .............. 6-18
Source Attenuator Switch Protection .................. ...6-19
Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator .. .. .......... 6-19
Channel Stimulus Coupling . . . . . . . . .................. 6-20
Sweep Type Menu . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-21
Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . ............... 6-21
Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 6-22
List Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 6-22
Segment Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 6-22
Power Sweep (dBm) .....................
....... 6-23
CW Time Sweep (Seconds) ......................... 6-23
Selecting Sweep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Modifying List Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Edit list menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Edit subsweep menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Response Functions ............................. 6-25
S-Parameters .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6-26
Contents-7

Understanding S-Parameters .. .. .............
..
..
..
.6-26
The S-Parameter Menu ............
..
..
..
..
..
..
...6-27
Analog In Menu .............
..
..
..
..
..
..
....6-27
Conversion Menu . ...............
..
..
..
..
..
..6-27
Input Ports Menu .............. .. .. .. .. .. ....6-28
The Format Menu .............. .. .. .. ..
..
......6-29
Log Magnitude F
ormat .............. .. .. .........6-29
Phase F
ormat .............
...... ............6-30
Group Delay F
ormat ..............
..
..
..........6-30
Smith Chart F
ormat ................
..
..........6-31
P
olar F
ormat ..............
..
..
.............6-32
Linear Magnitude F
ormat ............ .. ............6-33
SWR F
ormat ............. .. .. ...............6-33
Real F
ormat ............. .. .. ...............6-34
Imaginary F
ormat ...........
..
..
..
............6-34
Group Delay Principles ...........
..
..
..
..........6-35
Scale Reference Menu ...........
..
...............6-38
Electrical Delay ............
..................6-38
Display Menu ................
................6-39
Dual Channel Mode ............................6-40
Dual Channel Mode with Decoupled Channel P
ower ....... .. ...6-40
Memory Math Functions ............ .. ..
..........6-41
A
djusting the Colors of the Display .. ...................6-41
Setting Display Intensity ...... ...................6-41
Setting Default Colors ....
..
....................6-42
Blanking the Display ......
.....................6-42
Saving Modied Colors ......
....................6-42
Recalling Modied Colors ........................
.6-42
The Modify Colors Menu ........................ .6-42
A
veraging Menu .........................
......6-44
A
veraging . ..
.......................
..
.....6-44
Smoothing .... ....................... .. ....6-45
IF Bandwidth Reduction .. ....................... . 6-45
Markers ................... .. .. ............6-47
Marker Menu .................... .. .........6-48
Delta Mode Menu ................... .. .......6-48
Fixed Marker Menu ................... .. .. ...6-48
Marker Function Menu ................... .. .. ....6-49
Marker Search Menu ......... .. .. .. .. ..........6-49
T
arget Menu ................... ........... 6-49
Marker Mode Menu ........................... 6-49
Polar Marker Menu .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6-49
Smith Marker Menu ............. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6-49
Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-50
What is A
ccuracy Enhancement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 6-50
What Causes Measurement Errors? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 6-51
Directivity .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... 6-51
Source Match ........................... . .. 6-52
Load Match .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-52
Isolation (Crosstalk) . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6-53
Frequency Response (Tracking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-53
Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-53
One-Port Error Model .......................... 6-53
Device Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59
Two-Port Error Model . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-59
Contents-8

Calibration Considerations . ..
..
............... .. .. .. 6-65
Measurement Parameters ............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .6-65
Device Measurements . .............
..
..
..
..
..
...6-65
Omitting Isolation Calibration ................. .. .. .. .6-65
Saving Calibration Data ...............
..
..
..
..
..
.6-65
The Calibration Standards ................. .. .. .. .. 6-66
Frequency Response of Calibration Standards ...........
..
..
. 6-66
Electrical Oset ..............
...... .........6-67
Fringe Capacitance .................. .. .......6-67
How Eective Is A
ccuracy Enhancement? ............
..
..
...6-69
Correcting for Measurement Errors ................ .. ....6-71
Ensuring aV
alid Calibration .........
...............6-71
Interpolated Error-correction .............. .. ..
......6-72
The Calibrate Menu ...........
..
..
..
............6-73
Response Calibration ................ .. ..........6-73
Response and Isolation Calibration ..........
..
..
..
.....6-73
S
11
and S
22
One-P
ort Calibration ............. .. .. .....6-73
Full Two-P
ort Calibration .......... ................6-73
TRL*/LRM* Two-P
ort Calibration ..............
........6-74
Restarting aCalibration ...........................6-75
Cal Kit Menu ..........
..
..
..................6-75
The Select Cal Kit Menu .......... .. .. ............6-75
Modifying Calibration Kits ....
..
....................6-76
Denitions ......
.........................
. 6-76
Procedure ........ ....................... .. 6-76
Modify Calibration Kit Menu .....
...................6-77
Dene Standard Menus ......
....................6-78
Specify Oset Menu ...........................6-80
Label Standard Menu ......................... .6-81
Specify Class Menu ......................... ..6-81
Label Class Menu ..
.......................
..
.6-83
Label Kit Menu ..
.........................
..6-83
V
erify performance ..
......................... .6-84
TRL*/LRM* Calibration .................. .. .. .....6-85
Why Use TRL Calibration? ................
..
..
.....6-85
TRL T
erminology .................
..
..
.........6-85
How TRL*/LRM* Calibration W
orks ...............
..
.... 6-86
TRL* Error Model ................... .. ..
.....6-86
Isolation ........... .. .. .. .. .............6-87
Source match and load match ....
..................6-88
Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match F
or TRL*/LRM* Calibration .. 6-88
The TRL Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . .... .. .. . .. .. .. . 6-90
Requirements for TRL Standards .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6-90
Fabricating and dening calibration standards for TRL/LRM ........ 6-91
TRLOptions. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 6-93
Power Meter Calibration .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... 6-95
Primary Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 6-95
Calibrated P
ower Level ......................... . 6-95
Compatible Sweep Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-95
Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96
Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-96
Power Meter Calibration Modes of Operation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6-96
Continuous Sample Mode (Each Sweep) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96
Sample-and-Sweep Mode (One Sweep) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-97
Power Loss Correction List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-98
Contents-9