HP 5500 EI series User manual
HP MSR2000/3000/4000 Router Series
Layer 3 - IP Routing
Configuration Guide (V7)
Part number: 5998-3992
Software version: CMW710-R0007P02
Document version: 6PW100-20130927
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Contents
IP routing basics ··························································································································································· 1
Routing table······································································································································································1
Dynamic routing protocols ···············································································································································2
Route preference ·······························································································································································2
Load sharing······································································································································································3
Route backup·····································································································································································3
Route recursion··································································································································································3
Route redistribution ···························································································································································4
Extension attribute redistribution······································································································································4
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB·············································································4
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB ································································································5
Displaying and maintaining a routing table ··················································································································5
Configuring static routing············································································································································ 7
Configuring a static route·················································································································································7
Configuring BFD for static routes·····································································································································8
Bidirectional control mode ······································································································································8
Single-hop echo mode ·············································································································································9
Configuring static route FRR·········································································································································· 10
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 10
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 10
Displaying and maintaining static routes ···················································································································· 11
Static route configuration examples····························································································································· 11
Basic static route configuration example ············································································································ 11
BFD for static routes configuration example (direct next hop)·········································································· 13
BFD for static routes configuration example (indirect next hop)······································································· 16
Static route FRR configuration example ·············································································································· 18
Configuring a default route·······································································································································20
Configuring RIP ··························································································································································21
Overview········································································································································································· 21
RIP route entries ····················································································································································· 21
Routing loop prevention········································································································································ 21
RIP operation·························································································································································· 21
RIP versions ···························································································································································· 22
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 22
RIP configuration task list··············································································································································· 22
Configuring basic RIP ···················································································································································· 23
Enabling RIP ··························································································································································· 23
Controlling RIP reception and advertisement on interfaces ·············································································· 24
Configuring a RIP version····································································································································· 25
Configuring RIP route control········································································································································ 25
Configuring an additional routing metric ··········································································································· 25
Configuring RIPv2 route summarization·············································································································· 26
Disabling host route reception ····························································································································· 27
Advertising a default route ··································································································································· 27
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering ····························································································· 28
Configuring a preference for RIP························································································································· 28
Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 29
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Tuning and optimizing RIP networks ···························································································································· 29
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 29
Configuring RIP timers··········································································································································· 29
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse···································································································· 30
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 31
Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages ·················································································· 31
Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates············································································ 31
Configuring RIPv2 message authentication ········································································································ 32
Specifying a RIP neighbor ···································································································································· 32
Configuring RIP network management················································································································ 33
Configuring the RIP packet sending rate ············································································································ 33
Setting the maximum length of RIP packets ········································································································ 33
Configuring RIP GR························································································································································ 34
Configuring BFD for RIP················································································································································· 34
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a directly connected RIP neighbor) ············································ 35
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a specific destination)·································································· 35
Configuring bidirectional control detection········································································································ 36
Configuring RIP FRR ······················································································································································· 36
Displaying and maintaining RIP ··································································································································· 37
RIP configuration examples··········································································································································· 37
Configuring basic RIP ··········································································································································· 37
Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 40
Configuring an additional metric for a RIP interface························································································· 42
Configuring RIP to advertise a summary route··································································································· 44
Configuring BFD for RIP (single-hop echo detection for a directly connected neighbor) ······························ 46
Configure BFD for RIP (single-hop echo detection for a specific destination)················································· 49
Configuring BFD for RIP (bidirectional control detection) ················································································· 51
Configuring RIP FRR ·············································································································································· 55
Configuring OSPF ······················································································································································58
Overview········································································································································································· 58
OSPF packets························································································································································· 58
LSA types································································································································································ 59
OSPF areas ···························································································································································· 59
Router types···························································································································································· 61
Route types····························································································································································· 62
Route calculation ··················································································································································· 63
OSPF network types ·············································································································································· 63
DR and BDR ··························································································································································· 63
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 64
OSPF configuration task list ·········································································································································· 65
Enabling OSPF ······························································································································································· 66
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 66
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 66
Enabling OSPF on a network······························································································································· 67
Enabling OSPF on an interface ··························································································································· 67
Configuring OSPF areas ··············································································································································· 68
Configuring a stub area ······································································································································· 68
Configuring an NSSA area·································································································································· 69
Configuring a virtual link······································································································································ 69
Configuring OSPF network types ································································································································· 70
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 70
Configuring the broadcast network type for an interface················································································· 70
Configuring the NBMA network type for an interface ······················································································ 71
Configuring the P2MP network type for an interface························································································ 72
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Configuring the P2P network type for an interface ··························································································· 72
Configuring OSPF route control ··································································································································· 72
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 72
Configuring OSPF route summarization ············································································································· 73
Configuring received OSPF route filtering·········································································································· 74
Configuring Type-3 LSA filtering·························································································································· 74
Configuring an OSPF cost for an interface ········································································································ 74
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 75
Configuring OSPF preference······························································································································ 75
Configuring OSPF route redistribution ················································································································ 76
Advertising a host route········································································································································ 77
Tuning and optimizing OSPF networks························································································································ 77
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 78
Configuring OSPF timers ······································································································································ 78
Specifying LSA transmission delay ······················································································································ 79
Specifying SPF calculation interval······················································································································ 79
Specifying the LSA arrival interval······················································································································· 80
Specifying the LSA generation interval ··············································································································· 80
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPF packets······································································ 81
Configuring stub routers ······································································································································· 81
Configuring OSPF authentication ························································································································ 82
Adding the interface MTU into DD packets········································································································ 83
Configuring a DSCP value for OSPF packets····································································································· 83
Configuring the maximum number of external LSAs in LSDB ··········································································· 84
Configuring OSPF exit overflow interval············································································································· 84
Enabling compatibility with RFC 1583··············································································································· 84
Logging neighbor state changes·························································································································· 85
Configuring OSPF network management ··········································································································· 85
Configuring the LSU transmit rate························································································································ 86
Enabling OSPF ISPF ·············································································································································· 86
Configuring prefix suppression····································································································································· 87
Configuring prefix suppression for an OSPF process ······················································································· 87
Configuring prefix suppression on an interface································································································· 87
Configuring prefix prioritization··································································································································· 88
Configuring OSPF PIC ··················································································································································· 88
Configuring OSPF GR ··················································································································································· 88
Configuring OSPF GR restarter···························································································································· 89
Configuring OSPF GR helper······························································································································· 90
Triggering OSPF GR ············································································································································· 90
Configuring BFD for OSPF ············································································································································ 91
Configuring bidirectional control detection········································································································ 91
Configuring single-hop echo detection ··············································································································· 91
Configuring OSPF FRR··················································································································································· 91
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 92
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 92
Configuring OSPF FRR to calculate a backup next hop using the LFA algorithm ·········································· 92
Configuring OSPF FRR to specify a backup next hop using a routing policy················································· 93
Displaying and maintaining OSPF······························································································································· 93
OSPF configuration examples ······································································································································ 95
Basic OSPF configuration example ····················································································································· 95
OSPF route redistribution configuration example ······························································································ 98
OSPF summary route advertisement configuration example ············································································ 99
OSPF stub area configuration example ············································································································102
OSPF NSSA area configuration example ········································································································105
iv
OSPF DR election configuration example·········································································································107
OSPF virtual link configuration example···········································································································111
OSPF GR configuration example·······················································································································113
BFD for OSPF configuration example ···············································································································115
OSPF FRR configuration example······················································································································118
Troubleshooting OSPF configuration ·························································································································120
No OSPF neighbor relationship established ····································································································120
Incorrect routing information ······························································································································120
Configuring IS-IS ····················································································································································· 122
Overview·······································································································································································122
Terminology ·························································································································································122
IS-IS address format·············································································································································122
NET ·······································································································································································123
IS-IS area ······························································································································································124
IS-IS network types ··············································································································································126
IS-IS PDUs ·····························································································································································127
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································128
IS-IS configuration task list···········································································································································129
Configuring basic IS-IS ················································································································································130
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································130
Enabling IS-IS·······················································································································································130
Configuring the IS level and circuit level ··········································································································131
Configuring P2P network type for an interface································································································131
Configuring IS-IS route control····································································································································132
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································132
Configuring IS-IS link cost···································································································································132
Specifying a preference for IS-IS ·······················································································································133
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································134
Configuring IS-IS route summarization··············································································································134
Advertising a default route ·································································································································134
Configuring IS-IS route redistribution ················································································································135
Configuring IS-IS route filtering··························································································································135
Configuring IS-IS route leaking ··························································································································136
Tuning and optimizing IS-IS networks························································································································137
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································137
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS hello packets ····················································································137
Specifying the IS-IS hello multiplier····················································································································137
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS CSNP packets··················································································138
Configuring a DIS priority for an interface·······································································································138
Disabling source address check for hello packets on a PPP interface···························································138
Disabling an interface from sending/receiving IS-IS packets·········································································139
Enabling an interface to send small hello packets···························································································139
Configuring LSP parameters·······························································································································140
Controlling SPF calculation interval···················································································································143
Configuring convergence priorities for specific routes····················································································143
Setting the LSDB overload bit·····························································································································144
Configuring system ID to host name mappings································································································144
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································145
Enabling IS-IS ISPF···············································································································································146
Configuring IS-IS network management············································································································146
Enhancing IS-IS network security ································································································································147
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································147
Configuring neighbor relationship authentication ···························································································147
Configuring area authentication························································································································147
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Configuring routing domain authentication······································································································148
Configuring IS-IS GR····················································································································································148
Configuring BFD for IS-IS·············································································································································149
Configuring IS-IS FRR ···················································································································································149
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································150
Configuration guidelines ····································································································································150
Configuring IS-IS FRR to automatically calculate a backup next hop ····························································150
Configuring IS-IS FRR using a routing policy····································································································150
Displaying and maintaining IS-IS ·······························································································································151
IS-IS configuration examples·······································································································································152
Basic IS-IS configuration example ·····················································································································152
DIS election configuration example···················································································································157
IS-IS route redistribution configuration example ······························································································161
IS-IS authentication configuration example·······································································································165
IS-IS GR configuration example ·························································································································167
BFD for IS-IS configuration example··················································································································168
IS-IS FRR configuration example ························································································································171
Configuring BGP ····················································································································································· 174
Overview·······································································································································································174
BGP speaker and BGP peer·······························································································································174
BGP message types·············································································································································174
BGP path attributes ·············································································································································175
BGP route selection ·············································································································································179
BGP route advertisement rules ···························································································································179
BGP load balancing············································································································································179
Settlements for problems in large-scale BGP networks····················································································180
MP-BGP·································································································································································183
BGP configuration views ····································································································································184
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································185
BGP configuration task list ··········································································································································186
Configuring basic BGP················································································································································188
Enabling BGP·······················································································································································188
Configuring a BGP peer·····································································································································189
Configuring a BGP peer group··························································································································190
Specifying the source interface for TCP connections·······················································································196
Generating BGP routes················································································································································197
Injecting a local network ····································································································································197
Redistributing IGP routes·····································································································································198
Controlling route distribution and reception ·············································································································199
Configuring BGP route summarization ·············································································································199
Advertising optimal routes in the IP routing table ····························································································201
Advertising a default route to a peer or peer group ·······················································································201
Limiting routes received from a peer or peer group························································································202
Configuring BGP route filtering policies ···········································································································203
Configuring BGP route dampening···················································································································208
Controlling BGP path selection···································································································································209
Specifying a preferred value for routes received·····························································································209
Configuring preferences for BGP routes ···········································································································210
Configuring the default local preference ··········································································································211
Configuring the MED attribute ···························································································································212
Configuring the NEXT_HOP attribute················································································································216
Configuring the AS_PATH attribute ···················································································································218
Tuning and optimizing BGP networks························································································································223
Configuring the keepalive interval and hold time····························································································223
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Configuring the interval for sending updates for the same route···································································225
Enabling BGP to establish an EBGP session over multiple hops ····································································225
Enabling immediate reestablishment of direct EBGP connections upon link failure·····································226
Enabling 4-byte AS number suppression ··········································································································227
Enabling MD5 authentication for BGP peers ···································································································227
Configuring BGP load balancing ······················································································································228
Configuring IPsec for IPv6 BGP ·························································································································229
Disabling BGP to establish a session to a peer or peer group ······································································230
Configuring BGP soft-reset··································································································································230
Protecting an EBGP peer when memory usage reaches level 2 threshold····················································234
Configuring a large-scale BGP network ····················································································································235
Configuring BGP community······························································································································235
Configuring BGP route reflection·······················································································································237
Configuring a BGP confederation ·····················································································································239
Configuring BGP GR ···················································································································································240
Enabling SNMP notifications for BGP························································································································241
Enabling logging of session state changes ···············································································································241
Configuring BFD for BGP ············································································································································242
Configuring 6PE ···························································································································································243
Configuring basic 6PE········································································································································243
Configuring optional 6PE capabilities ··············································································································244
Displaying and maintaining BGP·······························································································································245
IPv4 BGP configuration examples ······························································································································248
Basic BGP configuration example ·····················································································································248
BGP and IGP route redistribution configuration example···············································································252
BGP route summarization configuration example ···························································································255
BGP load balancing configuration example ····································································································258
BGP community configuration example············································································································261
BGP route reflector configuration example·······································································································264
BGP confederation configuration example·······································································································267
BGP path selection configuration example·······································································································271
BGP GR configuration example·························································································································274
BFD for BGP configuration example ·················································································································276
IPv6 BGP configuration examples ······························································································································279
IPv6 BGP basic configuration example·············································································································279
IPv6 BGP route reflector configuration example ······························································································282
6PE configuration example ································································································································285
BFD for IPv6 BGP configuration example ·········································································································288
IPsec for IPv6 BGP packets configuration example ·························································································291
Troubleshooting BGP ···················································································································································295
Symptom·······························································································································································295
Analysis ································································································································································296
Solution·································································································································································296
Configuring PBR ······················································································································································ 297
Introduction to PBR ·······················································································································································297
Policy ····································································································································································297
PBR and Track······················································································································································299
PBR configuration task list ···········································································································································299
Configuring a policy····················································································································································300
Creating a node ··················································································································································300
Configuring match criteria for a node ··············································································································300
Configuring actions for a node··························································································································300
Configuring PBR ···························································································································································302
Configuring local PBR ·········································································································································302
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Configuring interface PBR ··································································································································302
Displaying and maintaining PBR ································································································································303
PBR configuration examples········································································································································303
Packet type-based local PBR configuration example ·······················································································303
Packet type-based interface PBR configuration example ················································································305
Packet length-based interface PBR configuration example ·············································································306
Configuring IPv6 static routing······························································································································· 310
Configuring an IPv6 static route ·································································································································310
Configuring BFD for IPv6 static routes ·······················································································································311
Bidirectional control mode ·································································································································311
Single-hop echo mode ········································································································································312
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 static routes··········································································································313
IPv6 static routing configuration examples················································································································313
Basic IPv6 static route configuration example··································································································313
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (direct next hop) ·······························································316
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (indirect next hop) ····························································318
Configuring an IPv6 default route·························································································································· 321
Configuring RIPng ··················································································································································· 322
Overview·······································································································································································322
RIPng route entries···············································································································································322
RIPng packets·······················································································································································322
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································323
RIPng configuration task list ········································································································································323
Configuring basic RIPng··············································································································································323
Configuring RIPng route control ·································································································································324
Configuring an additional routing metric ·········································································································324
Configuring RIPng route summarization ···········································································································324
Advertising a default route ·································································································································325
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering ···························································································325
Configuring a preference for RIPng···················································································································326
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ··············································································································326
Tuning and optimizing the RIPng network·················································································································326
Configuring RIPng timers ····································································································································326
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse··································································································327
Configuring zero field check on RIPng packets ·······························································································327
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································328
Configuring RIPng GR··················································································································································328
Applying an IPsec profile ············································································································································329
Displaying and maintaining RIPng ·····························································································································329
RIPng configuration examples·····································································································································330
Basic RIPng configuration example ···················································································································330
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ··············································································································332
Configuring RIPng IPsec profiles························································································································335
Configuring OSPFv3··············································································································································· 338
OSPFv3 overview·························································································································································338
OSPFv3 packets···················································································································································338
OSPFv3 LSA types···············································································································································338
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································339
OSPFv3 configuration task list ····································································································································339
Enabling OSPFv3 ·························································································································································340
Configuring OSPFv3 area parameters ······················································································································341
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································341
viii
Configuring a stub area ·····································································································································341
Configuring an OSPFv3 virtual link···················································································································341
Configuring OSPFv3 network types···························································································································342
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································342
Configuring the OSPFv3 network type for an interface ··················································································342
Configuring an NBMA or P2MP neighbor·······································································································343
Configuring OSPFv3 route control ·····························································································································343
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································343
Configuring OSPFv3 route summarization ·······································································································343
Configuring OSPFv3 received route filtering····································································································344
Configuring Inter-Area-Prefix LSA filtering ········································································································344
Configuring an OSPFv3 cost for an interface ··································································································344
Configuring the maximum number of OSPFv3 ECMP routes ·········································································345
Configuring a preference for OSPFv3 ··············································································································345
Configuring OSPFv3 route redistribution··········································································································346
Tuning and optimizing OSPFv3 networks ·················································································································346
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································346
Configuring OSPFv3 timers································································································································347
Specifying LSA transmission delay ····················································································································347
Specifying SPF calculation interval····················································································································347
Specifying the LSA generation interval ·············································································································348
Configuring a DR priority for an interface········································································································348
Ignoring MTU check for DD packets ·················································································································349
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPFv3 packets ·······························································349
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································349
Configuring OSPFv3 GR ·············································································································································350
Configuring GR restarter ····································································································································350
Configuring GR helper········································································································································350
Configuring BFD for OSPFv3······································································································································351
Applying an IPsec profile ············································································································································351
Displaying and maintaining OSPFv3·························································································································353
OSPFv3 configuration examples ································································································································353
Configuring OSPFv3 areas ································································································································353
Configuring OSPFv3 DR election·······················································································································357
Configuring OSPFv3 route redistribution··········································································································361
Configuring OSPFv3 GR ····································································································································364
Configuring BFD for OSPFv3 ·····························································································································365
Configuring OSPFv3 IPsec profiles····················································································································367
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS ············································································································································· 372
Overview·······································································································································································372
Configuring basic IPv6 IS-IS········································································································································372
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS route control ···························································································································373
Tuning and optimizing IPv6 IS-IS networks················································································································374
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································374
Assigning a convergence priority to IPv6 IS-IS routes ·····················································································374
Configuring BFD for IPv6 IS-IS ····································································································································374
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 IS-IS·······················································································································375
IPv6 IS-IS configuration examples ······························································································································375
IPv6 IS-IS basic configuration example·············································································································375
BFD for IPv6 IS-IS configuration example ·········································································································379
Configuring IPv6 PBR·············································································································································· 383
Introduction to IPv6 PBR···············································································································································383
Policy ····································································································································································383
ix
PBR and Track······················································································································································385
IPv6 PBR configuration task list···································································································································385
Configuring an IPv6 policy ·········································································································································386
Creating an IPv6 node········································································································································386
Configuring match criteria for an IPv6 node····································································································386
Configuring actions for an IPv6 node ···············································································································386
Configuring IPv6 PBR···················································································································································388
Configuring IPv6 local PBR·································································································································388
Configuring IPv6 interface PBR ··························································································································388
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 PBR························································································································389
IPv6 PBR configuration examples ·······························································································································389
Packet type-based IPv6 local PBR configuration example (on routers) ··························································389
Packet type-based IPv6 interface PBR configuration example (on routers) ···················································391
Packet length-based IPv6 interface PBR configuration example (on routers) ················································393
Configuring routing policies··································································································································· 396
Overview·······································································································································································396
Filters·····································································································································································396
Routing policy ······················································································································································397
Configuring filters·························································································································································397
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································397
Configuring an IP prefix list································································································································398
Configuring an AS path list································································································································398
Configuring a community list ·····························································································································398
Configuring an extended community list ··········································································································399
Configuring a MAC list·······································································································································399
Configuring a routing policy·······································································································································399
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································399
Creating a routing policy ···································································································································400
Configuring if-match clauses ······························································································································400
Configuring apply clauses··································································································································401
Configuring a continue clause ···························································································································403
Displaying and maintaining the routing policy·········································································································403
Routing policy configuration examples······················································································································404
Applying a routing policy to IPv4 route redistribution·····················································································404
Applying a routing policy to IPv6 route redistribution·····················································································407
Support and other resources ·································································································································· 409
Contacting HP ······························································································································································409
Subscription service ············································································································································409
Related information······················································································································································409
Documents····························································································································································409
Websites·······························································································································································409
Conventions ··································································································································································410
Index ········································································································································································ 412
1
IP routing basics
IP routing directs IP packet forwarding on routers based on a routing table. This chapter focuses on
unicast routing protocols. For more information about multicast routing protocols, see IP Multicast
Configuration Guide.
Routing table
A RIB contains the global routing information and related information, including route recursion, route
redistribution, and route extension information. The router selects optimal routes from the routing table
and puts them into the FIB table, and it uses the FIB table to forward packets. For more information about
the FIB table, see Layer 3—IP Services Configuration Guide.
Table 1 categorizes routes by different criteria.
Table 1 Route categories
Criterion Categories
Destination •Network route—The destination is a network. The subnet mask is less than 32 bits.
•Host route—The destination is a host. The subnet mask is 32 bits.
Whether the
destination is directly
connected
•Direct route—The destination is directly connected.
•Indirect route—The destination is indirectly connected.
Origin
•Direct route—A direct route is discovered by the data link protocol on an interface,
and is also called an "interface route."
•Static route—A static route is manually configured by an administrator.
•Dynamic route—A dynamic route is dynamically discovered by a routing protocol.
To view brief information about a routing table, use the display ip routing-table command:
<Sysname> display ip routing-table
Destinations : 19 Routes : 19
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
0.0.0.0/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Eth1/1
1.1.1.0/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Eth1/1
1.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.255/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Eth1/1
2.2.2.0/24 Static 60 0 12.2.2.2 Eth1/2
80.1.1.0/24 OSPF 10 2 80.1.1.1 Eth1/3
...
A route entry includes the following key items:
•Destination—IP address of the destination host or network.
•Mask—Mask length of the IP address.
2
•Pre—Preference of the route. Among routes to the same destination, the route with the highest
preference is optimal.
•Cost—If multiple routes to a destination have the same preference, the one with the smallest cost is
the optimal route.
•NextHop—Next hop.
•Interface—Output interface.
Dynamic routing protocols
Static routes work well in small, stable networks. They are easy to configure and require fewer system
resources. However, in networks where topology changes occur frequently, a typical practice is to
configure a dynamic routing protocol. Compared with static routing, a dynamic routing protocol is
complicated to configure, requires more routers resources, and consumes more network resources.
Dynamic routing protocols dynamically collect and report reachability information to adapt to topology
changes. They are suitable for large networks.
Dynamic routing protocols can be classified by different criteria, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Categories of dynamic routing protocols
Criterion Categories
Operation scope •IGPs—Work within an AS. Examples include RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
•EGPs—Work between ASs. The most popular EGP is BGP.
Routing algorithm
•Distance-vector protocols—Examples include RIP and BGP. BGP is also considered
a path-vector protocol.
•Link-state protocols—Examples include OSPF and IS-IS.
Destination address
type
•Unicast routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•Multicast routing protocols—Examples include PIM-SM and PIM-DM.
IP version
•IPv4 routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•IPv6 routing protocols—Examples include RIPng, OSPFv3, IPv6 BGP, and IPv6 IS-IS.
An AS refers to a group of routers that use the same routing policy and work under the same
administration.
Route preference
Routing protocols, including static and direct routing, each by default have a preference. If they find
multiple routes to the same destination, the router selects the route with the highest preference as the
optimal route.
The preference of a direct route is always 0 and cannot be changed. You can configure a preference for
each static route and each dynamic routing protocol. The following table lists the route types and default
preferences. The smaller the value, the higher the preference.
Table 3 Route types and default route preferences
Route type Preference
Direct route 0
3
Route type Preference
Multicast static route 1
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
Unicast static route 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
OSPF NSSA 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
Unknown (route from an untrusted source) 256
Load sharing
A routing protocol might find multiple optimal equal-cost routes to the same destination. You can use
these routes to implement equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) load sharing.
Static routing, IPv6 static routing, RIP, RIPng, OSPF, OSPFv3, BGP, IPv6 BGP, IS-IS, and IPv6 IS-IS support
ECMP load sharing.
Route backup
Route backup can improve network availability. Among multiple routes to the same destination, the route
with the highest priority is the primary route and others are secondary routes.
The router forwards matching packets through the primary route. When the primary route fails, the route
with the highest preference among the secondary routes is selected to forward packets. When the
primary route recovers, the router uses it to forward packets.
Route recursion
To use a BGP, static, or RIP route that has an indirectly connected next hop, a router must perform route
recursion to find the outgoing interface to reach the next hop.
Link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS, do not need route recursion, because they obtain
directly connected next hops through route calculation.
The RIB records and saves route recursion information, including brief information about related routes,
recursive paths, and recursion depth.
4
Route redistribution
Route redistribution enables routing protocols to learn route information from each other. A dynamic
routing protocol can redistribute routes from other routing protocols, including direct and static routing.
For more information, see the respective chapters on those routing protocols in this configuration guide.
The RIB records redistribution relationships of routing protocols.
Extension attribute redistribution
Extension attribute redistribution enables routing protocols to learn route extension attributes from each
other, including BGP extended community attributes, OSPF area IDs, route types, and router IDs.
The RIB records extended attributes of each routing protocol and redistribution relationships of different
routing protocol extended attributes.
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and
labels in the RIB
Perform this task to prevent routes of a certain protocol from being aged out due to slow protocol
convergence resulting from a large number of route entries or long GR period.
The configuration takes effect at the next protocol or RIB process switchover.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv4):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address
family and enter RIB IPv4
address family view.
address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv4 routes and
labels in the RIB.
protocol protocol lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels
in the RIB is 480 seconds.
To configure the maximum route lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv6):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address
family and enter RIB IPv6
address family view.
address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv6 routes and
labels in the RIB.
protocol protocol lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels
in the RIB is 480 seconds.
5
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the
FIB
When GR or NSR is disabled, FIB entries must be retained for some time after a protocol process
switchover or RIB process switchover. When GR or NSR is enabled, FIB entries must be removed
immediately after a protocol or RIB process switchover to avoid routing issues. Perform this task to meet
such requirements.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv4):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv4 routes in the
FIB.
fib lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB is
600 seconds.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv6):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv6 routes in the
FIB.
fib lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB is
600 seconds.
Displaying and maintaining a routing table
Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.
Task Command
Display routing table information. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv4 basic ACL.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] acl
acl-number [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
specific destination address.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address [ mask |mask-length ] [ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
6
Task Command
Display information about routes to a
range of destination addresses.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address1 to ip-address2 [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IP prefix list.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] prefix-list
prefix-list-name [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
installed by a protocol.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] protocol
protocol [ inactive | verbose ]
Display IPv4 route statistics. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] statistics
Display route attribute information in
the RIB. display rib attribute [ attribute-id ]
Display RIB GR state information. display rib graceful-restart
Display next hop information in the
RIB.
display rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
display rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ]
Display next hop information for direct
routes. display route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv4 route statistics. reset ip routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all }
Display IPv6 routing table information.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ]
Display information about routes to an
IPv6 destination address.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address [ prefix-length ][ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 basic ACL.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] acl
acl6-number [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
range of IPv6 destination addresses.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address1 to ipv6-address2 [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 prefix list.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
prefix-list prefix-list-name [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
installed by an IPv6 protocol.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
protocol protocol [ inactive | verbose ]
Display IPv6 route statistics. display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
statistics
Display route attribute information in
the IPv6 RIB. display ipv6 rib attribute [ attribute-id ]
Display IPv6 RIB GR state information.
display ipv6 rib graceful-restart
Display next hop information in the
IPv6 RIB.
display ipv6 rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
display ipv6 rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ]
Display next hop information for IPv6
direct routes. display ipv6 route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv6 route statistics. reset ipv6 routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all }
7
Configuring static routing
Static routes are manually configured. If a network's topology is simple, you only need to configure static
routes for the network to work correctly.
Static routes cannot adapt to network topology changes. If a fault or a topological change occurs in the
network, the network administrator must modify the static routes manually.
Configuring a static route
Before you configure a static route, complete the following tasks:
•Configure the physical parameters for related interfaces.
•Configure the link-layer attributes for related interfaces.
•Configure the IP addresses for related interfaces.
You can associate Track with a static route to monitor the reachability of the next hops. For more
information about Track, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
To configure a static route:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure a static
route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask |
mask-length } { next-hop-address [ track
track-entry-number ] | interface-type
interface-number [ next-hop-address ] |
vpn-instance d-vpn-instance-name
next-hop-address [ track track-entry-number ] }
[ permanent ] [ preference preference-value ]
[ tag tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name dest-address { mask |
mask-length } { next-hop-address [ public ]
[ track track-entry-number ] | interface-type
interface-number [ next-hop-address ] |
vpn-instance d-vpn-instance-name
next-hop-address [ track track-entry-number ] }
[ permanent ] [ preference preference-value ]
[ tag tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, no static route is
configured.
3. (Optional.)
Configure the default
preference for static
routes.
ip route-static default-preference
default-preference-value The default setting is 60.
8
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
4. (Optional.) Delete all
static routes,
including the default
route.
delete [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
static-routes all
To delete one static route,
use the undo ip route-static
command.
Configuring BFD for static routes
IMPORTANT:
Enabling BFD for a flapping route could worsen the situation.
BFD provides a general-purpose, standard, medium-, and protocol-independent fast failure detection
mechanism. It can uniformly and quickly detect the failures of the bidirectional forwarding paths between
two routers for protocols, such as routing protocols and MPLS.
For more information about BFD, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
Bidirectional control mode
To use BFD bidirectional control detection between two devices, enable BFD control mode for each
device's static route destined to the peer.
To configure a static route and enable BFD control mode for it, specify an output interface and a direct
next hop, or specify an indirect next hop and a specific BFD packet source address for the static route.
To configure BFD control mode for a static route (direct next hop):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure BFD
control mode for a
static route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask | mask-length }
interface-type interface-number next-hop-address
bfd control-packet [ preference preference-value ]
[tag tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance s-vpn-instance-name
dest-address { mask | mask-length } interface-type
interface-number next-hop-address bfd
control-packet [ preference preference-value ] [ tag
tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, BFD control
mode for a static route is
not configured.
To configure BFD control mode for a static route (indirect next hop):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
9
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
2. Configure BFD
control mode for a
static route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask | mask-length }
{ next-hop-address bfd control-packet bfd-source
ip-address | vpn-instance d-vpn-instance-name
next-hop-address bfd control-packet bfd-source
ip-address } [ preference preference-value ] [ tag
tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance s-vpn-instance-name
dest-address {mask | mask-length }
{ next-hop-address bfd control-packet bfd-source
ip-address | vpn-instance d-vpn-instance-name
next-hop-address bfd control-packet bfd-source
ip-address } [ preference preference-value ] [ tag
tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, BFD control
mode for a static route is
not configured.
Single-hop echo mode
With BFD echo mode enabled for a static route, the output interface sends BFD echo packets to the
destination device, which loops the packets back to test the link reachability.
IMPORTANT:
Do not use BFD for a static route with the output interface in spoofing state.
To configure BFD echo mode for a static route:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure the source
address of echo
packets.
bfd echo-source-ip ip-address
By default, the source
address of echo packets is
not configured.
For more information about
this command, see High
Availability Command
Reference.
3. Configure BFD echo
mode for a static
route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask |
mask-length } interface-type interface-number
next-hop-address bfd echo-packet [ preference
preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ] [ description
description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name dest-address { mask |
mask-length } interface-type interface-number
next-hop-address bfd echo-packet [ preference
preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ] [ description
description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, BFD echo mode
for a static route is not
configured.
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