Met One Instruments ES-405 User manual

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 1
Met One Instruments, Inc.
1600 NW Washington Blvd.
Grants Pass, Oregon 97526
Telephone [phone]
Facsimile 541-471-7116
ES-405 Particulate Profiler Operation Manual - © Copyright 2020 Met One Instruments, Inc. All rights reserved
worldwide. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or
translated into any other language in any form without the written permission of Met One Instruments, Inc.
ES-405
PARTICULATE PROFILER
OPERATION MANUAL
REVISION A

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 2

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 3
Table of Contents
1INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................5
1.1 About This Manual.................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Technical Service and Warranty .........................................................................................................5
1.3 About the ES-405 ..................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Laser Radiation Safety and Conformity..............................................................................................6
1.5 ES-405 Specifications...........................................................................................................................7
2ES-405 SETUP and STARTUP ........................................................................................8
2.1 Standard and Optional Accessories ...................................................................................................8
2.2 Mounting Options...................................................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Basic Unit Mounting.......................................................................................................................8
2.2.2 Wall or Pole Mounting....................................................................................................................9
2.3 Setting Up the ES-405..........................................................................................................................9
2.4 Electrical Connections ........................................................................................................................11
2.5 Power-Up and Starting Operation.....................................................................................................11
2.6 Default Setup........................................................................................................................................12
3SITE SELECTION and REMOTE POWER OPTIONS................................................13
3.1 Site Selection Requirements..............................................................................................................13
3.2 Fall Hazard and Security Cautions ...................................................................................................14
3.3 Confined Sampling Locations............................................................................................................14
4ES-405 USER INTERFACE and MENU SYSTEM......................................................15
4.1 The User Interface - Keypad and Display Functions......................................................................15
4.2 Using the Main Sampling Screen......................................................................................................16
4.3 Using the Main ES-405 Menu System and Clearing Memory ......................................................17
5ES-405 MEASUREMENT METHOD ..............................................................................18
5.1 Sheath Air.............................................................................................................................................18
5.2 Detection...............................................................................................................................................18
5.3 Sizing and Counting............................................................................................................................18
5.4 Calibration.............................................................................................................................................18
5.5 K-Factor ................................................................................................................................................18
5.6 Sample RH Control for Light Scatter Mass......................................................................................19
6SETUP MENU DESCRIPTIONS.....................................................................................20
6.1 SAMPLE Setup....................................................................................................................................20
6.2 CLOCK Setup.......................................................................................................................................21
6.3 SERIAL PORT .....................................................................................................................................21
6.4 MEMORY..............................................................................................................................................21

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 4
7CALIBRATE MENU –FIELD CALIBRATIONS...........................................................22
7.1 CALIBRATE Menu...............................................................................................................................22
7.1.1 CALIBRATE Flow Screen ...........................................................................................................22
7.1.2 CALIBRATE FP Screen...............................................................................................................23
7.1.3 K-FACTOR Screen.......................................................................................................................23
8MAINTENANCE and TROUBLESHOOTING...............................................................24
8.1 Basic Problem and Cause/Solution Table .......................................................................................24
8.2 Suggested Periodic Maintenance Intervals .....................................................................................25
8.3 AQ Flow Calibration ............................................................................................................................25
8.4 Filter Change........................................................................................................................................25
8.5 TSP Inlet Cleaning...............................................................................................................................25
8.6 Factory Service Interval......................................................................................................................26
9DATA RETRIEVAL and COMMUNICATIONS.............................................................27
9.1 Serial Port Connections to a Computer............................................................................................27
9.2 Modem Options for Remote Data Retrieval.....................................................................................27
9.3 Comet™ Data Retrieval Software.....................................................................................................27
9.4 Downloading Data Using a Terminal Emulator...............................................................................27
9.5 Data Retrieval Commands Through the Serial Port.......................................................................28
9.5.1 User Communication ...................................................................................................................28
9.5.2 Computer Communication ..........................................................................................................28
9.5.3 Computer Command Format......................................................................................................28
9.5.4 Checksum Computation..............................................................................................................29
9.5.5 Serial Command List....................................................................................................................29
9.6.3 SK Command................................................................................................................................31
10 ACCESSORIES and PARTS...........................................................................................32
10.1 Consumables, Replacement Parts, and Accessories....................................................................32
10.2 Combination Sensor Options.............................................................................................................33
10.2.1 EX2-034.........................................................................................................................................33
10.2.2 EX2-AIO.........................................................................................................................................33
10.2.3 597A...............................................................................................................................................34
10.3 CCS Modem 2......................................................................................................................................34

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 5
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 About This Manual
This document is organized with the most important information grouped together for easy
reference by the user. All ES-405 owners and operators should read and understand the sections
on installation, setup, and field calibrations. Other sections that provide in-depth information on
subjects such as theory, diagnostics, accessories, and alternate settings provide valuable
information which should be consulted as needed. An electronic version of this manual is also
available.
1.2 Technical Service and Warranty
This manual is structured by customer feedback to provide the required information for setup,
operation, testing, maintaining, and troubleshooting your ES-405 unit. Should you still require
support after consulting your printed documentation, we encourage you to contact one of our
expert Technical Service representatives during normal business hours of 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
Pacific Time, Monday through Friday. In addition, technical information and service bulletins are
often posted on our website. Please contact us and obtain a Return Authorization (RA) number
before sending any equipment back to the factory. This allows us to track and schedule service
work and to expedite customer service.
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-Mail: [email protected] Web: www.metone.com
Address: Technical Services Department
Met One Instruments, Inc.
1600 NW Washington Blvd.
Grants Pass, OR 97526

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 6
1.3 About the ES-405
The Met One Instruments, Inc. model ES-405 Particulate Profiler is a near reference air quality
sensor which automatically measures and records real-time airborne PM1.0, PM2.5, PM4.0, and
PM10 particulate concentration levels using the principle of right angle laser light scatter. Detailed
descriptions of the ES-405 measurement modes can be found in Section 5.
Laser Light Scatter System
Sample air is drawn into the ES-405 detector chamber and subjected to an intense laser beam
located at right angles to the flow. Particles pass through the laser beam and scatter light that is
collected onto a photodiode detector. The output of the detector is analyzed to determine the
number and size of the particles and mathematically processed to provide an indicative particulate
mass measurement.
1.4 Laser Radiation Safety and Conformity
The ES-405, when properly installed and operated, is considered a Class I laser product.
Class I products are not considered to be hazardous.
This system contains a diode laser operating at 100 mW power and 785 nm wavelength. This is
not visible to the naked eye and can cause damage to the eye if directly exposed. A protective
optical housing fully encapsulates the laser beam and optics system within the ES-405. Do not
attempt to disassemble the optical module. Failure to comply with this instruction could cause
accidental exposure to laser radiation. The manufacturer certifies that this product operates in
compliance with following standards and regulations:
•FDA / CDRH This product is tested and complies with 21 CFR, Subchapter J, of the
health and Safety Act of 1968.
•US 21 CFR 1040.10.
Always power down the system whenever service or repair work is being performed inside the
instrument enclosure. Only trained technicians should attempt to repair the ES-405. Routine
maintenance does not require removing the instrument from its weatherproof enclosure.

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 7
1.5 ES-405 Specifications
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
Measurement Principles:
Right angle light scatter detection, using a laser diode as light source.
Number of Mass Channels:
4 (PM1.0, PM2.5, PM4.0, PM10)
Sample Air Flow Rate:
1.0 LPM
Sheath Air Flow Rate:
1.0 LPM
Flow Control:
Active Volumetric Flow Control
Data Storage Resolution:
0.1 µg/m3
Data Storage Intervals:
User-Selectable 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, or 60 minutes.
Laser Type:
Diode Laser, 100 mW, 785 nm.
Pump Type:
10,000 hour brushless diaphragm pump.
Power Supply:
Universal 100-240 VAC input, 50/60Hz.
Power Consumption:
1.4 amps @ 12 VDC (17 Watts) average continuous draw with inlet heater running.
0.63 amps (8 Watts) running with inlet heater off.
Operating Temperature:
0 to +50°C
Storage Temperature:
-20º to +60º C
Ambient Humidity Range
0 to 95% RH, non-condensing.
Humidity Control
Automatic 10 Watt inlet heater module controlled to sample RH, with set point.
User Interface:
Menu-driven interface with 4x20 character OLED display and dynamic keypad.
Serial Interface:
RS-232, full duplex serial port for PC or datalogger communications.
RS-485, half duplex for modem communications.
RS-485, half duplex for sensor communications.
USB port for PC communications.
Serial Settings:
Baud = 115200, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit. (factory Default)
115200, 57600, 38400, 19200, 9600, 4800, 2400 (selectable).
Compatible Software:
Comet™, terminal programs such as HyperTerminal®
Factory Service Interval:
24 Months typical, under continuous use in normal ambient air.
Mounting Options:
Pole or wall mount bracket standard. Optional EX-905 tripod recommended.
Unit Weight
8.5 lbs without power supply, 10 lbs with power supply.
Unit Dimensions
Height: 20" Width: 8" Depth: 6"
Specifications may be subject to change without notice.

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 8
2 ES-405 SETUP and STARTUP
The ES-405 is designed for rapid deployment and easy setup by a single person in less than 15
minutes in most applications. This section describes the basic assembly, setup, and start-up of the
instrument.
2.1 Standard and Optional Accessories
When unpacking a new ES-405, verify that the contents are undamaged. If the shipping cartons
are damaged, notify the carrier immediately. Verify that the included accessories are correct and
complete. If anything is missing, contact the technical service department at [email protected]
or [phone]. See the Accessories section at the back of this manual for more details. The
normal configuration of the ES-405 is supplied with the following standard accessories:
•Weatherproof TSP inlet with debris screen.
•Instruction manual.
•External power supply and cable.
•USB Cable.
•Mounting brackets.
The following optional accessories may or may not also be included, depending on the order:
•Serial Communications Cable.
•Aluminum Tripod.
•External digital MET sensors.
•External DC power cable for batteries or solar systems.
•Modem Kits for phone line, cell, radio, or satellite telemetry.
•Solar power kits (usually drop-shipped from the solar manufacturer). A DC/DC controller is highly
recommended to regulate incoming voltage to 12V.
2.2 Mounting Options
2.2.1 Basic Unit Mounting
The ES-405 can be mounted using the included mounting ears. The unit must be screwed or
bolted to the support structure with appropriate hardware. For normal wall or pole mounting the
mounting bracket is recommended.
Basic Unit Mounting

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 9
2.2.2 Wall or Pole Mounting
The ES-405 can be wall mounted using the optional mounting bracket. This bracket can be used
for both wall and pole mounting of the ES-405. The mounting bracket must be screwed or bolted
to the support structure with appropriate hardware. When pole or tripod mounted, the V-Bolts can
be used to attach the mounting bracket. 1/4-10 hardware is used to mount the ES-405 to the
mounting bracket.
Note: If mounting the unit to a wall, take care to ensure that there is adequate clear space around
the inlet to allow unrestricted airflow into the instrument. Wall mounting is often not considered
ideal and not recommended due to the airflow and particulate obstruction of the wall itself. Mount
the instrument with no large obstructions nearby whenever possible.
Wall or Pole Mounting Installation
2.3 Setting Up the ES-405
Set up the rest of the ES-405 hardware items and accessories as described below:
1. Install TSP inlet: The included weatherproof TSP inlet is simply installed directly onto the
top of the ES-405 inlet tube to keep water, insects, and debris out of the instrument.
Lubricate the o-rings if necessary. Never operate the ES-405 outdoors without the TSP
inlet in place, as the resulting water/debris damage is not covered under warranty.
2. Optional MET sensor: If an optional MET sensor is supplied, it will come with a cross-arm
tube which mounts to the stud on the top of the EX-905 tripod with supplied fittings. Install
the MET sensor on the end of the cross-arm. The sensor should be as far from the ES-405
unit as possible without affecting the tripod balance. If a wind vane is employed, it must be
able to rotate fully without hitting anything. Plug the MET sensor into the corresponding
connector on the bottom of the ES-405. The sensor must be oriented to true north. Consult
the separate manual that comes with the MET sensor for alignment details.
3. AC Power Supply: If the ES-405 is to be operated on AC line voltage, bolt the power
supply to one of the legs of the tripod with U-bolts. Plug the power supply output cable into
the DC power input on the bottom of the ES-405. When the power supply is plugged into
AC power, the ES-405 will turn on automatically.

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 10
9441
TSP Cap
(included)
48”
10”
12”
41” triangular
tripod footprint
Total Height:
70”
AC to 12 VDC
Power Supply
905 Tripod
(optional)
ES-405
Heated Inlet
Assembly
(included)
Standard ES-405 Configuration
Not to scale. Some items simplified for clarity.
Wind Sensor
(optional)
8”
( 6” deep )

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 11
2.4 Electrical Connections
The ES-405 has four weatherproof connectors on the bottom of the enclosure. These
connectors provide the connections for the power supply, external sensors and communications
options. Each connector has a different pin configuration to prevent plugging cables into the wrong
connector. The ES-405 will turn on automatically whenever a 12V power source is connected
to the power input.
The RS-485 SERIAL connection is for an optional CCS Modem or optional RS-485 half-duplex
cable. The RS-485 SENSOR connection is for an optional MET Sensor. The RS-232 SERIAL
connection is for RS-232 communications.
2.5 Power-Up and Starting Operation
As soon as power is applied to the ES-405, the unit will boot up and display ES-405 and company
website for a few seconds.
The ES-405 will then default to the OPERATE screen as shown below and begin sampling.
Pressing the Enter key on the keypad will bring up the START or STOP screen depending on
whether or not the unit is currently sampling.

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 12
Pressing the ▼ down arrow displays the readings that do not fit on the screen. The MET data will
only display if optional digital sensors are connected
2.6 Default Setup
The ES-405 is factory configured to measure continuously with one-minute sample. The following
table lists some of the factory default configurations which may need to be changed for your
application. See Section 6 for details about the settings.
Parameter
Setting
Sampling Rate
1 minute
Time
Pacific Time
PM1 K-Factor
3.0
PM2.5 K-Factor
3.0
PM4 K-Factor
3.0
PM10 K-Factor
3.0
Baud Rate
115200
2018
-
08
-
03 11
:
34
:
10
SAMPLING
...
PM
2
.
5 11
.
2
ug
/
m
3
PM
10 137
.
8
ug
/
m
3
PM
1 26
.
6
ug
/
m
3
PM
4 1
.
98
ug
/
m
3
FLOW
1
.
00
lpm
FT
25
.
4
C
FP
735
.
1
mmHg
AT
36
.
9
C
RH
35
.
1
%
BP
745
.
1
mmHg
WS
8
.
4
m
/
s
WD
175
deg

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 13
3 SITE SELECTION and REMOTE POWER OPTIONS
Use the following criteria when deciding on a sampling location for the ES-405. Always consider
the safety and security of the unit, as well as the suitability of the sampling environment.
3.1 Site Selection Requirements
Selection of a proper site for the ES-405 is critical for accurate measurements.
The following is a summary of general ambient particulate monitoring site requirements that will be
appropriate for use with the ES-405 in many cases. Some of these criteria may not be appropriate
in some applications, due to the versatile nature of the ES-405:
Inlet Height:
•The inlet should be located in the “breathing zone”, between 2 and 15 meters above ground
level. When installed on the standard tripod, the ES-405 inlet is positioned two meters
above the ground or other mounting surface.
•If the ES-405 is to be collocated with other particulate instruments, such as FRM filter-type
samplers or BAM units, then the air inlet must be the same height as the inlet of the other
samplers, within one meter vertically. Within one foot is preferred.
•If the ES-405 inlet is the highest point on a building, then lightning rods must be installed to
prevent destruction of the unit during electrical storms.
Inlet Radius Clearance:
•The ES-405 inlet should have a one meter radius free of any objects that may influence
airflow characteristics, including the inlet of another instrument.
•If an ES-405 is to be collocated at a station along with BAM or FRM samplers, the inlets of
each sampler must be no less than one meter apart from each other, and no more than
four meters apart. Two meter inlet spacing is recommended where possible.
•If installed near a PM10 Hi-Volume sampler, then the distance between the inlet of the ES-
405 and the Hi-Vol must be no less than two meters.
•The ES-405 inlet should be located away from obstructions such as short walls, fences,
and penthouses, so that the inlet is unobstructed for two meters in all directions whenever
possible. In some ES-405 applications, this may not be entirely possible.
•If located beside a major obstruction (such as a building) then the distance between the
ES-405 and the building should be equal to twice the height of the building.
•The inlet should be at least 20 meters from the drip line of any overhanging trees.
•There should be at least a 270 degree arc of unrestricted airflow around the inlet. The
predominant direction of concentration movement should be included in the arc.
Artificial Particulate Sources:
To avoid possible errors in the concentration measurements, the inlet must be located as far as
possible from any artificial sources of particulate, such as blowers, vents, or air conditioners on a
rooftop. Especially if any of these types of devices blow air across the inlet of the ES-405. Even
sources of filtered air must not blow across the inlet.

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 14
Spacing from Roadways:
The ES-405 should usually not be located directly next to a major highway or arterial roadway, as
vehicle exhaust will dominate the concentration measurement. This effect can be difficult to
predict accurately as shifting winds may direct the plume toward or away from the inlet. An
obvious exception would intentional roadside particulate studies.
•Roads with a daily traffic volume of less than 3,000 vehicles are generally not considered
major sources of pollutants, and in this case the ES-405 should be located at least five
meters from the nearest traffic lane.
•The ES-405 should be located at least 25 meters from any elevated roadway greater than
five meters high.
•The unit should be located as far as possible from unpaved roadways, as these also cause
artificial measurements from fugitive dust.
•The unit should not be installed in unpaved areas unless year-round vegetative ground
cover is present, to avoid the effects of re-entrained fugitive dust.
3.2 Fall Hazard and Security Cautions
If the ES-405 is to be installed more than three meters above ground level, then the tripod legs
must be bolted down to prevent the unit from falling to the ground. An accidental fall may cause
major optical system damage requiring that the unit be returned to the factory for repairs. In
addition, dropping the ES-405 from any height will cause a potential safety hazard for those
below, and may damage the unit beyond repair.
The ES-405 tripod should be secured to the mounting surface in windy conditions to prevent the
unit from falling over, even at ground level. This is especially important in winds over 30 mph. If
bolt-down is not possible, then the tripod legs may be weighted down with sand bags or cinder
blocks to secure the unit. Wind or fall damage is not covered under warranty.
The ES-405 should be secured from theft or vandalism to the extent possible. A limited-access
rooftop or a fenced lot are often good places to deploy the unit. Solar panels and batteries are
highly susceptible to theft and should be secured.
3.3 Confined Sampling Locations
Because of the portable and versatile nature of the unit, the ES-405 is sometimes deployed in
confined or non-ambient locations to monitor localized particulate sources, such as tunnels,
mines, quarries, shopping malls, train stations, etc. Each of these applications is unique and
presents various challenges. We recommend that you contact a Met One Service representative
to determine the suitability of the unit if you plan a custom deployment like this. In any case, the
safety of those around the unit is paramount, and the protection of the unit from damage is very
important.

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 15
4 ES-405 USER INTERFACE and MENU SYSTEM
This section describes the ES-405 user interface system, and describes the functions of the main
menu options, including how to view data and errors.
4.1 The User Interface - Keypad and Display Functions
The ES-405 user interface consists of a 4x20 character organic light-emitting diode display
(OLED) and a dynamic keypad. The two white keys under the display are called “soft keys”. These
are dynamic keys which change in response to a menu option displayed directly above the key on
the bottom row of the display. The function of these keys depends on which menu is shown on the
display and are often used for functions such as “SAVE”and “EXIT”.
The four, red arrow (cursor) keys are used to scroll up, down, left, and right, to navigate in the
menu system, and to select items or change fields on the screen. The arrow keys are also often
used to change parameters or increment/decrement values in the menu system. The right arrow
key can be used to wake up the display if it has turned off to save power.
The MENU key is used to enter the main menu or to select an item in a list. The ESC key is used
to escape or exit out of a menu.
ES-405 Keypad and Display

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 16
4.2 Using the Main Sampling Screen
The ES-405 display shows the Operate screen when the unit is in normal operation. The active
display area shows the current date and time and most recent measurement concentration. Not
all the parameters monitored by the ES-405 can fit on the screen, press the down ▼ arrow to view
the remaining parameters. The date and time will remain at the top of the display at all times.
Main Sampling Screen
Below is a table which describes the parameters visible in the main sampling display as shown
above. These are all the logged parameters in the ES-405. The active display shows the 1-second
real-time value for each parameter, while the stored data shows the average value over the user-
selected logging interval. AT, RH, BP, WS and WD are only visible if an external digital MET
sensor is attached.
Parameter
Description
PM2.5
Real-time particulate concentration, in micrograms per cubic meter.
PM10
Real-time particulate concentration, in micrograms per cubic meter.
PM1
Real-time particulate concentration, in micrograms per cubic meter.
PM4
Real-time particulate concentration, in micrograms per cubic meter.
FLOW
Real-time sample flow rate, in actual liters per minute.
FT
Internal temperature in degrees C.
FP
Internal barometric pressure in mmHg.
AT
External ambient temperature in degrees C (if equipped).
RH
External ambient relative humidity (if equipped).
BP
External ambient barometric pressure in mmHg (if equipped).
WS
Wind speed in meters per second (if equipped).
WD
Wind direction in degrees (if equipped).
The Main ES-405 screen
Scroll down ▼to view
the other current sensor
parameters
Visible display area
showing current
parameters

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 17
Pressing the Enter key while in the Operate screen will either bring up the Start or Stop screen
depending on whether the instrument is currently sampling or not.
4.3 Using the Main ES-405 Menu System and Clearing Memory
MENU SCREEN:The first line of the Menu screen is Start or Stop depending on whether the
instrument is currently sampling or not.
STOP SAMPLE
SETUP MENU
CALIBRATE MENU
ALARMS
ABOUT
The main ES-405 menu system can be entered at almost any time by pressing the MENU key.
Use the ▲▼ arrow keys to select the desired menu option, then press the MENU key to enter the
selected sub-menu. The functions in the SETUP and CALIBRATE menus are described in Section
6 and 7.
SETUP: This is the setup menu for the ES-405. All the setup parameters in this menu are
described in Section 6.
CALIBRATE: This is the field calibration menu for the ES-405. All the calibrations and tests in
this menu are described in Section 7.
ABOUT: This menu option displays the ES-405 model number, firmware version and revision,
and serial number as shown in the example below. Press the MENU/SELECT key to return to the
main menu.
ES
-
405
83904
R
1
.
2
.
0
X
15465
WWW
.
METONE
.
COM
START MEASUREMENT
CANCEL START
STOP MEASUREMENT
CANCEL STOP

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 18
5 ES-405 MEASUREMENT METHOD
The Met One Instruments, Inc model ES-405 is a type of air quality sensor which automatically
measures and records real-time airborne PM10, PM4, PM2.5, and PM1particulate concentration
levels using the principle of right-angle laser light scatter. This section describes the
measurement systems.
5.1 Sheath Air
The Particle Profiler uses a sheath air system. When a particle counter is to be used to sample
aerosols containing high concentrations of particles, the sensor should incorporate sheath air to
prevent particles from contaminating the internal optics of the sensor. The particle laden sample
air is enclosed in a sheath of clean filtered air that prevents particles from escaping. Sample air is
drawn into the ES-405 by an internal pump. Flow rate is controlled with a flow sensor to maintain
constant 1LPM flow on the inlet nozzle. Additional air is added around the sample flow to contain
the particles.
5.2 Detection
The ES-405 is always ready to detect particles. Sample air is drawn into the detector chamber
and subjected to an intense laser beam located at right angles to the flow. The laser beam has
been shaped to produce a flat very thin beam, producing a small sample area. Light travels
through the sample stream and terminates in the light trap. Particles pass through the laser beam
and scatter light. The amount of light scattered is proportional to the size of the particle. A portion
of this light scatters toward the elliptical mirror. This light is then directed to the detector. The
output of the detector is then analyzed to determine the number of particles and the size of the
particles. Detected particles are multiplied by a fixed density to provide an indicative particulate
mass measurement.
5.3 Sizing and Counting
The amount of scattered light is converted to a voltage pulse and based on the amplitude of the
pulse signal it will pass through one or more of the size discriminators and into the associated
counter(s).
5.4 Calibration
Calibration is performed using ideal (PSL) spheres, which provide a powerful tool for assessing
the sensitivity, accuracy, resolution and false count level. The particle detector is compared to a
reference mono-dispersed (single size) suspension of polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres in clean
filtered air for both calibration and certification of performance specifications. This calibration
technique serves two purposes:
1. Provides a standard traceable reference.
2. Provides a measure of how well the unit maintains its calibration (reproducibility).
5.5 K-Factor
The AQ Mass Profiler’s PSL sphere calibration provides an extremely consistent calibration but
does not generally match the characteristics of all ambient particulate. A K-Factor (multiplier)
must be established for good accuracy and correlation to collocated instruments.

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 19
It is best to compare the ES-405 to regulatory monitors distinguished as Federal Reference
Monitors (FRM) or Federal Equivalent Monitors (FEM). Contact your local air quality authorities
for information on locations and how to access the data. Some sites may have hourly data, while
others may have 24-hour data.
Calculate the K-Factor for each particulate size fraction as the reference total concentration
divided by the ES-405 total light scatter concentration over the same time period. For example, if
the reference total concentration was 51 μg/m3and the ES-405 total concentration was 38 μg/m3,
then the K-Factor would be 51 divided by 38 or 1.342.
The K-Factor is only valid at the same site and for the same particulate type. If the local particulate
source changes, the K-Factor may no longer be valid. The accuracy of the mass output can be
affected by variations in size, color, shape, and index of refraction of the sampled particles. The K
Factor for each PM mass fraction can be set in the calibrate menu.
5.6 Sample RH Control for Light Scatter Mass
The relative humidity (RH) of the sample air has an influence upon the measurement of particulate
mass by optical units. At RH values greater than about 50% this effect begins to increase due to
particle aggregation and particle size increases as water is absorbed. The ES-405 mitigates this
through a heated inlet tube that uses an internal sample RH sensor. The RH of the incoming air is
measured, and the inlet heater is turned on whenever the user-set setpoint is exceeded (typically
40% RH).

ES-405-9800 Manual Rev A Page 20
6 SETUP MENU DESCRIPTIONS
The ES-405 has a system of setup menus which contain all of the settings and parameters
needed to perform the measurement and operation of the unit. Many of these settings are set at
factory default values which are correct for most applications but may be altered by the operator to
suit the specific needs of your monitoring program. This section describes the SETUP menu in
detail and should be reviewed to ensure desired operation. Once set, most of the values in the
SETUP menus will not need to be changed by the site operator. The settings will not be lost if the
unit is unplugged or powered down.
The SETUP menu can be accessed through the main ES-405 menu. Use the arrow keys to select
SETUP option in the main menu, then press the MENU key to enter the menu.
Use the ▲▼ keys to select the desired sub-menu and press the ENTER key again to enter. The
top SETUP menu is shown below:
6.1 SAMPLE Setup
Set the Sample Rate and Location ID
The Sample Rate choices are a pick list with the following choices.
SAMPLE RATE: 1 MIN
5 MIN
10 MIN
15 MIN
30 MIN
1 HR
SAMPLE
CLOCK
SERIAL PORT
MEMORY
SAMPLE RATE: 5 MIN
LOCATION: 001