MFJ MFJ-9218 User manual

SWR Meter, Wattmeter, & Dummy Load
MFJ-9218
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
©2020
MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
300 Industrial Park Rd. Starkville, MS 39759
P: [phone]
F: [phone]

DISCLAIMER
The information in this manual is for user purposes only and is not
intended to supersede information contained in customer regulations,
technical manuals or documents, positional handbooks, or other official
publications. The copy of this manual provided to the customer will
not be updated to reflect current data. Customers using this manual
should report errors or omissions, recommendations for improvements,
or other comments to MFJ Enterprises, 300 Industrial Park Road,
Starkville, MS 39759.
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Business hours: M-F 8:00 AM - 4:30 PM CST.

Contents
1 RADIO-FREQUENCY RADIATION 1
2 THE MFJ-9218 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 FEATURES......................................... 4
2.4 CONTROLS & CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 SYSTEM SETUP 5
4 SYSTEM OPERATION 5
4.1 THERMAL WARNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 6
List of Figures
1 Horizontally-polarized Electromagnetic Plane Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Relevant Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 MFJ-9218 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 MFJ-9218 Basic Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Safe transmitting times as a function of RF power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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MFJ-9218 SWR Meter, Wattmeter, & Dummy Load Instruction & Technical Manual
1 RADIO-FREQUENCY RADIATION
Radio-frequency (RF) radiation is one type of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic waves
and associated phenomena are discussed in terms of energy, radiation, and fields. Electromagnetic
radiation is defined as waves in electric and magnetic fields moving together, or radiating, through
space (Figure 1). These waves are generated by the movement of electrical charge. For example,
the movement of charge in a radio station antenna creates electromagnetic waves that are radiated
away from the antenna. The waves then induce charge motion in the receiving antenna, which is
detected and converted into signal by the radio. The term electromagnetic field refers to the
electric and magnetic environment existing at some location due to a radiating source such as an
antenna.
Figure 1: Horizontally-polarized Electromagnetic Plane Wave
An electromagnetic wave consists of oscillating orthogonal electric ( ~ E) and magnetic ( ~ B) fields.
These fields propagate together with direction and velocity ~v. In a vacuum this is the speed of
light, c. In Earth’s troposphere, |~v| ≈ 0.9999997c. The two defining characteristics of an
electromagnetic wave are its wavelength (λ) and frequency (f). The wavelength is the distance
between two adjacent peaks in the wave, and the frequency is the number of peaks passing a given
point in space during a second. Wavelength and frequency are reciprocal with the speed of light
(fλ =c), so if you know one quantity, you can easily find the other. For example, a typical radio
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MFJ-9218 SWR Meter, Wattmeter, & Dummy Load Instruction & Technical Manual
wave transmitted by a 2-meter VHF station has a frequency of about 145 MHz. Dividing the speed
of light (∼3×108m/s) by the frequency in Hz, we find that the wavelength in atmosphere of the
signal from our station is 2.06 m. Since wavelength and frequency are reciprocal, an increase in
wavelength corresponds to a decrease in frequency, hence, the 160 m band has a rather low
frequency of 1.8 MHz.
The electromagnetic spectrum (Figure 2) includes all of the various energies of electromagnetic
radiation ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) ranges (with very long wavelengths) to all
the way up to x rays and γrays, which have very high frequencies and correspondingly short
wavelengths. In between these extremes lie radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible
light, ultraviolet radiation, and the entirety of the FCC spectrum allocation chart. The RF part of
the electromagnetic spectrum is generally defined as that part of the spectrum from about 3 kHz
to 300 GHz.
Figure 2: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
2 THE MFJ-9218
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The MFJ-9218 is a simple resistive QRP SWR Meter, Wattmeter, and Dummy Load. It is
designed to be used with QRP transmitters (<5W) but can handle up to 20W for short periods.
The MFJ-9218 uses 100Ω 2W surface-mount resistors in the network will work well up to 54MHz
with a very low insertion SWR. The power measurement ranges are set by the METER SET pot
and the reference marks on the front panel. These ranges are 0.5W, 1W, 5W, and 20W. Note these
marks are only for reference and the power readings are only approximate.
2.2 THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
This section is solely for the enjoyment of those who wish to learn some of the theory behind
amateur radio. Knowledge or understanding of it is not required to operate and enjoy the
MFJ-9218.
The circuit used in the MFJ-9218 is known as a Wheatstone bridge and is shown in Figure 3a. The
Wheatstone bridge is a simple circuit that was originally designed to determine an unknown
resistance in a DC circuit but also works to determine unknown impedances in RF circuits. Several
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MFJ-9218 SWR Meter, Wattmeter, & Dummy Load Instruction & Technical Manual
(a) MFJ-9218 Circuit Schematic (b) A Wheatstone Bridge
Figure 3: Relevant Schematics
variants exist, but the one used in the MFJ-9218 can be simplified to the circuit shown in
Figure 3b. The Wheatstone bridge works by measuring the current flowing between points B and
D (IBD ). It is considered balanced when IBD = 0, or due to Ohm’s Law, VBD = 0. In that case,
Rx=R2R3
R1. If we define R1=R2=R3≡50Ω, then the value of Rxthat will balance the bridge is
also 50Ω.
This tells us that in the case of the MFJ-9218 and others like it, any imbalance (i.e. current flowing
between points) B and D will occur only if Rx6= 50Ω. Assuming that the resistance of the ammeter
is sufficiently large that IBD is negligible (reasonable for most meters and the MFJ-9218), VBD can
be written in terms of the source potential V0and the resistances. This is shown in Equation 1.
VBD =V0R2
R1+R2
−Rx
Rx+R3(1)
Finally, if we extend our source to include AC (or RF) potentials and replace Rxwith a load, such
as an antenna, we can write Equation 1 in terms of reactances to get
VBD =V0Z2
Z1+Z2
−Zx
Zx+Z3.(2)
Resistors will have negligible reactances, so Z1,Z2, and Z3will only carry their resistances of 50Ω.
This converts Equation 2 into
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MFJ-9218 SWR Meter, Wattmeter, & Dummy Load Instruction & Technical Manual
Zx=R3V0R2−VBD (R1+R1)
V0R1+VBD (R1+R2).(3)
Now that we know the impedance in terms of known quatities (R1=R2=R3= 50Ω, VBD is
measured by the meter, and V0is “programmed in” during SWR calibration), we can determine
the SWR using Equation 4.
SW R ≡Zx
Z0±1
(4)
where in our case, Z0= 50Ω.
2.3 FEATURES
2.4 CONTROLS & CONNECTIONS
Figure 4: MFJ-9218 Controls. 1.) METER SET, 2.) INPUT, 3.) OUTPUT, 4.)TUNE/BYPASS,
5.) SWR/SET, 6.) Multifuntion Meter
1. METER SET: Adjusts the sensitivity of the multipurpose meter
2. RADIO: Connect to the radio
3. ANTENNA: Connect to the antenna
4. TUNE/BYPASS: Bypasses the MFJ-9218
5. SWR/PWR: Toggles between SWR and wattmeter modes and engages the internal load
6. Multipurpose Meter: Displays SWR and power depending on mode
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MFJ-9218 SWR Meter, Wattmeter, & Dummy Load Instruction & Technical Manual
3 SYSTEM SETUP
Figure 5 shows a basic setup that utilizes the MFJ-9218. The necessary connections are simple:
connect the RADIO port of the MFJ-9218 to your radio, and the ANTENNA port to your
antenna. The MFJ-9218 does not use any external DC power, so once those connections are made
the unit is ready to operate.
Figure 5: MFJ-9218 Basic Setup
4 SYSTEM OPERATION
1. Connections
(a) Connect the transmitter to the IN connector.
(b) Connect the antenna or antenna tuner to the OUT connector
2. SWR Measurements
(a) To measure SWR set the SWR/SET switch to OUT and transmit.
(b) Adjust the meter with the METER SET pot to full scale on the meter.
(c) Place the SWR/SET switch IN and read the SWR on the SWR scale of the meter. The
resistive network will temper the SWR on the transmitter to less than 2:1 and depends
on the antenna impedance. Only a fraction of the transmitted power reaches the
antenna in this mode, so be sure to switch back to BYPASS when ready to operate.
(d) Above 5W limit the transmitter time to the time indicated in Figure 6.
3. Power Measurements and Dummy Load
(a) To use as a DUMMY LOAD set the SWR/SET switch OUT. The internal resistive
network is a 50 ohm load which will handle 5W power continuous or higher power for
short periods of time.
(b) To measure POWER the SWR/SET switch is OUT.
(c) Set the marker on the METER SET pot to the scale mark desired.
(d) Key the transmitter and measure the power on the meter RF PWR scale.
(e) Above 5W limit the transmitter time to the time indicated in Figure 6.
4.1 THERMAL WARNING
The resistor network in the MFJ-9218 is made up of eight 100Ω 2W surface-mount resistors. Six
are used in SWR mode and all eight in the Dummy Load and Power mode. Due to the small size
of the devices the temperature increase is substantial. Above 5W limit the transmit time in SWR,
Wattmeter, and Dummy Load mode to less than the time listed in Figure 6 and allow the resistors
to cool for 2 to 5 minutes between transmissions. It is recommended to keep the power below
100W in BYPASS mode.
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MFJ-9218 SWR Meter, Wattmeter, & Dummy Load Instruction & Technical Manual
Figure 6: Safe transmitting times as a function of RF power
5 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
If you have any problem with this unit first check the appropriate section of this manual. If the
manual does not reference your problem or reading the manual does not solve your problem, you
may call MFJ Technical Service at [phone] or the MFJ Factory at [phone]. You will
be best helped if you have your unit, manual, and all information on your station handy so you can
answer any questions the technicians may ask.
You can also send questions by mail to MFJ Enterprises, Inc., 300 Industrial Park Road,
Starkville, MS 39759; by Facsimile (FAX) to 662-323-6551; or by email to
tec[email protected]. Send a complete description of your problem, an explanation of
exactly how you are using your unit, and a complete description of your station.
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USER NOTES