Norsk Data NORD-1 Manual

NORD-1
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
SIN
T R A N II
OPERATOR'S
GUIDE
.
February
1973

REVISION
RECORD
Revisio
Notes
Publication
No.
ND-GO.
044.
01
August 1973
A/S
NORSK
DATA-ELEKTRONIKKK
-_
/_;;—«-—
(Dkernvn.
145,
Oslo
5
-
T113. 21 73
71

ii
USING
THIS MANUAL
+++
+
SINTRAN
II Operator's
Guide
is intended
for the
persons
being
in
direct
contact
with
the computer
running
SINTRAN.
The
manual
therefore
contains
summaries
of the
use of
the subsystems
and
explanations
to all
the printouts
and error
messages
that can
occur.
A description
of loading
and
starting
SINTRAN
is also
including.
Chapter
6 shows
where
to find
information
in various
error
situations.
——ooOoo--
ND-60.
044. 01

DO
thruseprmegtsapngsppepfipp»
NNNNN
NNNN
tom
N
cameras-um
01n
I—LI—L
I—n-
0‘1
##9##
rh-
woo
CO
01,4;m
D'I
'
U101
NNNHHH
01:4:m
Nb-
5—:
9
NH
iii
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
+++
+
IN TRODUC
TION
Definition
Of the
SINTRAN
Monitor
System
Terms
THE SINTRAN
MONITOR
SYSTEM
AND ITS
ENVIRONMENT
Hardware
Configurations
Machine
Requirements
Additional
Hardware
used
The Software
System
Generating
Allocating'Main
Memory
and
Mass Storage
Facilities
provided by
the
SINTRAN
Monitor System
Scheduling Real
Time Programs
Input/Output
Processing
Aids
Check—out Aids
‘
Installation
Management
Aids
THE
OPERATOR'S
INTERFACE
WITH
THE SYSTEM
STANDARD
OPERATING
PROCEDURES
Loading the System
Mass
Storage
Systems
Core
System
Start,
Stop and
Restart
Mass
Storage
Systems
Core
Systems
Using
the
Operator
Communication
Program
Description
Operator
Commands
Using
the MACD
Assembler
Purpose
Activating
MACD
Use
Breakpoint
Illegal
Entry
to MACD
RT-Loader
Introduction
Operation
Requirements
ND-60.044.01
rapisspm-pu;
I
rpNJN
I
I
p.»
b—h
I
I
I
l
I
I
[\3[\')
I—I-H
l
I
ooooxixiq
<1
NJNNNDN
NNNN
[ONION
CO
I
H
,4;
I
I
1-—
m
I
l
H
H
I
l
U!
,4;
énc‘n
,p.
l
H. ,4;
4—14
4—14
4-15
4—15
4-16
'4—16
'14—16
4—17
4—17

»
A
Axypm-
.4:-
Phi-P
rl>~
pp’ippunphp
CO
(I)
fidflfl
«1
GAO)
CD
010101010101
C)
01010101
0’]
p.-
3
H
H
coooacacnrb-
CONF—
iv
How to
use
the
RT—Loader
Command
Use
RT Loader Command Summary
Binary Relocatable Format
Code
Error Diagnostics
Miscellaneous
RT—Loader Printouts
RT FORTRAN
Compiler
How to use
the
Compiler
Compiler
Error
Messages
C
Using
the
MACM
Assembler
Purpose
MACM
Commands
Debugging
and running
User Programs
Using
the
Conversational
Editor
Summa
ry of
Conversational Editor
Operations
ERROR
SI TUA TIONS
Error Messages
Program
Errors
Peripheral
Device
Errors
Run
Time Errors
FINDING STATUS-AND
DEBUGGING
INFORMATION
Facilities
when the
System is
running
Core Locations
of special
Interest
Appendices:
A
B
C
Operator
Commands
Summary
RT—Loader
Command
Summary
Run
Time
Errors
ND-60.044.
01
4—19
4-21
4—22
4—23
4—25
4—27
4-28
4—28
4—31
4—32
4—32
4—33
'
4—38
4—39
4—40
01010101
an
I
I
comb-H
H-
650:
G)
I
[\‘JI—s
1—-

1
1
.
.'1
2
1-v1
INTRODUCTION
'
Definition
of the
SINTRAN
Monitor
System
The
SINTRAN Monitor
System
is a real time,
multi—programming,
operating
system
for
the
NORD-i
computer.
The minimum
configu—
ration
includes
a standard
NORD—i
computer with
a multi
-1evel
inter—
rupt
system
and
8K.of
core.
The configuration
may include
additional
core,
a mass
storage
device
(drum or disk)
for programs and
data,
and
peripheral
devices.
The
main application
of
the
SINTRAN
Monitor System
is considered
to be process
control,
but
it also has
other
real time applications.
Terms
RT—programs
: Real
time programs,
clock—,
interrupt—
or
program
—controlled
programs.
Priority
: A number
p.
0 =6 p <— 255 assigned
to each
RT—program. An RT—program
will inter—
rupt
an
RT-program with
a lower
priority
number.
RT-description
:
A data
element
of nine locations
associated
with each
RT—program.
It contains
priority,
time information and
start address
of the
RT—program.
RT-name
: A pointer
to the
first location of
the RT-
description.
It is used whenever
the RT-
program is referred
to, e.g,.
,
as a para—
meter of a monitor
call.
'
Time queue
:
A queue
of
RT—programs scheduled
for
execution of a
future
time.
Execution
queue
: A queue of
RT—programs ready
for exe-
cution, waiting
for RT—programs of
higher
priorites
to be finished.
An
RT—
program
in the
time queue
will be trans-
ferred to the
execution
queue when its
time has'expired.
An RT—program
will leave
the execution
queue
when. it is started.
ND-60.
044.01

2—1
2 THE SINTRAN MONITOR
SYSTEM AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Hardware Configurations
2.1.
1 Machine
Requirements
The
following is
the minimum configuration required:
NORD—i CPU with multi-level
interrupt system (excluding
floating point hardware),
(or NORD-2B CPU with instruction
and multi
~level interrupt
system simulators).
'
Real time
clock.
8K main memory.
.
Teletype.
2.1.2
Additional
Hardware used
The
following variety
of additional hardware
may
be used:
Memory protect system, used for background programming
or debugging of real time application programs.
Floating point hardware,
necessary
if the optional function
TIME
is
included.
Additional
main memory. The standard SIN TRAN Monitor
System
can use a main
memory
up to 65K. For more memory,
a few modifications must be included.
Mass
storage
-
disk or drum.
Paper tape
readers
and punches.
Additional
Teletypes.
Card readers.
Line printers.
Modem controls for low and medium speed communication
lines.
Data
links to other
computers.
Process interface equipment; digital I/O, analog/digital and
digital/
analog converters.
ND-GO.
044. 01

2.2
2.3
2-2
Th
e S o f tw
a r
e
The
Monitor schedules RT-programs
and supervises their execution.
An
alphanumeric input/output
system buffers and processes characters
by interrupt-controlled driver routines for the
different devices.
An
Operator Communication
program
accepts
commands written
on a
Teletype,
controlling
the system.
Manual : SINTRAN II
Users' Guide
MACM is
a mass storage
oriented version
of the MAC assembler
putting the generated code into a core image on
the mass storage. It is
used for assembling the SINTRAN Monitor System.
Manual
: MACM
~
MAC
MASS STORAGE ASSEMBLER
The real time loader or RT Loader is able
to load programs in binary
relocatable format (BRF).
The programs
may be output from the RT—
FORTRAN’ compiler or the MAC assembler.
New programs
may
be loaded
while the system is on—line.
Manual
: SINTRAN
II Real
Time
Loader
A version
of the MAC assembler,
MACD,
may
be used on—line
for
debuggingpurposes.
Breakpoints may
be inserted in
running
RT—programs.
Programs may be assembled to core or
mass storage.
Manual
:
lVLACD
-
MAC DEBUGGING
ASSEMBLER
An
RT-FORTRAN Compiler (FORTRAN
II or
FORTRAN IV version)
produces re—entrant
code, which may
run as
RT—programs
under the
SINTRAN
Monitor.
Manual
; 1. FORTRAN
II
2. NORD FORTRAN IV
Reference Manual
System' Generating
When
the
monitor system
is
to be used for a new computer
configuration,
the system programs should be assembled together with
some informa-
tion about the configuration.
ND-60. 044.01

2~3
I
The parameters
to be
determined
follow.
For
the
monitor:
—
The area
in
core for
the
monitor.
-
The
hardware
interrupt
levels
to
be used.
-
The level
for
the monitor
and
the level
for
the
RT-programs.
-
The
interrupt
groups
to be
enabled.
-
-
The
basic
time
unit.
-
The
number
of
peripheral
devices.
—
The
area
for debug
information
in
case
of stack
overflow.
—
The
number
of software
blocks
per coreload.
-
The
number
of hardware
blocks
per
software
block.
—
The
start
of the
coreload
area
in core.
-
The
start of
the area
on
mass
storage
occupied
by coreloads.
.—
The number
of
data
files on
mass
storage.
For each
peripheral
device:
—
The
buffer
capacity.
—
The logical
unit number.
—
The
alternative unit.
Two
tables
have
to be set
up:
—
An
interrupt
identification
table,
with
one element
for
each
interrupt line.
-
A logical unit
table,
with
one
element
for each
logical
unit.
with reference
to the
corresponding
periperal
device.
A list
of the
names
of the
monitor
subroutines
which
are wanted
should
also
be set
up.
Detailed
description
of the parameters
and system
generation
procedure
is
found in
the manual:
’
GENERATING
SINTRAN-II.
ND-60.044.
01

2.4 Allocating Main Memory
and Mass Storage
Here is an example of main memory and mass
storage allocation with
16K main memory
and 256K
drum.
MAIN
MEMORY
LAYOU T
0.
.
[ IN’I‘ERRUPT
SYSTEM
MONITOR
I/O BUFFERS
1'0000
.—
'I/O SYSTEM
1 STACK
l
0
—_I_.._.
CORE RESIDENT
USER
AREA
20000
_
““24000
30000
_
CORELOAD
AREA, 6K
37777 i.
ND-GO.
044. 01

N
I
(II
MONITOR
MAGNIFIED:
INTERRUPTSYSTEM
FREE
1000
‘7-
2000
./ BASIC
MONITOR
3000
TIMEAND
/
SCHEDULHM;
OPUONAL
ROUHINES
SUBROUquNEs
4000
/
STACK
ROUHNES
/
.
5mm
-/
MASSSTORAGEIKNflHNES
/
60M)0_
ND-60.
044. 01

2-6
DRUM
LAY
OU T:
RESTART
MACM
T1
16K
__
SAVE AREA
32K
_
CORE IMAGE
CORELOAD 1, OPCOM
CORELOAD 2, MACD
64K
~
CORELOAD 3, RT-LOADER
128K__:
13
DATA
FILES
256K
J...
ND-60. 044. 01

2.5
2.5.3
2 --7
Facilities
provided
by the
SINTRAN
Monitor
System
-
Scheduling
Real
Time
Programs
The
traditional
way
of scheduling
real
time programs
for execution
is on
direct
signal
(interrupt)
from
the
outside
word.
In SINTRAN,
connections
between
interrupt
lines
and
real time
programs
may be
made
dynamically.
However,
scheduling
also by
time
has proved
to
be very
much
used. Therefore,
SINTRAN
is equipped
with
facilities
for scheduling
programs
at
a particular
time
of day
or during
a
time
interval
(delayed
start).
Repeated
execution
‘may
also
be
specified.
Programs
may
be placed
in
permanent
core
or on
a mass
storage.
The monitor
will bring
a mass
storage
program
into core
when
it is
to
be
started.
To
allOw
a wide
range
of execution
times,
priorites
are
assigned
to
the
programs,
so that
a program
of
high priority
can interrupt
a program
of low priority.
Mechanisms
for re—entrancy
are
included.
Input/Output
Alphanumeric
input/output
is interrupt—controlled,
so
that
the peripheral
devices
may
operate
independently.
Peripheral
devices
are specified
by
logical
unit
number.
The input/output
system,
which
is buffered,
is
designed
to
handle
even
communication
lines.
'
Processing
Aids
The RT-FORTRAN
compiler
processes
real time
FORTRAN
programs
,
giving
re—entrant
subroutines.
The MAC
assembler
accepts
symbolic
programs
and subprograms.
The
Real
Time
Loader
can
load
new program
units
or replace
old units
while
the
system
is running.
ND-60.044.
01

2.5.4
2.5.5
[V
l
00
Check-out
Aids
The
Operator
Communication
program
allows
the operator
to
examine
and
alter
locations,
start
or
stop
programs,
etc;
The MACD
on—line
assembler
permits
insertion
of
instructions
and
breakpoints
in running
programs.
Undebu
ed
)I‘O
rams
may
run
in
memory
protect
mode
so
as not
to
disturb
the
rest
of
the
system.
Installation
Management
Aids
Several
system
parameters
may
be measured;
for
instance,
the
worst
case
start—up
delay
for a
chosen
program.
ND-60.044.01

3~1
THE OPERATOR'S INTERFACE
WITH THE SYSTEM
The following
is
a summary
of the
tasks of the operator
during the
phases
of the
system.
a) Loading
the
System
The
SINTRAN system generated
for the spesific
configuration
comes
as a rebootable
paper tape,
which can be
loaded in an
empty
NORD—i
computer.
If a mass
storage is
included, the
system will be placed.
in
its proper locations
on the mass
storage.
For core
only systems,
the
system
will be
placed in core,
ready for
start.
-b) Starting
The MACM assembler will
be used to bring the
core resident part of
SINTRAN into
core and start if
it is in the START
location.
A core
only
system
will be started by starting
the computer
in the proper location.
0)
Run Time Operations
User programs can be loaded, started
and supervised. Undebugged
programs
'can be run under memory protect.
Debugging facilities, for
example breakpoint and
dumps may be used.
d) Error
Handling
Several types of errors
may
show up, more or less serious ones.
ND-GO. 044. 01

4.1
4.1.
4.1.
1
2
4-1
STANDARD
OPERATING
PROCEDURES
Loading
the
System
Mass Storage
Systems
The
paper tape has
the following
form:
<-
Ill
[U i
~
lllllllllllllllfllllllllfll
ll llllllllll
"<
)LIST part Blank tape
)BPUND
parts
The
)LIST
part
contains
symbol
definitions and
should be
skipped when
loading.
Procedure:
1.
Set the
hardware
device
number
of the mass storage
into
location
0.
2.
Put the tape
in the reader
after
the )LIST part, and
start
the
reader.
3. Push
STOP
and LOAD to read the
rebootable
)BPUND tape.
4. When
the tape stops,
check that
(IR)
=
WAIT 7.
WAIT 77 means checksum
error, WAIT
376 means transfer
error. Then
T
=
0 means ”read", and
D holds the
block address.
5.
Repeat
step 3 and
4 until all
of the tape has
been read.
Now the
SINTRAN
II System is placed on its proper locations
on the
mass
storage.
The core resident part
is placed on a core image
(the
working area
for MACM).
Core System
The tape has
the following form:
<7.
.
ill
11}
W-
-
-
ll!lllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllll
)LIST part Blank
tape .)BPUN
part
ND-60.
044.01

4.
4.
2
2..
1
4 ~2
Procedure:
1.
Put the tape
in the reader
after the
)LIST part,
and start
the reader.
2.
Push STOP
and LOAD
to
read
the
)BPUN
part.
3.
When
the tape stops
at its end,
check
that (IR)
=
WAIT 0.
WAIT
77 means
checksum
error.
Now
the SINTRAN
II
core system is placed
in core,
ready for start.
Start,
Stop and
Restart
Mass Storage Systems
Initial
starting
procedure
2
1._
Get MACM into core.
2.
‘
Assemble
the
)LIST
part of
the system tape.
3. Write
SINTRAN'.
4. The
core
image
will then
be brought into core,
and SINTRAN
will be
started in the
location labeled SINTRAN‘.
5.,
SINTRAN now asks for
lower and upper stack bounds,
which
should be answered
with the
proper octal numbers,
terminated
by a carriage
return.
6. SINTRAN then asks for
current time, which
should be answered
with five decimal
numbers,
giving minute, hour, day, month
and
year. The numbers
should be delimited
by spaces, the
last
number terminated
by a carriage
return.
If legal numbers have
been given, the
interrupt system will be turned
on.
Thereafter
an
RT program will be started, writing a message
of
the form
SIN TRAN
II
< monitor
version> /< 1/0
version>
/<version>
RUNNING
Example:
This
starting procedure
may be repeated later, since
the core image
on the
mass storage will normally
not be modified
while SINTRAN is
'
running.
However, the core loads may change,
but initial versions
can be saved
by employing the MACM command
)CMOVE.
ND-60.044.01

4—3
2
% STARTING
THE
SYSTEM
Z
)CLOAD
O
UNDEF
SYMBOLS
SINTRAN:014102
SINTRAN!
LOWER
STACK
BOUND?
11000
UPPER
STACK
BOUND?
12000
PRESENT
TIME?
0
15
28
11
1972
SINTRAN
II
721102/
720925/
ND
RUNNING
6*
MAC
IMAC
READY:
1
EXIT MAC!
9*
LOAD
PRELIMINARY
RT-LOAD
IV
7205
FREE
AREA
ABOVE
STACK?
0
NO
OF
RT-NAMES?
10
CORELOAD?
3
*EX
6*
EDIT
HIGH
SPEED
INPUT?
YYYYYY
*?
*
EXIT EDIT!
0* DATCL
00029
00001
00015
00028
00011
01972
9*
STOP
ND-GO.
044.
01

4,2.2
Controlled
stop
and restart:
The system
may be stopped by
writing the operator
command
STOP.
The system
will then save
the registers, turn
off the interrupt
system
and stop by executing the
instructions IOF;
WAIT.
When CONTINUE is pushed
(starting
in the location
labeled RESTA),
the registers will
be loaded by their
old contents,
and the system
will
proceed
where it left.
If the computer is stopped
by pushing the button
STOP,
the system
can
ngtbe restarted
in the location RESTA.
An
initial start
must then be
performed.
The stOp
restart feature is useful
when all
the user programs
have been
loaded. Then the following procedure
can be used:
1. Stop SINTRAN
using the command
STOP.
2. Save
the core contents
to the core
image and
get MACM into
core by using the CTOM
tape (see
MACM).
3-
Punch
the necessary
mass
storage
areas
by using
the
)BPUND
command in MACM.
.
'
4. Restart
the system by writing RESTA!
5.
_
Correct the time
and day setting
by using the
commands
UPDAT or CLADJ.
The
)BPUND
tape
may be used if a serious
system
breakdown
has
occurred. The
tape may be read and
the
system
restarted
in RESTA.
C
ore
Systems
'
The
system isinitially
started
in the location labeled
SINTRAN
(the
octal address is noted
on the tape).
The further
procedure for setting
stack
limits and current
time is the
same as for a
mass storage
system.
.
X When
setting stack limits, the stack is permitted
to overlap
the start
_
section of the system,
except for the 38 lowest
stack locations,
which
will be used by
the
start section.
.~'If ah initial start is
to be repeated, the
system
tape must be read
beforehand
Stop
and
restart
may be performed
by means
of
the operator
command
STOP
and
restart
in the
location RESTA.
Note!
If the
cemputer-
is stopped
by
pushing
of the
"STOP"
button,
I
SINTRAN
cannot be
restarted
in the
location
RESTA
because
the registers
have
not
been
saved
'
ND-GO.
044. 01

4.3
4.3.
4.3.
1
2
4 -5
Using
the
Operator
Communication
Program
Description
The operator
communication portion
of SINTRAN consists
of three
RT—programs
,
a main RT—program
with high priority,
and
two auxiliary
RT-programs
with
low priority.
Main RT—program
The
main
RT program will
be scheduled
for execution when
an @is typed
on
the Teletype.
It will
then initiate
a read operation from the
Teletype,
being
started next time when
a carriage return
has been given. The
command
will be analyzed and executed,
Auxiliary
RT—programs
An
RT~program
of low priority
will be executing
the PUNCH, READ
and
COMP
commands.
Another
RT program
will call MACD, the RT loader
or the RT FORTRAN
compiler.
Operator
C
ommands
The operator
commands
may be typed
on an on—line Teletype.
The
Operator Communication
may be reached
from several Teletypes.
A
command consists of a command
identifier and 0—5
parameters.
The
command
identifier consists of up to
five letters
or digits. The
para-
meters
may be octal
or decimal signed
integers. In
addition,
if an RT—
program
loaded by the
RT
loader is
to
be
specified,
its symbolic
name
may be used as parameter.
Otherwise,
the octal
address Of its RT
description has
to be used. Then care must
be taken
to write the
correct
number.
The
different parts of
the command
are delimited by spaces. The
command
is terminated
by carriage
return.
Th‘eprocedure
for giving
operator
commands
is this:
1)
Hit
the 72> key of an
operator
Teletype.
2)
.
If the
operator
communication
program
is ready,
an
x (asterisk)
will be printed.
If no asterisk
comes,
the
program
is not ready.
3) When
the
* has
arrived, write
the
command. The command
must
end
with
a
carriage
return.
ND-60.044.01