Novell BUSINESS CONTINUITY CLUSTERING 1.2.1 -... Instruction Manual

Novell®
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novdocx (en) 7 January 2010
AUTHORIZED DOCUMENTATION
BCC 1.2.1: Administration Guide for OES 2 SP2 Linux
Business Continuity Clustering
1.2.1
February 18, 2010
Administration Guide for Novell Open Enterprise Server 2 Support
Pack 2 for Linux
*

novdocx (en) 7 January 2010
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4BCC 1.2.1: Administration Guide for OES 2 SP2 Linux
novdocx (en) 7 January 2010

Contents 5
Contents
novdocx (en) 7 January 2010
About This Guide 11
1 Overview of Business Continuity Clustering 13
1.1 Disaster Recovery Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Disaster Recovery Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.1 LAN-Based versus Internet-Based Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.2 Host-Based versus Storage-Based Data Mirroring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.3 Stretch Clusters vs. Cluster of Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 Business Continuity Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4 BCC Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.1 Two-Site Business Continuity Cluster Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.2 Multiple-Site Business Continuity Cluster Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.3 Low-Cost Business Continuity Cluster Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 Key Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.1 Business Continuity Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.2 Cluster Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.3 Landing Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.4 BCC Drivers for Identity Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 What’s New for BCC 1.2 25
2.1 BCC 1.2.1 ISO Image for OES 2 SP2 Linux (January 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 BCC 1.2.1 Patch for OES 2 SP2 Linux (January 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.2 BCC Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.3 BCC Resource Driver Template for Identity Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 BCC 1.2.0 Patch (January 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 BCC Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 BCC Resource Driver Template for Identity Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4 Identity Manager 3.6.1 Support (June 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5 BCC 1.2 for OES 2 SP1 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Planning a Business Continuity Cluster 29
3.1 Determining Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 LAN Connectivity Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.1 VLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.2 Channel Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.3 IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.4 Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.5 IP Addresses for BCC-Enabled Cluster Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 SAN Connectivity Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5 Storage Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6 eDirectory Design Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6.1 Object Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6.2 Cluster Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6.3 Partitioning and Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6.4 Objects Created by the BCC Drivers for Identity Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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3.6.5 Landing Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6.6 Naming Conventions for BCC-Enabled Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.7 Cluster Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 Installing Business Continuity Clustering 37
4.1 Requirements for BCC 1.2.1 for OES 2 SP2 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.1 Business Continuity Clustering License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.2 Business Continuity Cluster Component Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.3 OES 2 SP2 Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.4 Novell Cluster Services 1.8.7 for Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.5 Novell eDirectory 8.8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.1.6 SLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.7 Identity Manager 3.6.1 Bundle Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.1.8 Novell iManager 2.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.1.9 Storage-Related Plug-Ins for iManager 2.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.1.10 OpenWBEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.1.11 Shared Disk Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1.12 Mirroring Shared Disk Systems Between Peer Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1.13 LUN Masking for Shared Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.1.14 Link Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.1.15 Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.1.16 Web Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 Downloading the Business Continuity Clustering Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3 Configuring a BCC Administrator User and Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3.1 Creating the BCC Group and Administrative User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3.2 Assigning Trustee Rights for the BCC Administrator User to the Cluster Objects. . . 49
4.3.3 Adding the BCC Administrator User to the ncsgroup on Each Cluster Node . . . . . . 49
4.4 Installing and Configuring the Novell Business Continuity Clustering Software. . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4.1 Installing the Business Continuity Clustering RPMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4.2 Configuring BCC Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.4.3 Installing the BCC Identity Manager Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.5 Using a YaST Auto-Configuration File to Install and Configure Business Continuity Clustering
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.5.1 Creating a YaST Auto-Configuration Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.5.2 Setting Up an NFS Server to Host the Business Continuity Clustering Installation
Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.5.3 Installing and Configuring Business Continuity Clustering on Each Cluster Node . . 54
4.5.4 Removing the NFS Share from Your Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.5.5 Cleaning Up the Business Continuity Clustering Installation Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.6 What’s Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5 Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.1 on OES 2 SP2 Linux 57
5.1 System Requirements for the BCC 1.2.1 Patch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2 Preparing for Updating (Patching) to BCC 1.2.1 on OES 2 SP2 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.3 Installing the BCC Patch on a Fully Patched OES 2 SP2 Linux BCC Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.4 Installing the BCC Patch Along With the OES 2 SP2 Linux Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6 Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.0 on OES 2 SP1 Linux 61
6.1 Preparing for Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.0 on OES 2 SP1 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.2 Installing the BCC Patch on a Fully Patched OES 2 SP1 Linux BCC Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.3 Installing the BCC Patch Along With the OES 2 SP1 Linux Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Contents 7
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7 Upgrading the Identity Manager Nodes to Identity Manager 3.6.1 65
7.1 Upgrading to 32-Bit Identity Manager 3.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2 Upgrading to 64-Bit Identity Manager 3.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
8 Converting BCC Clusters from NetWare to Linux 67
8.1 Understanding the Conversion Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.2 Prerequisites for Converting from NetWare to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.3 Converting Clusters from NetWare to Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.4 Deleting and Re-Creating the BCC Identity Manager Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.5 Finalizing the BCC Cluster Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.6 What’s Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9 Configuring the Identity Manager Drivers for BCC 71
9.1 Understanding the BCC Drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9.2 Prerequisites for Configuring the BCC Drivers for Identity Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.2.1 Identity Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.2.2 Novell eDirectory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.2.3 Landing Zone Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.3 Configuring the BCC Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.4 Creating SSL Certificates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
9.5 Enabling or Disabling the Synchronization of e-Mail Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
9.6 Synchronizing Identity Manager Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.7 Preventing Synchronization Loops for Identity Manager Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.8 Changing the Identity Manager Synchronization Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
9.9 What’s Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
10 Configuring BCC for Peer Clusters 85
10.1 Enabling Clusters for Business Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.2 Adding Peer Cluster Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
10.2.1 Using Console Commands to Add Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
10.2.2 Using iManager to Add Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
10.3 Adding Search-and-Replace Values to the Resource Replacement Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.4 Adding Storage Management Configuration Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
10.5 Configuring CIMOM Daemons to Bind to IP Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
10.6 Enabling Linux POSIX File Systems to Run on Secondary Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
10.7 Verifying BCC Administrator User Trustee Rights and Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
10.8 Disabling BCC for a Peer Cluster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
10.9 What’s Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
11 Managing a Business Continuity Cluster 95
11.1 Migrating a Cluster Resource to a Peer Cluster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
11.1.1 Understanding BCC Resource Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
11.1.2 Migrating Cluster Resources between Clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
11.2 Bringing a Downed Cluster Back in Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
11.3 Changing Peer Cluster Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
11.4 Viewing the Current Status of a Business Continuity Cluster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.1 Using iManager to View the Cluster Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.2 Using Console Commands to View the Cluster Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
11.5 Generating a Cluster Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

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11.6 Resolving Business Continuity Cluster Failures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
11.6.1 Storage-Based Mirroring Failure Types and Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
11.6.2 Host-based Mirroring Failure Types and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
12 Configuring BCC for Cluster Resources 103
12.1 Requirements for Cluster Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
12.1.1 LUNs for Cluster Pool Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
12.1.2 Volumes for Cluster Pool Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
12.1.3 Shared Disk Cluster Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
12.1.4 Cluster Resources for OES 2 Linux Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
12.2 BCC-Enabling Cluster Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
12.3 Configuring Search-and-Replace Values for an Individual Cluster Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.4 Assigning Preferred Peer Clusters for the Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
12.5 Assigning Preferred Nodes in Peer Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
12.6 Disabling BCC for a Cluster Resource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
12.7 Changing the IP Address of a Cluster Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
12.8 Deleting or Unsharing a BCC-Enabled Shared NSS Pool Resource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
13 Troubleshooting Business Continuity Clustering 111
13.1 NSS Takes Up to 10 Minutes to Load When the Server Is Rebooted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
13.2 Identity Manager Plug-Ins Do Not Appear in iManager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
13.3 Cluster Connection States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
13.4 Driver Port Number Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
13.5 Excluded Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
13.6 Security Equivalent User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
13.7 SSL Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
13.8 Clusters Cannot Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
13.9 BCC Startup Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
13.10 Identity Manager Drivers for Cluster Synchronization Do Not Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
13.11 Identity Manager Drivers Do Not Synchronize Objects from One Cluster to Another . . . . . . 117
13.12 Tracing Identity Manager Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
13.13 Peer Cluster Communication Is Not Working. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
13.14 A Resource Does Not Migrate to a Peer Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
13.15 Resource Cannot Be Brought Online. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
13.16 Administration of Peer Clusters Is Not Functional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
13.17 Resource Script Search-and-Replace Functions Do Not Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
13.18 Virtual NCP Server IP Addresses Won’t Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
13.19 The IP Address, Virtual Server DN, or Pool Name Does Not Appear on the iManager Cluster
Configuration Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
13.20 Blank Error String iManager Error Appears While Bringing a Resource Online. . . . . . . . . . . 121
13.21 Mapping Drives in Login Scripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
13.22 Mapping Drives to Home Directories by Using the %HOME_DIRECTORY Variable . . . . . . 122
13.23 BCC Error Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
13.24 Clustered Pool Is Stuck in an eDirectory Synchronization State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
14 Security Considerations 125
14.1 Security Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
14.2 Security Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
14.2.1 BCC Configuration Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
14.2.2 Changing the NCS: BCC Settings Attributes in the BCC XML Configuration . . . . . 127

Contents 9
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14.2.3 Disabling SSL for Inter-Cluster Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
14.2.4 Restricting the Network Address for Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
14.3 General Security Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
14.4 Security Information for Dependent Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
A Console Commands for BCC 133
A.1 Using Console Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
A.2 Setting Up Linux Scan Commands in /opt/novell/ncs/bin/device_scan.sh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
B Setting Up Auto-Failover 137
B.1 Enabling Auto-Failover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
B.2 Creating an Auto-Failover Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
B.3 Refining the Auto-Failover Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
B.4 Adding or Editing Monitor Configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
C Configuring Host-Based File System Mirroring for NSS Pools 141
C.1 Creating and Mirroring NSS Pools on Shared Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
C.2 Creating NSS Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
C.3 Novell Cluster Services Configuration and Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
C.4 Checking NSS Volume Mirror Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
D Configuration Worksheet for the BCC Drivers for Identity Manager 147
D.1 Cluster1 to Cluster2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
D.2 Cluster2 to Cluster1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
E Using Dynamic DNS with BCC 1.2 153
E.1 Requirements and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
E.1.1 Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
E.1.2 DNS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
E.1.3 TSIG Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
E.1.4 DNS Record Time-to-Live Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
E.2 Configuring the DNS Server for Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
E.2.1 Creating the TSIG Keys for DNS Server Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
E.2.2 Configuring the DNS Server with the Public Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
E.2.3 Configuring the DNS Server Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
E.2.4 Testing the DNS Server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
E.3 Configuring the Cluster Resources for Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
E.3.1 Modifying the BCC Load Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
E.3.2 Public and Private Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
E.3.3 Testing the Perl Wrapper Script. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
E.4 Testing the Dynamic DNS Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
F Using Virtual IP Addresses with BCC 1.2 167
F.1 Understanding Internal Virtual IP Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
F.1.1 Virtual Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
F.1.2 Host Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
F.1.3 Internal Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
F.2 Virtual IP Address Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
F.2.1 High Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

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F.2.2 Unlimited Mobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
F.2.3 Automatic Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
F.3 Planning a Virtual IP Network Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
F.3.1 Routing Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
F.3.2 LAN Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
F.3.3 Internal Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
F.3.4 IP Addresses for BCC-Enabled Cluster Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
F.3.5 Host Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
F.4 Configuring a Virtual Router with OSPF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
F.5 Configuring Virtual IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
G Removing Business Continuity Clustering Core Software 175
H Documentation Updates 177
H.1 February 18, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
H.1.1 Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.0 on OES 2 SP1 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
H.1.2 Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.1 on OES 2 SP2 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
H.2 February 7, 2010 (BCC 1.2.1 Patch for OES 2 SP2 Linux) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
H.2.1 Installing Business Continuity Clustering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
H.2.2 Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.1 on OES 2 SP2 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
H.2.3 What’s New for BCC 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
H.3 February 5, 2010 (BCC 1.2.0 Patch for OES 2 SP1 Linux) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
H.3.1 Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2 on OES 2 SP1 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
H.3.2 What’s New for BCC 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
H.4 January 7, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
H.4.1 Configuring BCC for Peer Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
H.4.2 Console Commands for BCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
H.4.3 Installing Business Continuity Clustering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
H.4.4 Managing a Business Continuity Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
H.4.5 Removing Business Continuity Clustering Core Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
H.4.6 Troubleshooting Business Continuity Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
H.4.7 Upgrading Identity Manager Nodes to Identity Manager 3.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
H.4.8 Using Virtual IP Addresses with BCC 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
H.5 September 9, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
H.5.1 Configuring BCC for Cluster Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
H.5.2 Converting BCC Clusters from NetWare to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
H.6 August 14, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
H.6.1 Console Commands for BCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
H.6.2 Installing Business Continuity Clustering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
H.6.3 Upgrading Identity Manager Nodes to Identity Manager 3.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
H.6.4 What’s New for BCC 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
H.7 May 11, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
H.7.1 Converting BCC Clusters from NetWare to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
H.8 April 28, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
H.8.1 Converting BCC Clusters from NetWare to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

About This Guide 11
novdocx (en) 7 January 2010
About This Guide
This guide describes how to install, configure, and manage Novell®Business Continuity Clustering
1.2.1 for Novell Open Enterprise Server (OES) 2 Support Pack 2 (SP2) Linux servers in
combination with Novell Cluster ServicesTM 1.8.7 (the version released in OES 2 SP2 Linux).
Chapter 1, “Overview of Business Continuity Clustering,” on page 13
Chapter 2, “What’s New for BCC 1.2,” on page 25
Chapter 3, “Planning a Business Continuity Cluster,” on page 29
Chapter 4, “Installing Business Continuity Clustering,” on page 37
Chapter 5, “Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.1 on OES 2 SP2 Linux,” on page 57
Chapter 6, “Updating (Patching) BCC 1.2.0 on OES 2 SP1 Linux,” on page 61
Chapter 7, “Upgrading the Identity Manager Nodes to Identity Manager 3.6.1,” on page 65
Chapter 8, “Converting BCC Clusters from NetWare to Linux,” on page 67
Chapter 9, “Configuring the Identity Manager Drivers for BCC,” on page 71
Chapter 10, “Configuring BCC for Peer Clusters,” on page 85
Chapter 11, “Managing a Business Continuity Cluster,” on page 95
Chapter 12, “Configuring BCC for Cluster Resources,” on page 103
Chapter 13, “Troubleshooting Business Continuity Clustering,” on page 111
Chapter 14, “Security Considerations,” on page 125
Appendix A, “Console Commands for BCC,” on page 133
Appendix B, “Setting Up Auto-Failover,” on page 137
Appendix C, “Configuring Host-Based File System Mirroring for NSS Pools,” on page 141
Appendix D, “Configuration Worksheet for the BCC Drivers for Identity Manager,” on
page 147
Appendix E, “Using Dynamic DNS with BCC 1.2,” on page 153
Appendix F, “Using Virtual IP Addresses with BCC 1.2,” on page 167
Appendix G, “Removing Business Continuity Clustering Core Software,” on page 175
Audience
This guide is intended for anyone involved in installing, configuring, and managing Novell Cluster
Services for Linux in combination with Novell Business Continuity Clustering.
The Security Considerations section provides information of interest for security administrators or
anyone who is responsible for the security of the system.
Feedback
We want to hear your comments and suggestions about this manual and the other documentation
included with this product. Please use the User Comments feature at the bottom of each page of the
online documentation, or go to www.novell.com/documentation/feedback.html (http://
www.novell.com/documentation/feedback.html) and enter your comments there.

12 BCC 1.2.1: Administration Guide for OES 2 SP2 Linux
novdocx (en) 7 January 2010
Documentation Updates
The latest version of this Novell Business Continuity Clustering 1.2.1 Administration Guide for
Linux is available on the Business Continuity Clustering Documentation Web site (http://
www.novell.com/documentation/bcc/index.html) under BCC 1.2.1 for OES 2 SP2 Linux.
Additional Documentation
For BCC 1.2.1 for OES 2 SP2 Linux, see:
BCC 1.2.1 Administration Guide for Linux (http://www.novell.com/documentation/bcc/
bcc121_admin_lx/data/bookinfo.html)
OES 2 SP2: Novell Cluster Services 1.8.7 for Linux Administration Guide (http://
www.novell.com/documentation/oes2/clus_admin_lx/data/h4hgu4hs.html)
Identity Manager 3.6.xDocumentation Web site (http://www.novell.com/documentation/
idm36/index.html)
For BCC 1.2.0 for OES 2 SP1 Linux, see:
BCC 1.2 Administration Guide for Linux (http://www.novell.com/documentation/bcc/
bcc12_admin_lx/data/bookinfo.html)
OES 2 SP1: Novell Cluster Services 1.8.6 for Linux Administration Guide (http://
www.novell.com/documentation/oes2/clus_admin_lx/data/h4hgu4hs.html)
Identity Manager 3.6.xDocumentation Web site (http://www.novell.com/documentation/
idm36/index.html)
For BCC 1.1 SP2 for NetWare®6.5 SP8, see:
BCC 1.1 SP2: Administration Guide for NetWare 6.5 SP8 (http://www.novell.com/
documentation/bcc/bcc11_admin_nw/data/bktitle.html)
NW65 SP8: Novell Cluster Services 1.8.5 Administration Guide (http://www.novell.com/
documentation/nw65/clus_admin_nw/data/h4hgu4hs.html)
Identity Manager 3.5.1 Documentation Web site (http://www.novell.com/documentation/
idm35/)
For information about OES 2 Linux, see the OES 2 Documentation Web site (http://
www.novell.com/documentation/oes2/index.html).
For information about NetWare 6.5 SP8, see the NetWare 6.5 SP8 Documentation Web site (http://
www.novell.com/documentation/nw65/index.html).
Documentation Conventions
In Novell documentation, a greater-than symbol (>) is used to separate actions within a step and
items in a cross-reference path.
A trademark symbol (®, TM, etc.) denotes a Novell trademark. An asterisk (*) denotes a third-party
trademark.

Overview of Business Continuity Clustering
1
13
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1
Overview of Business Continuity
Clustering
As corporations become more international, fueled in part by the reach of the Internet, the
requirement for service availability has increased. Novell®Business Continuity Clustering (BCC)
offers corporations the ability to maintain mission-critical (24x7x365) data and application services
to their users while still being able to perform maintenance and upgrades on their systems.
In the past few years, natural disasters (ice storms, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, and fires)
have caused unplanned outages of entire data centers. In addition, U.S. federal agencies have
realized the disastrous effects that terrorist attacks could have on the U.S. economy when
corporations lose their data and the ability to perform critical business practices. This has resulted in
initial recommendations for corporations to build mirrored or replicated data centers that are
geographically separated by 300 kilometers (km) or more. (The minimum acceptable distance is 200
km.)
Many companies have built and deployed geographically mirrored data centers. The problem is that
setting up and maintaining the multiple centers is a manual process that takes a great deal of
planning and synchronizing. Even configuration changes must be carefully planned and replicated.
One mistake and the redundant site is no longer able to effectively take over in the event of a
disaster.
This section identifies the implications for disaster recovery, provides an overview of some of the
network implementations today that attempt to address disaster recovery, and describes how
Business Continuity Clustering can improve your disaster recovery solution by providing
specialized software that automates cluster configuration, maintenance, and synchronization across
two to four geographically separate sites.
Section 1.1, “Disaster Recovery Implications,” on page 13
Section 1.2, “Disaster Recovery Implementations,” on page 14
Section 1.3, “Business Continuity Clustering,” on page 20
Section 1.4, “BCC Deployment Scenarios,” on page 21
Section 1.5, “Key Concepts,” on page 24
1.1 Disaster Recovery Implications
The implications of disaster recovery are directly tied to your data. Is your data mission critical? In
many instances, critical systems and data drive the business. If these services stop, the business
stops. When calculating the cost of downtime, some things to consider are
File transfers and file storage
E-mail, calendaring, and collaboration
Web hosting
Critical databases
Productivity
Reputation

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Continuous availability of critical business systems is no longer a luxury, it is a competitive business
requirement.The Gartner Group estimates that 40% of enterprises that experience a disaster will go
out of business in five years, and only 15% of enterprises have a full-fledged business continuity
plan that goes beyond core technology and infrastructure.
The cost to the business for each one hour of service outage includes the following:
Income loss measured as the income-generating ability of the service, data, or impacted group
Productivity loss measured as the hourly cost of impacted employees
Recovery cost measured as the hourly cost of IT personnel to get services back online
Future lost revenue because of customer and partner perception
1.2 Disaster Recovery Implementations
Stretch clusters and cluster-of-clusters are two approaches for making shared resources available
across geographically distributed sites so that a second site can be called into action after one site
fails. To use these approaches, you must first understand how the applications you use and the
storage subsystems in your network deployment can determine whether a stretch cluster or cluster of
clusters solution is possible for your environment.
Section 1.2.1, “LAN-Based versus Internet-Based Applications,” on page 14
Section 1.2.2, “Host-Based versus Storage-Based Data Mirroring,” on page 14
Section 1.2.3, “Stretch Clusters vs. Cluster of Clusters,” on page 15
1.2.1 LAN-Based versus Internet-Based Applications
Traditional LAN applications require a LAN infrastructure that must be replicated at each site, and
might require relocation of employees to allow the business to continue. Internet-based applications
allow employees to work from any place that offers an Internet connection, including homes and
hotels. Moving applications and services to the Internet frees corporations from the restrictions of
traditional LAN-based applications.
By using Novell exteNd Director portal services, Novell Access Manager, and ZENworks®, all
services, applications, and data can be rendered through the Internet, allowing for loss of service at
one site but still providing full access to the services and data by virtue of the ubiquity of the
Internet. Data and services continue to be available from the other mirrored sites.
1.2.2 Host-Based versus Storage-Based Data Mirroring
For clustering implementations that are deployed in data centers in different geographic locations,
the data must be replicated between the storage subsystems at each data center. Data-block
replication can be done by host-based mirroring for synchronous replication over short distances up
to 10 km. Typically, replication of data blocks between storage systems in the data centers is
performed by SAN hardware that allows synchronous mirrors over a greater distance.
For stretch clusters, host-based mirroring is required to provide synchronous mirroring of the SBD
(split-brain detector) partition between sites. This means that stretch-cluster solutions are limited to
distances of 10 km.

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Table 1-1 compares the benefits and limitations of host-based and storage-based mirroring.
Table 1-1 Comparison of Host-Based and Storage-Based Data Mirroring
1.2.3 Stretch Clusters vs. Cluster of Clusters
A stretch cluster and a cluster of clusters are two clustering implementations that you can use with
Novell Cluster ServicesTM to achieve your desired level of disaster recovery. This section describes
each deployment type, then compares the capabilities of each.
Novell Business Continuity Clustering automates some of the configuration and processes used in a
cluster of clusters. For information, see Section 1.3, “Business Continuity Clustering,” on page 20.
“Stretch Clusters” on page 15
“Cluster of Clusters” on page 16
“Comparison of Stretch Clusters and Cluster of Clusters” on page 17
“Evaluating Disaster Recovery Implementations for Clusters” on page 19
Stretch Clusters
A stretch cluster consists of a single cluster where the nodes are located in two geographically
separate data centers. All nodes in the cluster must be in the same Novell eDirectoryTM tree, which
requires the eDirectory replica ring to span data centers. The IP addresses for nodes and cluster
resources in the cluster must share a common IP subnet.
Capability Host-Based Mirroring Storage-Based Mirroring
Geographic distance between
sites
Up to 10 km Can be up to and over 300 km.
The actual distance is limited only
by the SAN hardware and media
interconnects for your
deployment.
Mirroring the SBD partition An SBD can be mirrored between
two sites.
Yes, if mirroring is supported by
the SAN hardware and media
interconnects for your
deployment.
Synchronous data-block
replication of data between sites
Yes Yes, requires a Fibre Channel
SAN or iSCSI SAN.
Failover support No additional configuration of the
hardware is required.
Requires additional configuration
of the SAN hardware.
Failure of the site interconnect LUNs can become primary at
both locations (split brain
problem).
Clusters continue to function
independently. Minimizes the
chance of LUNs at both locations
becoming primary (split brain
problem).
SMI-S compliance If the storage subsystems are not
SMI-S compliant, the storage
subsystems must be controllable
by scripts running on the nodes of
the cluster.
If the storage subsystems are not
SMI-S compliant, the storage
subsystems must be controllable
by scripts running on the nodes of
the cluster.

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At least one storage system must reside in each data center. The data is replicated between locations
by using host-based mirroring or storage-based mirroring. For information about using mirroring
solutions for data replication, see Section 1.2.2, “Host-Based versus Storage-Based Data Mirroring,”
on page 14. Link latency can occur between nodes at different sites, so the heartbeat tolerance
between nodes of the cluster must be increased to allow for the delay.
The split-brain detector (SBD) is mirrored between the sites. Failure of the site interconnect can
result in LUNs becoming primary at both locations (split brain problem) if host-based mirroring is
used.
In the stretch-cluster architecture shown in Figure 1-1, the data is mirrored between two data centers
that are geographically separated. The server nodes in both data centers are part of one cluster, so
that if a disaster occurs in one data center, the nodes in the other data center automatically take over.
Figure 1-1 Stretch Cluster
Cluster of Clusters
A cluster of clusters consists of multiple clusters in which each cluster is located in a geographically
separate data center. Each cluster can be in different Organizational Unit (OU) containers in the
same eDirectory tree, or in different eDirectory trees. Each cluster can be in a different IP subnet.
A cluster of clusters provides the ability to fail over selected cluster resources or all cluster resources
from one cluster to another cluster. For example, the cluster resources in one cluster can fail over to
separate clusters by using a multiple-site fan-out failover approach. A given service can be provided
by multiple clusters. Resource configurations are replicated to each peer cluster and synchronized
manually. Failover between clusters requires manual management of the storage systems and the
cluster.
Server 6 Server 7Server 5 Server 8
Fibre Channel
Switch
Server 2 Server 3Server 1 Server 4
Fibre Channel
Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Array
Disk blocks
WAN
Cluster
Heartbeat
SAN
Ethernet Switch Ethernet Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Array
Building A Building B
8-node cluster stretched
between two sites
Site 2Site 1

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Nodes in each cluster access only the storage systems co-located in the same data center. Typically,
data is replicated by using storage-based mirroring. Each cluster has its own SBD partition. The
SBD partition is not mirrored across the sites, which minimizes the chance for a split-brain problem
occurring when using host-based mirroring. For information about using mirroring solutions for data
replication, see Section 1.2.2, “Host-Based versus Storage-Based Data Mirroring,” on page 14.
In the cluster-of-clusters architecture shown in Figure 1-2, the data is synchronized by the SAN
hardware between two data centers that are geographically separated. If a disaster occurs in one data
center, the cluster in the other data center takes over.
Figure 1-2 Cluster of Clusters
Comparison of Stretch Clusters and Cluster of Clusters
Table 1-2 compares the capabilities of a stretch cluster and a cluster of clusters.
Table 1-2 Comparison of Stretch Cluster and Cluster of Clusters
Capability Stretch Cluster Cluster of Clusters
Number of clusters One Two or more
Number of geographically
separated data centers
Two Two or more
eDirectory trees Single tree only; requires the
replica ring to span data centers.
One or multiple trees
Cluster Site 2Cluster Site 1
Fibre Channel
Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Building A Building B
Ethernet Switch
Fibre Channel
Switch
Fibre Channel
Disk Arrays
Disk blocks
Ethernet Switch
WAN
eDirectory
IDM
Two independent clusters at
geographically separate sites
SAN
Server
2B
Server
3B
Server
1B
Server
4B
Server
2A
Server
3A
Server
1A
Server
4A

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eDirectory Organizational Units
(OUs)
Single OU container for all nodes.
As a best practice, place the
cluster container in an OU
separate from the rest of the tree.
Each cluster can be in a different
OU. Each cluster is in a single
OU container.
As a best practice, place each
cluster container in an OU
separate from the rest of the tree.
IP subnet IP addresses for nodes and
cluster resources must be in a
single IP subnet.
Because the subnet spans
multiple locations, you must
ensure that your switches handle
gratuitous ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol).
IP addresses in a given cluster
are in a single IP subnet. Each
cluster can use the same or
different IP subnet.
If you use the same subnet for all
clusters in the cluster of clusters,
you must ensure that your
switches handle gratuitous ARP.
SBD partition A single SBD is mirrored between
two sites by using host-based
mirroring, which limits the
distance between data centers to
10 km.
Each cluster has its own SBD.
Each cluster can have an on-site
mirror of its SBD for high
availability.
If the cluster of clusters uses
host-based mirroring, the SBD is
not mirrored between sites, which
minimizes the chance of LUNs at
both locations becoming primary.
Failure of the site interconnect if
using host-based mirroring
LUNs might become primary at
both locations (split brain
problem).
Clusters continue to function
independently.
Storage subsystem Each cluster accesses only the
storage subsystem on its own
site.
Each cluster accesses only the
storage subsystem on its own
site.
Data-block replication between
sites
For information about data
replication solutions, see
Section 1.2.2, “Host-Based
versus Storage-Based Data
Mirroring,” on page 14.
Yes; typically uses storage-based
mirroring, but host-based
mirroring is possible for distances
up to 10 km.
Yes; typically uses storage-based
mirroring, but host-based
mirroring is possible for distances
up to 10 km.
Clustered services A single service instance runs in
the cluster.
Each cluster can run an instance
of the service.
Cluster resource failover Automatic failover to preferred
nodes at the other site.
Manual failover to preferred
nodes on one or multiple clusters
(multiple-site fan-out failover).
Failover requires additional
configuration.
Capability Stretch Cluster Cluster of Clusters

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Evaluating Disaster Recovery Implementations for Clusters
Table 1-3 illustrates why a cluster of cluster solution is less problematic to deploy than a stretch
cluster solution. Manual configuration is not a problem when using Novell Business Continuity
Clustering for your cluster of clusters.
Table 1-3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stretch Clusters versus Cluster of Clusters
Cluster resource configurations Configured for a single cluster Configured for the primary cluster
that hosts the resource, then the
configuration is manually
replicated to the peer clusters.
Cluster resource configuration
synchronization
Controlled by the master node Manual process that can be
tedious and error-prone.
Failover of cluster resources
between clusters
Not applicable Manual management of the
storage systems and the cluster.
Link latency between sites Can cause false failovers.
The cluster heartbeat tolerance
between master and slave must
be increased to as high as 30
seconds. Monitor cluster
heartbeat statistics, then tune
down as needed.
Each cluster functions
independently in its own
geographical site.
Stretch Cluster Cluster of Clusters
Advantages It automatically fails over when
configured with host-based
mirroring.
It is easier to manage than separate
clusters.
Cluster resources can fail over to
nodes in any site.
eDirectory partitions don’t need to
span the cluster.
Each cluster can be in different OUs
in the same eDirectory tree.
IP addresses for each cluster can be
on different IP subnets.
Cluster resources can fail over to
separate clusters (multiple-site fan-
out failover support).
Each cluster has its own SBD.
Each cluster can have an on-site
mirror of its SBD for high availability.
If the cluster of clusters uses host-
based mirroring, the SBD is not
mirrored between sites, which
minimizes the chance of LUNs at
both locations becoming primary.
Capability Stretch Cluster Cluster of Clusters

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1.3 Business Continuity Clustering
A Novell Business Continuity Clustering cluster is an automated cluster of Novell Cluster Services
clusters. It is similar to what is described in “Cluster of Clusters” on page 16, except that the cluster
configuration, maintenance, and synchronization have been automated by adding specialized
software.
BCC supports up to four peer clusters. The sites are geographically separated mirrored data centers,
with a high availability cluster located at each site. Configuration is automatically synchronized
between the sites. Data is replicated between sites. All cluster nodes and their cluster resources are
monitored at each site. If one site goes down, business continues through the mirrored sites.
Disadvantages The eDirectory partition must span
the sites.
Failure of site interconnect can
result in LUNs becoming primary at
both locations (split brain problem) if
host-based mirroring is used.
An SBD partition must be mirrored
between sites.
It accommodates only two sites.
All IP addresses must reside in the
same subnet.
Resource configurations must be
manually synchronized.
Storage-based mirroring requires
additional configuration steps.
Other
Considerations
Host-based mirroring is required to
mirror the SBD partition between
sites.
Link variations can cause false
failovers.
You could consider partitioning the
eDirectory tree to place the cluster
container in a partition separate from
the rest of the tree.
The cluster heartbeat tolerance
between master and slave must be
increased to accommodate link
latency between sites.
You can set this as high as 30
seconds, monitor cluster heartbeat
statistics, and then tune down as
needed.
Because all IP addresses in the
cluster must be on the same subnet,
you must ensure that your switches
handle ARP.
Contact your switch vendor or
consult your switch documentation
for more information.
Depending on the platform used,
storage arrays must be controllable
by scripts that run on OES 2 Linux if
the SANs are not SMI-S compliant.
Stretch Cluster Cluster of Clusters