Omicron Bode 100 User manual

Bode 100
User Manual

2
Bode 100 User Manual
Article Number VESD0661 - Manual Version: Bode100.AE.2
© OMICRON Lab 2006. All rights reserved.
This User Manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH.
This User Manual represents the technical status at the time of printing. The product information,
specifications, and all technical data contained within this User Manual are not contractually binding.
OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or
configuration without announcement. OMICRON electronics is not to be held liable for statements and
declarations given in this User Manual. The user is responsible for every application described in this
User Manual and its results. OMICRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability for
mistakes in this manual.
Please feel free to copy this manual for your needs.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Excel is a registered trademark of
Microsoft Corporation. Visual C++ is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

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Contents
Contents
Using This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Conventions and Symbols Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1.2 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1.3 Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.4 Standard Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.5 Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.1 Installing the Bode Analyzer Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.2 Powering the Bode 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.3 Connecting the Bode 100 with the PC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
3 Gain/Phase Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
3.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
3.1.1 Internal Reference Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.1.2 External Reference Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.2 Choosing the Reference Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3.3 Example: Gain/Phase Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4 Impedance/Reflection Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
4.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
4.1.1 General Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
4.1.2 Equivalent Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
4.1.3 Quality Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
4.2 Example: Impedance/Reflection Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
5 Frequency Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
5.1 Example: Frequency Sweep Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
5.2 Impedance/Reflection Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

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6 Calibrating the Bode 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
6.1 Calibration Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
6.1.1 Probe Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
6.1.2 User Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
6.1.3 Hierarchy of Calibration Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
6.2 Calibration in the Gain/Phase Mode (Internal Reference). . . . . . . . . . . .61
6.3 Calibration in the Gain/Phase Mode (CH1 Reference) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
6.4 Calibration in the Impedance/Reflection Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
7 Advanced Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
7.1 File Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
7.1.1 Loading and Saving the Equipment Configuration . . . . . . . . . . .73
7.1.2 Exporting Measurement Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
7.2 Advanced Display Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
7.2.1 Gain/Phase and Impedance/Reflection Mode Context Menu. . .76
7.2.2 Frequency Sweep Mode Context Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
7.3 Advanced Sweep Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
7.4 Using Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
8 Automation Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
9 Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
9.1 USB Cable and/or Power Supply to the Bode 100 Is Missing . . . . . . . . .99
9.2 Lost Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
10 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
10.1 Bode 100 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
10.2 Power Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
10.3 Absolute Maximum Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
10.4 PC Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
10.5 Environmental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
10.6 Mechanical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Contact Information / Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Using This Manual
5
Using This Manual
This User Manual provides detailed information on how to use all functions of
the Bode 100 vector network analyzer properly and efficiently. The Bode 100
User Manual is intended for all users of the Bode 100, providing instructions on
the operation, usage, and measurement procedures.
Any user of the Bode 100 should have fundamental working knowledge of basic
electronics, general measurement techniques, and the use of PC-based
applications running under a Windows®environment.
Conventions and Symbols Used
In this manual, the following symbol indicates paragraphs with special safety
relevant meaning:
Related Documents
The following documents complete the information covered in the Bode 100
User Manual:
Symbol Description
Equipment damage or loss of data
possible.
Title Description
Automation Interface Object Hierarchy
and Automation Interface Reference
available in the Automation subdirectory
of the Bode Analyzer Suite directory
Provide detailed information on the
Bode Analyzer Automation Interface.

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7
Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
The Bode 100 is a multifunctional test & measurement instrument designed for
professionals such as scientists, engineers and teachers engaged in the field of
electronics. Its concept – universal hardware controlled by the
Bode Analyzer Suite software running on a PC – makes the Bode 100 an
efficient and flexible solution for a wide spectrum of applications including:
•Gain/Phase measurements
The Bode 100 measures the gain and phase of passive and active electronic
circuits as well as complex electronic systems such as closed-loop control
systems, video systems and RF equipment.
•Impedance/Reflection measurements
The Bode 100 measures impedance, admittance and reflection coefficient of
passive and active electronic circuits. An internal bridge allows performing
measurements by just connecting the device under test (DUT) to the
Bode 100’s source.
•Frequency Sweep measurements
In addition to single frequency measurements, the Bode 100 performs
measurements in the Frequency Sweep mode.
In this measurement mode, the Bode 100 is capable of measuring the gain,
reflection coefficient and impedance of the DUT. The results are displayed as
a function of the frequency in various display formats such as group delay
curves or Smith charts.
The measurement results are available on your PC for processing and/or
documentation.
The Bode 100 includes a DDS (direct digital synthesis) signal source with
adjustable level and frequency for excitation of the DUT, two receivers
processing the DUT’s response and a microcontroller. A DC power converter
generates voltages for powering the circuitry involved. The Bode Analyzer Suite
software runs on a PC connected to the Bode 100 via USB interface.

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1.2 Block Diagram
Figure 1-1:
Block diagram
CH 2 receiver
CH 1 receiver
DDS signal sourceMicrocontroller
CH 1 ADC
CH 2 ADC
DC power converter
DC power input USB 1.1 interface
CH 1 INPUT CH 2 INPUT OUTPUT

9
Introduction
1.3 Connectors
Caution: To avoid damage of the Bode 100, check 10.3 "Absolute
Maximum Ratings" on page 102 for maximum input signals at the
CH 1 INPUT and CH 2 INPUT connectors and maximum reverse power at
the OUTPUT connector.
The Bode 100 provides the following connectors:
• OUTPUT (signal source output) on the front panel
• CH 1 INPUT (channel 1 input) on the front panel
• CH 2 INPUT (channel 2 input) on the front panel
• DC power input on the rear panel
• USB connector on the rear panel
Figure 1-2:
Bode 100 front view
Figure 1-3:
Bode 100 rear view
OUTPUT CH 1 INPUT CH 2 INPUT
DC power input USB connector

Bode 100 User Manual
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1.4 Standard Compliance
The Bode 100 complies with the following standards:
Table 1-1:
Standard compliance
Standard Description
IEC 61326:
Class B equipment
Performance criterion B
EMC requirements
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Specification,
Revision 1.1 and Revision 2.0
USB interface

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Introduction
1.5 Delivery
Bode 100 multifunctional
vector network analyzer Bode 100 CD-ROM
Wide-range AC power
supply including mains
input plugs for different
national standards
Test objects on a PCB:
Quartz filter, IF filter
USB cable 4 × BNC 50 Ωcable
(m–m)
BNC straight adapter (f–f) BNC T adapter (f–f–f) BNC short circuit (m)
BNC 50 Ω load (m) Bode 100 User Manual
The delivered
items may differ
slightly from the
picture.

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13
Installation
2 Installation
Caution: Before installing the Bode 100, check the environmental and
power requirements (see 10 "Technical Data" on page 101).
2.1 Installing the Bode Analyzer Suite
Caution: Install the Bode Analyzer Suite on the delivered CD-ROM before
using the Bode 100.
The Bode Analyzer Suite software on the delivered CD-ROM controls the
operation of the Bode 100. Install the Bode Analyzer Suite first, before you
connect the Bode 100 to the PC. Put the Bode 100 CD-ROM in the CD-ROM
drive and follow the instructions on the screen. Please check the OMICRON Lab
website www.omicron-lab.com for installation support or contact your nearest
support center (see "Contact Information / Technical Support" on page 105).
2.2 Powering the Bode 100
Caution: Before powering the Bode 100 using a DC power supply not
delivered with the Bode 100, check the polarity of its output voltage (see
10.2 "Power Requirements" on page 102).
The Bode 100 is powered with an external wide-range AC power adapter.
Before powering the Bode 100, select the adapter’s mains input plug fitting your
power outlet. Plug the adapter’s DC output connector into the Bode 100’s DC
power input on the rear panel and the mains input plug into the power outlet.
Alternatively, you can power the Bode 100 with any DC power supply meeting
the power requirements specified on page 102.
2.3 Connecting the Bode 100 with the PC
The Bode 100 communicates with the PC via USB interface (see 10.4 "PC
Requirements" on page 103). Connect the Bode 100’s USB connector on the
rear panel to the USB connector of your PC using the USB cable delivered with
your Bode 100.

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15
Gain/Phase Mode
3 Gain/Phase Mode
Figure 3-1:
Gain/Phase mode
window
Menu bar
Allows access to all Bode 100 functions. See Table 3-1: "Menus and commands" on page 16.
Toolbar
Contains shortcuts to the most
important Bode 100 functions.
See Figure 3-2: "Toolbar" on
page 17.
Calibration toolbar
Choose the calibration mode.
Switch the calibration on and off.
See Figure 3-3: "Calibration toolbar" on page 17.
Split bar
Drag the split bar to resize the panes.
Graphical display of measurement results
Use the context menu to optimize the display.
See Figure 3-6: "Graphical display of measurement results" on page 19.
Overload and connection indicators
See Figure 3-7: "Overload and
connection indicators" on page 19.
Configuration and measurement setup
See Figure 3-4: "Configuration and
measurement setup" on page 18.
Results
Select the result format and get result values.
See Figure 3-5: "Gain/Phase mode results" on
page 18.

Bode 100 User Manual
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Table 3-1:
Menus and commands
Menu Command Description
File
New
Opens the
NewBodeMeasurement.Bode
file containing default settings.
Open
Opens a *.Bode file
containing saved settings and
measurement data.
Save Saves the device configuration,
measurement settings,
calibration and measurement
data and the graphical display
settings.
Save As
Exit Closes the
Bode Analyzer Suite.
Measurement
Gain/Phase Selects the Gain/Phase
measurement mode.
Impedance/Reflection
Selects the
Impedance/Reflection
measurement mode.
Frequency Sweep Selects the Frequency Sweep
measurement mode.
Continuous Measurement Starts continuous
measurements.
Single Measurement Starts a single frequency
sweep measurement.1
1Only available in the Frequency Sweep mode
Stop Measurement Stops measurement. The last
result remains displayed.
Configuration
Device Configuration Allows setting the device
configuration.
Connection Setup Shows the connection of the
DUT to Bode 100.
Search and Reconnect
Device
Connects Bode 100 with the
PC.

17
Gain/Phase Mode
Figure 3-2:
Toolbar
Figure 3-3:
Calibration toolbar
Menu Command Description
Calibration
User Calibration
Starts the user calibration
(see 6 "Calibrating the
Bode 100" on page 59).
Probe Calibration
Starts the probe calibration
(see 6 "Calibrating the
Bode 100" on page 59).
Tools Options
Allows setting the startup
configuration and the CSV
export options (see 7.1 "File
Operations" on page 73).
Help
Contents Opens the online help.
About Displays the
Bode Analyzer Suite version.
Open
New Save
Search and Reconnect Device
Device Configuration
Continuous Measurement
Stop Measurement
Help
Gain/Phase
Impedance/Reflection
Frequency Sweep
Single Measurement
Start user calibration Start probe calibration
Switch Impedance/Reflection mode calibration on/off
Switch Gain/Phase mode calibration on/off
Switch Gain/Phase mode calibration on/off
Switch Impedance/Reflection mode calibration on/off

Bode 100 User Manual
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Figure 3-4:
Configuration and
measurement setup
Hint: A higher receiver bandwidth allows faster measurements, a lower receiver
bandwidth increases the measurement accuracy.
Figure 3-5:
Gain/Phase mode
results
Set the output source
generator frequency.
Set the output source
generator level.
Select the channel 1
input attenuation.
Select the channel 2
input attenuation.
Select the receiver
bandwidth.
Select the output format of
measurement results.
Display of measurement
results in the selected
format.

19
Gain/Phase Mode
Figure 3-6:
Graphical display of
measurement results
Hint: Using the Copy to Clipboard function you can easily export your diagram
into other Windows®applications.
Figure 3-7:
Overload and
connection indicators
Hint: If the serial number field in the status bar displays "No Device" on red
background, check whether the Bode 100 is powered and connected with your
PC, and then click the toolbar button to reconnect the Bode 100.
Right-click in the diagram to open the context menu.
Use the context menu to optimize the diagram, select the grid and zoom
in the diagram. After having zoomed in, click Optimize to get back to an
optimized diagram.
Overload indicators for the channel 1 and channel 2 inputs. If you see a red bar,
increase the attenuation of the respective channel to prevent the overload.
Serial number of the Bode 100

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3.1 Basics
The gain and phase of the DUT is calculated from the measurement data
obtained using the reference channel 1 and the measurement channel 2. You
can connect the signal source to the reference channel internally or externally
as described in 3.2 "Choosing the Reference Connection" on page 22.
The basic definitions and formulas related to the gain/phase measurements are
summarized below:
(Eq. 3-1)
(Eq. 3-2)
(Eq. 3-3)
where
…displayed gain/phase function
…magnitude of
…phase of
…group delay of
(Eq. 3-4)
(Eq. 3-5)
where
…S parameter from port ito port jof the DUT
…transfer function of a two-port device, depends on the load of the
port where is measured
…voltage at the DUT’s output
…open-circuit voltage of the source
…voltage at the DUT’s input
…voltage at the channel 1 input
…voltage at the channel 2 input
…input impedance of the DUT
…50 Ωsource resistance
Assumptions for measuring :
• The source with resistance = 50 Ωis connected to port i.
•50Ωload (receiver resistance) at port jmeasuring , any other ports of
the DUT are terminated with 50 Ω.
• Connections are made with 50 Ωcables.
Hf() abs Hf(){}=
φf() Hf(){}arg=
Tgf() 1
2π
------ fd
dφf()•ωd
dφω()–=–=
Hf()
Hf() Hf()
φf() Hf()
Tgf() Hf()
Sji f() 2VOUT
V0
-------------
•ij≠,=
HTf() VOUT
VIN
-------------
=
Sji f() ij≠()
HTf() HTf()
VOUT
VOUT
V0
VIN
VCH1
VCH2
ZIN
RS
Sji f()
RS
VOUT