Omicron Bode 100 User manual

Bode 100
User Manual

2
Bode 100 User Manual
Article Number VESD0661 - Manual Version: Bode100.AE.3
© OMICRON Lab 2008. All rights reserved.
This User Manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH.
This User Manual represents the technical status at the time of printing. The product information,
specifications, and all technical data contained within this User Manual are not contractually binding.
OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or
configuration without announcement. OMICRON electronics is not to be held liable for statements and
declarations given in this User Manual. The user is responsible for every application described in this
User Manual and its results. OMICRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability for
mistakes in this manual.
Please feel free to copy this manual for your needs.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Excel is a registered trademark of
Microsoft Corporation. Visual C++ is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. MATLAB is a
registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. LabVIEW is a registered trademark of National
Instruments.

3
Contents
Contents
Using This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Conventions and Symbols Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Related Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.2 Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.3 Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.4 Standard Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.5 Normative Conformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.6 Test Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.7 Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2 Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
2.1 Installing the Bode Analyzer Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
2.2 Powering the Bode 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
2.3 Connecting the Bode 100 to the Computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
2.4 How to Proceed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3 Gain/Phase Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
3.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
3.1.1 Internal Reference Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.1.2 External Reference Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.2 Choosing the Reference Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3.3 Example: Gain/Phase Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4 Impedance/Reflection Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
4.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
4.1.1 General Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
4.1.2 Equivalent Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
4.1.3 Quality Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
4.2 Example: Impedance/Reflection Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Bode 100 User Manual
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5 Frequency Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
5.1 Example: Frequency Sweep Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
5.2 Impedance Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
6 Frequency Sweep (External Coupler) Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
6.1 Example: Frequency Sweep (External Coupler) Measurement . . . . . . .65
7 Calibrating the Bode 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
7.1 Calibration Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
7.1.1 Probe Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
7.1.2 User Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
7.1.3 Hierarchy of Calibration Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
7.2 Calibration in the Gain/Phase Mode
(Internal Reference Connection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
7.3 Calibration in the Gain/Phase Mode
(External Reference Connection – CH1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
7.4 Calibration in the Impedance/Reflection Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
7.5 Calibration in the Frequency Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
7.6 Calibration in the Frequency Sweep (External Coupler) Mode . . . . . . . .91
8 Common Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
8.1 Toolbars, Menus and Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
8.2 Setting the Measurement Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
8.3 File Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
8.3.1 Loading and Saving the Equipment Configuration . . . . . . . . . . .98
8.3.2 Exporting Measurement Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
9 Advanced Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
9.1 Advanced Display Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
9.1.1 Gain/Phase and Impedance/Reflection Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
9.1.2 Frequency Sweep and
Frequency Sweep (External Coupler) Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
9.2 Advanced Sweep Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
9.3 Level Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
9.4 Using Probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

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Contents
10 Automation Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
11 Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
11.1 USB Cable and/or Power Supply to the Bode 100 Is Missing. . . . . . . .133
11.2 Lost Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
11.3 Cannot Select Frequencies Lower Than 10 Hz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
12 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
12.1 Bode 100 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
12.2 Power Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
12.3 Absolute Maximum Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
12.4 Computer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
12.5 Environmental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
12.6 Mechanical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Contact Information / Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

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Using This Manual
7
Using This Manual
This User Manual provides detailed information on how to use all functions of
the Bode 100 vector network analyzer properly and efficiently. The Bode 100
User Manual is intended for all users of the Bode 100, providing instructions on
the operation, usage, and measurement procedures.
Any user of the Bode 100 should have fundamental working knowledge of basic
electronics, general measurement techniques, and the use of computer-based
applications running under a Windows®environment.
Conventions and Symbols Used
In this manual, the following symbol indicates paragraphs with special safety
relevant meaning:
Related Documents
The following documents complete the information covered in the Bode 100
User Manual:
Symbol Description
Equipment damage or loss of data
possible
Title Description
Automation Interface Object Hierarchy
and Automation Interface Reference
(available in the Automation
subdirectory of the
Bode Analyzer Suite directory)
Provide detailed information on the
Bode Analyzer Automation Interface.

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9
Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
The Bode 100 is a multifunctional test & measurement instrument designed for
professionals such as scientists, engineers and teachers engaged in the field of
electronics. Its concept – universal hardware controlled by the
Bode Analyzer Suite software running on a computer – makes the Bode 100 an
efficient and flexible solution for a wide spectrum of applications including:
•Gain/Phase measurements
The Bode 100 measures the gain and phase of passive and active electronic
circuits as well as complex electronic systems such as closed-loop control
systems, video systems and RF equipment.
•Impedance/Reflection measurements
The Bode 100 measures the impedance, admittance and reflection
coefficient of passive and active electronic circuits. An internal bridge allows
performing measurements by just connecting the device under test (DUT) to
the Bode 100 source.
•Frequency Sweep measurements
In addition to single frequency measurements, the Bode 100 performs
measurements in the Frequency Sweep mode.
In this measurement mode, the Bode 100 is capable of measuring the
complex gain, reflection coefficient and impedance of the DUT. The results
are displayed as a function of the frequency in various display formats such
as group delay curves or Smith charts.
•Frequency Sweep (External Coupler) measurements
In this measurement mode you can measure the complex impedance,
admittance and reflection coefficient of the DUT by using an external
directional coupler orother external measurementbridge. Typical application
examples include measurements of broadcast antennas and impedance
measurements with signal levels above 20 mW.
The measurement results are available on your computer for processing and/or
documentation.
The Bode 100 includes a DDS (direct digital synthesis) signal source with
adjustable level and frequency for excitation of the DUT, two receivers
processing the DUT’s response and a microcontroller. A DC power converter
generates voltages for powering the circuitry involved. For the basic block
diagram of the Bode 100, see Figure 1-1: "Block diagram" on page 10.
The Bode Analyzer Suite runs on a computer connected to the Bode 100
through USB interface.

Bode 100 User Manual
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1.2 Block Diagram
Figure 1-1:
Block diagram
CH 2 receiver
CH 1 receiver
DDS signal sourceMicrocontroller
CH 1 ADC
CH 2 ADC
DC power converter
DC power input USB interface
CH 1 INPUT CH 2 INPUT OUTPUT

11
Introduction
1.3 Connectors
Caution: To avoid damage of the Bode 100, check 12.3 "Absolute
Maximum Ratings" on page 136 for maximum input signals at the
CH 1 INPUT and CH 2 INPUT connectors and maximum reverse power at
the OUTPUT connector.
The Bode 100 provides the following connectors:
• OUTPUT (signal source output) on the front panel
• CH 1 INPUT (channel 1 input) on the front panel
• CH 2 INPUT (channel 2 input) on the front panel
• DC power input on the rear panel
• USB connector on the rear panel
Figure 1-2:
Bode 100 front view
Figure 1-3:
Bode 100 rear view
OUTPUT CH 1 INPUT CH 2 INPUT
DC power input USB connector

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1.4 Standard Compliance
The Bode 100 complies with the following standards:
Table 1-1:
Standard compliance
1.5 Normative Conformity
The Bode 100 conforms to the following normative documents of the EU:
Table 1-2:
Conformity documents
1.6 Test Compliance
The Bode 100 passed the tests according to the EN/IEC 61010-1, IEC 61326.
Standard Description
IEC 61326:
Class B equipment
Performance criterion B
EMC requirements
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Specification,
Revision 1.1 and Revision 2.0 USB interface
Document Description
73/23/EWG Concerning electrical devices for use of certain voltage limits
with changes due to the CE designation standard 93/68/EWG
89/336/EWG About electromagnetic compatibility changed by
the standard of the Council from 1991-04-29 (91/263/EWG),
the standard of the Council from 1992-04-28 (92/31/EWG),
and
the standard of the Council from 1993-07-22 (93/68/EWG)

13
Introduction
1.7 Delivery
Bode 100multifunctional
vector network analyzer Bode 100 CD-ROM Wide-range AC power supply including mains
input plugs for different
national standards
Test objects on a PCB:
quartz filter, IF filter USB cable 4 × BNC 50 Ωcable (m–m)
BNC straight adapter(f–f) BNC T adapter (f–f–f) BNC short circuit (m)
BNC 50 Ω load (m) Bode 100 User Manual
The delivered items
may differ slightly
from the picture.

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15
Getting Started
2 Getting Started
Caution: Before installing the Bode 100, check the environmental and
power requirements (see 12 "Technical Data" on page 135).
2.1 Installing the Bode Analyzer Suite
Caution: Install the Bode Analyzer Suite from the delivered CD-ROM
before connecting the Bode 100 to the USB connector of your computer.
TheBode Analyzer Suite on the deliveredCD-ROM controlstheoperationofthe
Bode 100. Install the Bode Analyzer Suite first, before you connect the
Bode 100tothe computer.Put the Bode 100 CD-ROM in theCD-ROM driveand
follow the instructions on the screen. Select the 32-bit or 64-bit installation
according to your computer’s hardware. For installation support, visit the
OMICRON Lab Web site www.omicron-lab.comor contact your nearest support
center (see "Contact Information / Technical Support" on page 139).
2.2 Powering the Bode 100
Caution: Before powering the Bode 100 using a DC power supply different
from the one delivered with the Bode 100, check the polarity of its output
voltage (see 12.2 "Power Requirements" on page 136).
The Bode 100 is powered with an external wide-range AC power adapter.
Before powering the Bode 100, select the adapter’s mains input plug fitting your
power outlet. Plug the adapter’s DC output connector into the Bode 100 DC
power input on the rear panel and the mains input plug into the power outlet.
Alternatively, you can power the Bode 100 with any DC power supply meeting
the power requirements specified on page 136.
2.3 Connecting the Bode 100 to the Computer
The Bode 100 communicates with the computer through USB interface (see
12.4 "Computer Requirements" on page 137). Connect the Bode 100 USB
connector on the rear panel to the USB connector of your computer using the
USB cable delivered with your Bode 100.

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2.4 How to Proceed
Now, you are ready to work with your Bode 100. You can proceed with
Section 3 "Gain/Phase Mode" to make your first measurement with the
Bode 100, and then go through the Bode 100 User Manual to learn the
capabilities of your Bode 100 by doing practical examples. For the
Bode Analyzer Suite basics, see Section 8 "Common Functions".

17
Gain/Phase Mode
3 Gain/Phase Mode
Figure 3-1:
Gain/Phase mode
window Menu bar
Allows access to all Bode 100 functions. See Table 8-1: "Menus and commands" on page 96.
Toolbar
Contains shortcuts to the most important
Bode 100 functions.
See Figure 8-1: "Toolbar" on page 95.
Calibration toolbar
Choose the calibration mode.
Switch the calibration on and off.
See Figure 8-2: "Calibration toolbar"
on page 95.
Split bar
Drag the split bar to resize the panes.
Graphical display of measurement results
Use the shortcut menu to optimize the display.
See Figure 3-4: "Graphical display of measurement results" on page 19.
Overload and connection indicators
See Figure 3-5: "Overload and
connection indicators" on page 19.
Configuration and measurement setup
See Figure 3-2: "Configuration and
measurement setup" on page 18.
Results
Select the result format and get result values.
See Figure 3-3: "Gain/Phase mode results" on
page 18.

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Figure 3-2:
Configuration and
measurement setup
Hint: A higher receiver bandwidth allows faster measurements, a lower receiver
bandwidth increases the measurement accuracy.
Figure 3-3:
Gain/Phase mode
results
Set the output source
generator frequency.
Set the output source
generator level.
Select the channel 1
input attenuation.
Select the channel 2
input attenuation.
Select the receiver
bandwidth.
Select the output format of
measurement results.
Displayof measurement
results in the selected
format.

19
Gain/Phase Mode
Figure 3-4:
Graphical display of
measurement results
Hint: Using the Copy and Copy with Settings functions you can easily export
your diagram into other Windows®applications. For more information, see
9.1 "Advanced Display Options" on page 101.
Figure 3-5:
Overload and
connection indicators
Hint: If the serial number field in the status bar displays No Device on red
background, check whether the Bode 100 is powered and connected to your
computer, and then click the Search and Reconnect Device toolbar button
to reconnect the Bode 100.
Right-click in the diagram to open the shortcut menu.
Use the shortcut menu to optimize the diagram, select the grid and zoom in the
diagram. After having zoomed in, click Optimize to get back to an optimized diagram.
Overload indicators for the channel 1 and channel 2 inputs. If you see a red bar, increase
the attenuation of the respective channel or reduce the source level to prevent the overload.
Serial number of the Bode 100

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3.1 Basics
The gain and phase of the DUT is calculated from the measurement data
obtained using the reference channel 1 and the measurement channel 2. You
can connect the signal source to the reference channel internally or externally
as described in 3.2 "Choosing the Reference Connection" on page 22.
The basic definitions and formulas related to the gain/phase measurements are
summarized below:
(Eq. 3-1)
(Eq. 3-2)
(Eq. 3-3)
where…displayed gain/phase function
…magnitude of
…phase of
…group delay of
(Eq. 3-4)
(Eq. 3-5)
where…S parameter from port ito port jof the DUT
…transfer function of a two-port device, depends on the load of the
port where is measured
…voltage at the DUT’s output
…open-circuit voltage of the source
…voltage at the DUT’s input
…voltage at the channel 1 input
…voltage at the channel 2 input
…input impedance of the DUT
…50 Ωsource resistance
Assumptions for measuring :
• The source with resistance = 50 Ωis connected to port i.
•50Ωload (receiver resistance) at port jmeasuring , any other ports of
the DUT are terminated with 50 Ω.
• Connections are made with 50 Ωcables.
Hf() abs Hf(){}=
φf() Hf(){}arg=
Tgf() 1
2π
------ fd
dφf()•ωddφω()–=–=
Hf()
Hf() Hf()
φf() Hf()
Tgf() Hf()
Sji f() 2VOUT
V0
-------------
•ij≠,=
HTf() VOUT
VIN
-------------
=
Sji f() ij≠()
HTf() HTf()
VOUT
VOUT
V0
VIN
VCH1
VCH2
ZIN
RS
Sji f()
RS
VOUT