oxford diffraction Xcalibur A User manual

User Manual
Xcalibur
Single Crystal Diffractometer
January 1, 2009
Version 1.8
Oxford Diffraction Limited
10 Mead Road
Oxford Industrial Park
Yarnton, Oxfordshire
OX5 1QU, UK
Tel.: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
http://www.oxford-diffraction.com

Xcalibur Xcalibur A ENHANCE Version 1.8
USER MANUAL Page ii
Important Information
This user manual applies to the Xcalibur systems manufactured in Poland by Oxford Diffraction.
Product: Xcalibur
Model
Configuration:
X-ray source: ENHANCE
Detector: Atlas CCD
Electrical Ratings: 1/N AC 230 V 50/60 Hz 4200 Watts
Before attempting to operate the system, PLEASE READ THE
INSTRUCTIONS.
This product should only be used by persons legally permitted to do so.
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified in the User Manual, the protection provided by
the equipment may be impaired.
Important Health and Safety Notice
When returning components for service or repair it is essential that the item is shipped together with
a signed declaration that the product has not been exposed to any hazardous contamination or that
appropriate decontamination procedures have been carried out so that the product is safe to
handle. Please refer to the Appendices for the RMA process.
Care has been taken to ensure the information in this manual is accurate and at an appropriate
level. Please inform Oxford Diffraction if you have any suggestions for corrections or improvements
to this manual.
Xcalibur service and support is available for technical and operational issues as indicated below.
•E-mail: [e-mail]
•Phone: [phone] between 8 a.m. and 4.30 p.m. (UK time), Monday to Friday
•Fax: [phone]
This users' manual has been written according to standard 89/392/EEC and further modifications.
Xcalibur is a trademark of Oxford Diffraction Limited in some jurisdictions and a registered
trademark of Oxford Diffraction Limited in other jurisdictions.
Oxford Diffraction acknowledges all trademarks and registrations.
Copyright 2009 Oxford Diffraction Limited. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be
reproduced or distributed in any form, or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without prior written permission of Oxford Diffraction.

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Contents
1. Health and Safety Information .......................................................1
1.1 General.................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Electrical Safety....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1. Potential Electrical Hazards .......................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Recommended Precautions.......................................................................................... 2
1.2.3. First Aid ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Mechanical Handling Safety.................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Safe Mechanical Practice........................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Moving Parts ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 X-ray Radiation........................................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Extreme Temperatures............................................................................................................ 5
1.8 Vacuum ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.9 High Pressures........................................................................................................................ 5
1.10 Hazardous or Toxic Materials ............................................................................................... 6
1.11 Modifications and Service ..................................................................................................... 6
2. Introduction.....................................................................................7
2.1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 How To Use This Manual........................................................................................................ 7
2.3 System Overview .................................................................................................................... 7
3. Specifications .................................................................................8
3.1 Environmental Requirements.................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Services................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.1. Electrical Supply............................................................................................................ 8
3.2.2. Water Cooling ............................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Performance Data ................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.1. X-ray Tube (Typical Operating Conditions)................................................................... 9
3.3.2. Atlas CCD Detector..................................................................................................... 10
3.3.3. PC CCD Interface ....................................................................................................... 11
3.3.4. Four-circle Kappa Geometry X-ray Goniometer ......................................................... 11
3.4 Electrical Data ....................................................................................................................... 12
4. Technical Description...................................................................13
4.1 Overview of Xcalibur ............................................................................................................. 13
4.2 CCD Detector Technology .................................................................................................... 15
4.2.1. Beryllium Window........................................................................................................ 16
4.2.2. Scintillation Screen (Phosphor)................................................................................... 16
4.2.3. Taper........................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.4. CCD............................................................................................................................. 16
4.2.5. Read-out Speed .......................................................................................................... 17
4.2.6. Binning ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.2.7. Dark Current and MPP Mode...................................................................................... 17
4.2.8. Radiation Damage ...................................................................................................... 17
4.2.9. Full Well Depth and Digitisation .................................................................................. 17
4.2.10. Anti-blooming ............................................................................................................ 18
4.2.11. Vacuum ..................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.12. Fast Shutter............................................................................................................... 18

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4.2.13. Zingers and Cosmic Ray Events............................................................................... 18
4.3 Four-Circle Kappa Geometry Goniometer ............................................................................ 18
4.4 X-ray Generator..................................................................................................................... 19
4.5 Software ................................................................................................................................ 19
4.6 KMW200CCD Chiller and KMW3000C Chiller...................................................................... 19
4.7 Low Temperature Option....................................................................................................... 19
4.8 Safety Features..................................................................................................................... 19
5. Handling, Installation, Storage and Transit Information............21
5.1 Reception and Handling........................................................................................................ 21
5.1.1. Delivery ....................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.2. Unpacking ................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.3. Mechanical Handling................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Installation and Setting to Work ............................................................................................ 23
5.2.1. Preparation of Site and Services ................................................................................ 23
5.2.2. Setting to Work............................................................................................................ 25
5.3 Storage.................................................................................................................................. 28
6. Operation.......................................................................................29
6.1 Controls and Indicators ......................................................................................................... 29
6.2 System Start-Up.................................................................................................................... 31
6.3 X-ray Tube Warm-up Procedure ........................................................................................... 32
6.4 System Standby and Normal Shutdown Procedure.............................................................. 32
6.5 Emergency Shutdown ........................................................................................................... 33
6.5.1. Emergency Shutdown Procedure ............................................................................... 33
7. Installation of Detectors...............................................................34
7.1 Interchange of Detectors....................................................................................................... 34
8. Maintenance Schedules ...............................................................35
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 35
8.2 Weekly Maintenance Schedule............................................................................................. 35
8.3 Monthly Maintenance Schedule............................................................................................ 35
8.4 Six Monthly Maintenance Schedule...................................................................................... 36
8.5 Yearly Maintenance Schedule .............................................................................................. 36
8.6 10,000 Hours Maintenance Schedule ................................................................................... 36
9. Maintenance Instructions.............................................................38
9.1 Special Tools......................................................................................................................... 38
9.2 Refining the Machine Parameter File.................................................................................... 39
9.3 Changing the X-ray Tube of Enhance (Vertical X-ray Tubes) .............................................. 39
9.4 Changing the Collimator of Enhance .................................................................................... 40
9.5 Aligning the X-ray Collimator of Enhance ............................................................................. 41
9.6 Aligning the Enhance X-ray Source ...................................................................................... 41
9.7 X-ray Beam Stop Alignment.................................................................................................. 44
9.8 Aligning the Video Microscope.............................................................................................. 47
9.9 Checking the Door Safety Interlocks..................................................................................... 48
9.10 Checking the Emergency stop ............................................................................................ 49
9.11 Checking the X-ray Radiation Levels .................................................................................. 50
9.12 Onyx, Ruby, Atlas and Titan CCD Detector – Pumping Out Vacuum ................................ 50
9.13 Dismantling the Diffractometer............................................................................................ 52

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10. Trouble Shooting ........................................................................54
11. Spares .........................................................................................60
11.1 Fuses................................................................................................................................... 60
11.2 Bulbs ................................................................................................................................... 60
11.3 Service kits and spares ....................................................................................................... 61
12. Disposal Instructions .................................................................62
12.1 X-ray Tube and CCD Detector ............................................................................................ 62
12.2 Third Party Equipment......................................................................................................... 62
13. Additional Information................................................................63
13.1 Third Party Information........................................................................................................ 63
13.2 Drawings ............................................................................................................................. 64
13.2.1. Mechanical Drawings ................................................................................................ 64
13.2.2. Electrical Drawings.................................................................................................... 66
14. CE Conformity Notice.................................................................68

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Table of Figures
Figure 4.1.1 Components of a typical Xcalibur system ..................................................................... 13
Figure 4.1.2 View of a typical diffractometer ..................................................................................... 14
Figure 4.2.1 Schematic of a fibre-optic-coupled CCD detector for X-rays........................................ 15
Figure 4.3.1 Goniometer phi, kappa, omega and theta axes............................................................ 19
Figure 5.2.1 Diffractometer installation procedure (typical Diffractometer system is shown) ........... 26
Figure 6.1.1 Location of switches...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 9.1.1 ‘T’ tool for connection of vacuum line to CCD vacuum port.......................................... 38
Figure 9.1.2 Special tool ‘1’ ............................................................................................................... 38
Figure 9.6.1 Alignment of Enhance X-ray source ............................................................................. 41
Figure 9.6.2 X-ray beam shadowed by steel ball .............................................................................. 43
Figure 9.7.1 Beam stop adjustment screws (cap removed) on Enhance source ............................. 44
Figure 9.7.2 Typical background around the beam stop................................................................... 46
Figure 9.8.1 Goniometer Head Adjustments..................................................................................... 47
Figure 9.8.2 Video Microscope Adjustments..................................................................................... 47
Figure 9.12.1 View of the access plate and pump out port of the CCD detector.............................. 51
Figure 13.2.1 OD-01-00-15-C Xcalibur / Gemini Suggested Layout ............................................. 64
Figure 13.2.2 OD-01-00-01 System and Component Dimensions ................................................ 65

HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION
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1. Health and Safety Information
1.1 General
In normal operation the system is designed to operate safely. All users of Xcalibur should be aware
of potential hazards which exist in and around equipment of this type and the ways of avoiding
possible injury and equipment damage which may result from inappropriate ways of working. A
description of such potential hazards and how to avoid them is given in this section.
This manual adopts the following convention:
WARNING
Indicates a potential hazard which may result in injury or death
CAUTION
Indicates a potential hazard which may result in damage to equipment
Warning symbols on the equipment are:
Protective conductor terminal
Earth (ground) terminal
CAUTION
Risk of electric shock
CAUTION
Refer to accompanying documents
WARNING
Radiation Hazard
See original manufacturers' manuals for further safety data on third party equipment supplied with
the system. A list of these is given in this manual.
WARNING
Do not take risks. You have a responsibility to ensure the safe
condition and safe operation of equipment.
WARNING
The equipment should only be operated and maintained by
authorised operators of the system. An authorised operator is a
person who has undergone specialist radiation training and has been
trained in the use of Xcalibur by Oxford Diffraction personnel.

HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION
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1.2 Electrical Safety
In normal use the user is protected from the dangers associated with the voltage, current and power
levels used by the equipment. Only personnel qualified to work with the voltages and currents used
by this equipment should attempt to disconnect, dismantle or modify the equipment.
1.2.1. Potential Electrical Hazards
The following list is not intended as a complete guide to all the electrical hazards on the system, but
serves to illustrate the range of potential hazards that exist:
•electric shock
•electric burn
•fire of electrical origin
•electric arcing
1.2.2. Recommended Precautions
WARNINGS
All of the electrical equipment supplied as part of the system should
be provided with a protective ground. Do not remove protective
grounds as this may give rise to an electrical safety hazard. It is
vitally important that the system is properly grounded at all times.
Follow local and national electrical regulations and procedures.
Do not defeat interlocks, remove connectors, disconnect equipment,
open safety covers, dismantle or modify equipment unless you are
qualified and authorised to do so and you are fully conversant with its
operation and potential hazards, or have total assurance through your
local electrical permit to work system that the equipment has been
made safe.
Ensure that the mains supply is fused at an appropriate rating, or
fitted with a circuit breaker, and that it can be isolated locally via a
clearly labelled, clearly visible and easily accessible isolating switch.
Isolate the supply before carrying out any maintenance work.
Never switch off the CCD detector’s power supply when the
KMW200CCD is operational. To switch off the CCD detector use the
KMW200CCD’s front panel power switch.
Do not touch any unshielded wires or connectors while mains power
is supplied to the system.
Do not allow water or any other foreign objects to come into contact
with the equipment’s electrical components.

HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION
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1.2.3. First Aid
A course in first aid to include methods of artificial respiration is recommended for those whose
work involves equipment that may produce a high voltage.
WARNING
Do not attempt to administer first aid to someone who may have
suffered electric shock until the source of the shock has been
isolated.
Mains voltages are present in the system. High voltages are used by
the X-ray tube and power supply. These can cause serious injury or
death.
Only personnel qualified to work with high voltages and currents
should perform service or maintenance work on such equipment.
1.3 Mechanical Handling Safety
WARNING
Lifting points are provided for safe handling of components and safe
handling practice must be observed to comply with local regulations.
Check that lifting points are used only for the job intended.
The system itself and some components are heavy and require
careful handling. Use safe lifting procedures for heavy items to
prevent possible strain injury.
1.4 Safe Mechanical Practice
In normal use personnel are not required to undertake mechanical work. However, servicing or
repair may necessitate access to any part of the system. Only personnel who have been trained by
Oxford Diffraction to carry out service work on this equipment should attempt to dismantle, modify
or repair the equipment.
Water connections should be made and tested in accordance with any local and national safety
regulations.
1.5 Moving Parts
There are a number of moving parts in the system which are powered by electric motors.
WARNING
Injury could result if clothing or body parts become caught in moving
mechanisms.
Keep clothing, hands and body parts away from moving mechanisms.

HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION
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1.6 X-ray Radiation
WARNING
This equipment contains an X-ray tube. Ensure that safe working
practices relating to radiation are employed. Follow any local,
national or international rules and guidelines.
Intentional or reckless misuse of the X-ray generator or its safety
devices including safety interlocks and cabinet shielding can result in
serious injury or even death.
During operation, there is an acceptable level of X-ray radiation as based on the recommendations
on risk published by the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) and endorsed
by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) in the UK. For use in the UK, the Ionising Radiations’
Regulations 1999 should be adhered to. For countries outside the UK the appropriate laws apply
such as registration and inspection.
Customers should be aware of their duty of safety to their employees and visitors.
WARNINGS
To prevent injury to personnel and possible damage to the
equipment, please note the following guidelines:
1. Only authorised personnel who have received appropriate
instruction and are aware of the laboratory rules that govern the
use of this type of system should operate the system.
2. Never dismount the beam stop when the system is operational.
3. Do not operate the system without the collimator, unless
performing the beam alignment procedure.
4. Use appropriate X-ray detection equipment to perform regular
radiation checks as per any laboratory rules
5. Use only genuine hardware X-ray tubes, X-ray generators,
monochromators, goniometer heads and collimators, as
recommended by Oxford Diffraction. Use of other products may
compromise the performance of the shielding and safety system,
and may invalidate your warranty.

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1.7 Extreme Temperatures
WARNINGS
1. Systems fitted with the low temperature option use liquid nitrogen
and/or liquid helium as a coolant. Liquid nitrogen and liquid
helium are cryogenic liquids and can cause cold burns. Wear
gloves when handling cryogenic liquids and use eye protection.
Refer to the information supplied with the equipment for more
information.
2. During operation both the X-ray tube and the heat sink of the CCD
power supply become hot. In normal use they are located inside a
cabinet and hot parts are not accessible. During maintenance
periods, however, it may be necessary to override the interlock so
that adjustments can be made. Therefore great care must be taken
to avoid touching either the X-ray tube or the heat sink of the CCD
power supply when they are operating and for a period of 20
minutes after operation.
1.8 Vacuum
WARNING
When handling and using X-ray tubes and the CCD detector,
particular care should be taken to avoid injury caused by possible
implosion of the vacuum tube. Wear eye protection.
1.9 High Pressures
WARNING
Know the law about high pressure gas cylinders and follow it. High
pressure cylinders are often used to store gases (typically at
pressures up to 200 bar). Most countries have laws about using them.
•Chain cylinders to a fixed object or keep them in specially
designed trolleys
• Only use approved and tested high pressure fittings
Gas cylinders become dangerous projectiles if they are ruptured or the valve is knocked off. They
can break through thick walls or travel hundreds of metres (by rocket propulsion).

HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION
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1.10 Hazardous or Toxic Materials
Beryllium and beryllium oxide are toxic materials. Follow appropriate handling, shipping, use,
storage and disposal procedures and regulations. Refer to BrushWellman Material Safety Data
Sheet No. M10 for further information.
WARNING
If Beryllium is exposed to fire, it may oxidise to highly toxic beryllium
oxide powder. Do not attempt to clear up the remains of any fire, but
contact the relevant local agency stating that there is an incident
involving possible beryllium or beryllium oxide contamination.
1.11 Modifications and Service
The manufacturer will not be held responsible for the safety, reliability or performance of the
equipment unless assembly operations, extensions, re-adjustments, modifications and repairs are
carried out only by persons authorised by the manufacturer. It should be stressed that those parts of
the equipment which are interchangeable, and which are subject to deterioration during operation,
may significantly affect the safety of the equipment.

INTRODUCTION
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2. Introduction
2.1 Scope
This manual applies to the Xcalibur A system designed and manufactured by Oxford Diffraction.
2.2 How To Use This Manual
This manual is aimed at operators and maintenance personnel of the Xcalibur A system. Operators
of the system should be computer literate, familiar with X-ray diffraction techniques, have had
training in the use of the Xcalibur A system by Oxford Diffraction staff, and have had training about
radiation safety.
This manual is intended to provide operators with a practical guide to the system and its operation.
This is intended to familiarise the user with how the system works and provide a better
understanding of the system operation.
All personnel who are likely to operate the system or who are likely to come into contact with any of
the system components should read the HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION section of the
manual. This provides basic information aimed at highlighting the safety hazards associated with
the equipment.
More detailed information and instructions for component parts of the system are given in the third
party manuals supplied with the system, which are listed in this manual. These manuals should also
be read and understood before operating the system.
The purpose of this manual is to:
•explain how to operate the equipment
•explain how to interface to the equipment
•list performance characteristics of the equipment
•describe how the equipment operates
•assist with simple fault finding and maintenance
2.3 System Overview
The Xcalibur A are single crystal diffractometers that use the property of X-ray diffraction to
determine the crystal structure of materials. They are intended for use with single crystals of
chemical substances (inorganic, organic or organo-metallic), mineralogical and biological samples.
The Xcalibur A may also be used in the analysis of powder samples. Intended samples should have
a maximum unit cell dimension of 100 Ångstrom in any direction for small molecule diffractometers
and 500 Ångstrom for macromolecular systems.
The Xcalibur A may be used with crystal conditioning devices. Specifically, low and high
temperature attachments and high pressure cells. Some minor modifications may be required by
Oxford Diffraction to enable use of these devices.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
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3. Specifications
3.1 Environmental Requirements
Ambient temperature during operation 18 – 28 °C
Stability of ambient temperature during
operation
±1 °C
Storage temperature >10°C
<40°C
Relative humidity <80 % non – condensing
Location Clean, dust free environment
>2m from air conditioning or heating units
Floor covering Conductive or, if carpeted, covered with electrostatic
mats
Floor strength Able to bear system weight of ~500 kg over an area
of 0.64 m
2
3.2 Services
3.2.1. Electrical Supply
Total power requirements 230 V ±10 % for X-ray generators and diffractometer
240, 220 or 110V (depending on region) for
temperature attachments and computer monitor.
63 A
All single phase supplies should come from the same
circuit
Number of outlets required 1 single-phase outlet (16 A) for diffractometer system
(comprising goniometer, interface, water chillers and
computer etc.)
1 single-phase outlet (32 A) for each X-ray generator
4 single-phase outlets (15 A total) for temperature
attachments and computer monitor.
Voltage fluctuation < ±10 % (with line voltage regulator fitted if
necessary)

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Location of outlets On wall behind system (except computer monitor
supply which should be near intended computer table
location)
Protection Circuit breaker to be fitted to all electrical outlets
3.2.2. Water Cooling
Maximum flow rate 1.8 l/min
Pressure 0.5 - 5 bar gauge
Temperature stability ±5 °C
Temperature range 10 – 20 °C
Composition Refer to third party manual provided by X-ray tube
manufacturer.
3.3 Performance Data
3.3.1. X-ray Tube (Typical Operating Conditions)
Tube Voltage (kV) setting Current (mA) setting Resulting power (kW)
Cu 2.2kW tube 55 40 2.2
Mo 3kW tube 50 40 2.0
Maximum radiation dose due to scattering
at outside surface of the enclosure (door
closed, shutter open)
<0.5 µSv/h (with Mo 3 kW tube operating at 2.2 kW)
Maximum radiation dose due to scattering
(door open, with shutter closed)
<0.5 µSv/h (with Mo 3 kW tube operating at 2.2 kW)

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
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3.3.2. Atlas CCD Detector
Active area 135 mm diagonal
Overall dimensions (L x W x H) 243 X 178 X 234 MM
Weight 16 kg
CCD chip Kodak KAF4320-E
Pixel size on scintillator 48 µm
Scintillator material Gadox
Fibre optic reduction 2:1; low distortion reduction taper
Peltier cooling -40ºC (two stage cooler)
Temperature stability ± 0.05ºC(micro-processor PID)
Analogue-to-digital resolution True 18 bit
System noise (so-called read noise) <10 e- RMS
Dark current < 0.05 e-/pix.s
Communication Gigabit Ethernet
Pixel Sampling rate 5.6 MHz
Readout time (complete duty cycle including
chip readout, CDS, analogue-to-digital
conversion, transfer detector-PC, disk storage)
0.22s (4 x 4 binning)
0.46s (2 x 2 binning)
1.59s (1 x 1 binning)
3.3.2.1. Atlas CCD detector Maximum Theta and Resolution (Xcalibur)
Mo Cu and Ultra (Cu)
Maximum resolution in 2 theta 153.59 ° 153.59 °
Maximum resolution in d-value 0.3643Å 0.7912Å

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3.3.3. PC CCD Interface
Communication Gigabit Ethernet
Drivers WinXP
Typical host computer Pentium IV class PC
>2.8 GHz
≥1.0 Gb RAM
20” colour display
3.3.4. Four-circle Kappa Geometry X-ray Goniometer
Type Four–circle Kappa geometry X-ray goniometer
Sphere of all axes coincidence 10 µm
Maximum load Phi axis 2 kg
Reproducibility 0.00125 deg for Omega and Theta
0.0025 deg for Kappa
0.005 deg for Phi
Scanning speed range 0.005 to 3.0 deg/sec
CCD detector to sample distance 40 to 150 mm
X-ray shutter response time 3 ms

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
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3.4 Electrical Data
X-ray Generator and X-ray Goniometer
X-ray Generator Goniometer CCD Detector
Power connection 1/N AC
198 to 242 V
50/60 Hz
1/N AC 230 V ±
10%
50/60 Hz
1/N AC 230 V ±
10%
50/60 Hz
Maximum power consumption 4300 W 250 W 250 W
Maximum mains current 19 A 1.2 A 1.1 A
Main fuse 32 A 6.3 A 3.15 A
Ground terminal 6 mm
2
Cu 2.5 mm
2
Cu 2.5 mm
2
Cu

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
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4. Technical Description
4.1 Overview of Xcalibur
The Xcalibur system consists of:
1. A kappa geometry, 4-circle diffractometer
2. A CCD area detector
3. An instrument cabinet with electronics rack
4. A stand for optional equipment like high or low temperature attachments
5. System software installed on PC workstation
6. A water chiller for the X-ray tube (type KMW3000C).
Note:
The numbers on this diagram refer to the numbered list above
Figure 4.1.1 Components of a typical Xcalibur system
The diffractometer and CCD area detector are mounted inside a cabinet. The cabinet experiment
area is mounted on top of the electronics rack. Water chillers for the CCD detector and the X-ray
generator are positioned to the side of the instrument. The PC workstation is located close to the
instrument to allow a clear view of the diffractometer and convenient access to it.
1
2
3
4
5
6

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
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The diffractometer consists of an X-ray tube, a 4-axis Kappa goniometer (omega, kappa, phi and
theta axis) for sample orientation with a detector arm, which has a universal mount capable of
supporting any Oxford Diffraction CCD area detector or scintillation point detector. The CCD area
detector and the point detector are used to measure the X-quanta diffracted from the sample.
Key
1. X-ray tube
2. 4-circle Kappa goniometer
3. X-ray Shutter
4. Collimator
5. Beamstop
6. Beryllium Window
Figure 4.1.2 View of a typical diffractometer
The X-rays are generated by a sealed tube, which is mounted on the goniometer and powered by
the high voltage X-ray generator. The X-ray optics consist of a high speed shutter located next to
the tube shield, a monochromator for selecting a specified bandwidth from tube spectrum and a
collimator for limiting beam divergence. The sample can be viewed with the video microscope,
which is attached to the stand doming the instrument.
1
3
4
5
6
2