Panasonic PT-DZ12000U - WUXGA DLP Projector User manual

RADIATION DETECTION RADIATION DETECTION
REFERENCE HANDBOOK REFERENCE HANDBOOK
Bladewerx SabreBPMTM Bladewerx SabreBPMTM
Alpha + Beta Air Monitor Alpha + Beta Air Monitor
RADIATION DETECTION RADIATION DETECTION
REFERENCE HANDBOOK REFERENCE HANDBOOK
Bladewerx SabreBPMTM Bladewerx SabreBPMTM
Alpha + Beta Air Monitor Alpha + Beta Air Monitor

Bladewerx provides instrumentation and
software engineering products and services
to the radiation protection and measurement
industry. Specializing in portable alpha-in-air
instrumentation and client software
applications, the company has a reputation of
providing cutting edge technology in both
algorithm development and attractive but
practical software user-interface design.
Our product offerings of SabreBZM,
SabreAlert2, SabreASC, and SabreBPM
illustrate the company focus of merging the
needs of the health physics profession to
rapidly emerging technologies which make
possible the miniaturization and low power
requirements found in our instruments.
Give us a call or drop us an e-mail. We’d be
happy to see how we might help
[e-mail]
505-892-5144
WWW.BLADEWERX.COM
Bladewerx provides instrumentation and
software engineering products and services
to the radiation protection and measurement
industry. Specializing in portable alpha-in-air
instrumentation and client software
applications, the company has a reputation of
providing cutting edge technology in both
algorithm development and attractive but
practical software user-interface design.
Our product offerings of SabreBZM,
SabreAlert2, SabreASC, and SabreBPM
illustrate the company focus of merging the
needs of the health physics profession to
rapidly emerging technologies which make
possible the miniaturization and low power
requirements found in our instruments.
Give us a call or drop us an e-mail. We’d be
happy to see how we might help.
[e-mail]
505-892-5144
WWW.BLADEWERX.COM
Bladewerx provides instrumentation and
software engineering products and services
to the radiation protection and measurement
industry. Specializing in portable alpha-in-air
instrumentation and client software
applications, the company has a reputation of
providing cutting edge technology in both
algorithm development and attractive but
practical software user-interface design.
Our product offerings of SabreBZM,
SabreAlert2, SabreASC, and SabreBPM
illustrate the company focus of merging the
needs of the health physics profession to
rapidly emerging technologies which make
possible the miniaturization and low power
requirements found in our instruments.
Give us a call or drop us an e-mail. We’d be
happy to see how we might help.
[e-mail]
505-892-5144
WWW.BLADEWERX.COM
Bladewerx provides instrumentation and
software engineering products and services
to the radiation protection and measurement
industry. Specializing in portable alpha-in-air
instrumentation and client software
applications, the company has a reputation of
providing cutting edge technology in both
algorithm development and attractive but
practical software user-interface design.
Our product offerings of SabreBZM,
SabreAlert2, SabreASC, and SabreBPM
illustrate the company focus of merging the
needs of the health physics profession to
rapidly emerging technologies which make
possible the miniaturization and low power
requirements found in our instruments.
Give us a call or drop us an e-mail. We’d be
happy to see how we might help.
[e-mail]
505-892-5144
WWW.BLADEWERX.COM

The Bladewerx
SabreBZM
Breathing Zone
Monitor is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
worn on the body,
and its sampling
head clipped to the
lapel. The proximity
of the sampling head
to the wearer’s
mouth means more accurate worker “breathing
zone” dose assessments and alarm indications.
Voice output of dose and status changes allow
hands-free monitoring, permitting the instrument
to be worn on the inside of protective garments.
With the Remote RadNet Output wireless
networking option installed, multiple SabreBZMs
can report readings to a RadNet client workstation
up to 300 feet away. A PocketPC provides the
horsepower for analyzing the spectrum and
quantifying transuranic dose and concentration
against a background of radon-daughter
interference.
The Bladewerx
SabreBZM
Breathing Zone
Monitor is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
worn on the body,
and its sampling
head clipped to the
lapel. The proximity
of the sampling head
to the wearer’s
mouth means more accurate worker “breathing
zone” dose assessments and alarm indications.
Voice output of dose and status changes allow
hands-free monitoring, permitting the instrument
to be worn on the inside of protective garments.
With the Remote RadNet Output wireless
networking option installed, multiple SabreBZMs
can report readings to a RadNet client workstation
up to 300 feet away. A PocketPC provides the
horsepower for analyzing the spectrum and
quantifying transuranic dose and concentration
against a background of radon-daughter
interference.
The Bladewerx
SabreBZM
Breathing Zone
Monitor is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
worn on the body,
and its sampling
head clipped to the
lapel. The proximity
of the sampling head
to the wearer’s
mouth means more accurate worker “breathing
zone” dose assessments and alarm indications.
Voice output of dose and status changes allow
hands-free monitoring, permitting the instrument
to be worn on the inside of protective garments.
With the Remote RadNet Output wireless
networking option installed, multiple SabreBZMs
can report readings to a RadNet client workstation
up to 300 feet away. A PocketPC provides the
horsepower for analyzing the spectrum and
quantifying transuranic dose and concentration
against a background of radon-daughter
interference.
The Bladewerx
SabreBZM
Breathing Zone
Monitor is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
worn on the body,
and its sampling
head clipped to the
lapel. The proximity
of the sampling head
to the wearer’s
mouth means more accurate worker “breathing
zone” dose assessments and alarm indications.
Voice output of dose and status changes allow
hands-free monitoring, permitting the instrument
to be worn on the inside of protective garments.
With the Remote RadNet Output wireless
networking option installed, multiple SabreBZMs
can report readings to a RadNet client workstation
up to 300 feet away. A PocketPC provides the
horsepower for analyzing the spectrum and
quantifying transuranic dose and concentration
against a background of radon-daughter
interference.

The Bladewerx
SabreAlert2™is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or
a portable CAM for
emergency-response
assessments. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
peak-fitting software
for radon-background subtraction means more
accurate workplace measurement and alarm
indications. A self-contained pump, built-in
detector head, alarm light, sonalert and battery
operation, allow the ultimate in alpha air
monitoring portability. A solid-state, ion-implanted,
silicon detector and reliable 1024-channel multi-
channel analyzer provide the input for an X-Scale
processor that performs the alpha spectral
analysis. An integrated 6-LPM pump, lithium-ion
battery and charging electronics complete the
package allowing battery operation of more than
eight hours.
The Bladewerx
SabreAlert2™is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or
a portable CAM for
emergency-response
assessments. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
peak-fitting software
for radon-background subtraction means more
accurate workplace measurement and alarm
indications. A self-contained pump, built-in
detector head, alarm light, sonalert and battery
operation, allow the ultimate in alpha air
monitoring portability. A solid-state, ion-implanted,
silicon detector and reliable 1024-channel multi-
channel analyzer provide the input for an X-Scale
processor that performs the alpha spectral
analysis. An integrated 6-LPM pump, lithium-ion
battery and charging electronics complete the
package allowing battery operation of more than
eight hours.
The Bladewerx
SabreAlert2™is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or
a portable CAM for
emergency-response
assessments. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
peak-fitting software
for radon-background subtraction means more
accurate workplace measurement and alarm
indications. A self-contained pump, built-in
detector head, alarm light, sonalert and battery
operation, allow the ultimate in alpha air
monitoring portability. A solid-state, ion-implanted,
silicon detector and reliable 1024-channel multi-
channel analyzer provide the input for an X-Scale
processor that performs the alpha spectral
analysis. An integrated 6-LPM pump, lithium-ion
battery and charging electronics complete the
package allowing battery operation of more than
eight hours.
The Bladewerx
SabreAlert2™is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, alpha air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or
a portable CAM for
emergency-response
assessments. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
peak-fitting software
for radon-background subtraction means more
accurate workplace measurement and alarm
indications. A self-contained pump, built-in
detector head, alarm light, sonalert and battery
operation, allow the ultimate in alpha air
monitoring portability. A solid-state, ion-implanted,
silicon detector and reliable 1024-channel multi-
channel analyzer provide the input for an X-Scale
processor that performs the alpha spectral
analysis. An integrated 6-LPM pump, lithium-ion
battery and charging electronics complete the
package allowing battery operation of more than
eight hours.

The Bladewerx SabreASCTM Alpha Sample
Counter is a field-deployable alpha sample
counter that provides high-sensitivity Pu239
activity determinations on 2-inch planchettes,
filters or swipes with real time compensation for
radon-daughter background. Samples no longer
need to be stored for several days for radon
daughters to decay before being able to assess
the activity of isotopes of interest, and SabreASC
is easily calibrated to other alpha-emitting
isotopes of interest.
The Bladewerx SabreASCTM Alpha Sample
Counter is a field-deployable alpha sample
counter that provides high-sensitivity Pu239
activity determinations on 2-inch planchettes,
filters or swipes with real time compensation for
radon-daughter background. Samples no longer
need to be stored for several days for radon
daughters to decay before being able to assess
the activity of isotopes of interest, and SabreASC
is easily calibrated to other alpha-emitting
isotopes of interest.
The Bladewerx SabreASCTM Alpha Sample
Counter is a field-deployable alpha sample
counter that provides high-sensitivity Pu239
activity determinations on 2-inch planchettes,
filters or swipes with real time compensation for
radon-daughter background. Samples no longer
need to be stored for several days for radon
daughters to decay before being able to assess
the activity of isotopes of interest, and SabreASC
is easily calibrated to other alpha-emitting
isotopes of interest.
The Bladewerx SabreASCTM Alpha Sample
Counter is a field-deployable alpha sample
counter that provides high-sensitivity Pu239
activity determinations on 2-inch planchettes,
filters or swipes with real time compensation for
radon-daughter background. Samples no longer
need to be stored for several days for radon
daughters to decay before being able to assess
the activity of isotopes of interest, and SabreASC
is easily calibrated to other alpha-emitting
isotopes of interest.

The Bladewerx
SabreBPM™ is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, beta air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or a
fixed CAM. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
alpha peak-fitting
software for radon-
background
subtraction means
more accurate workplace measurement and
alarm indications. Offered with or without a
gamma guard detector, it includes a self-
contained pump, built-in detector head, alarm
light, sonalert and battery operation, providing the
ultimate in beta air monitoring portability. A solid-
state, ion-implanted, silicon detector and reliable
1024-channel multi-channel analyzer provide the
input for X-Scale processor board that performs
the alpha spectral analysis and beta
concentration determination. An integrated 6-
LPM pump, lithium-ion battery complete the
package allowing battery operation of more than
eight hours.
The Bladewerx
SabreBPM™ is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, beta air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or a
fixed CAM. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
alpha peak-fitting
software for radon-
background subtraction
means more accurate
workplace measurement and alarm indications.
Offered with or without a gamma guard detector,
it includes a self-contained pump, built-in detector
head, alarm light, sonalert and battery operation,
providing the ultimate in beta air monitoring
portability. A solid-state, ion-implanted, silicon
detector and reliable 1024-channel multi-channel
analyzer provide the input for X-Scale processor
board that performs the alpha spectral analysis
and beta concentration determination. An
integrated 6-LPM pump, lithium-ion battery
complete the package allowing battery operation
of more than eight hours.
The Bladewerx
SabreBPM™ is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, beta air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or a
fixed CAM. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
alpha peak-fitting
software for radon-
background
subtraction means
more accurate workplace measurement and
alarm indications. Offered with or without a
gamma guard detector, it includes a self-
contained pump, built-in detector head, alarm
light, sonalert and battery operation, providing the
ultimate in beta air monitoring portability. A solid-
state, ion-implanted, silicon detector and reliable
1024-channel multi-channel analyzer provide the
input for X-Scale processor board that performs
the alpha spectral analysis and beta
concentration determination. An integrated 6-
LPM pump, lithium-ion battery complete the
package allowing battery operation of more than
eight hours.
The Bladewerx
SabreBPM™ is a
lightweight, battery-
powered, beta air
monitor that can be
used as a portable
workplace monitor or a
fixed CAM. Using
Bladewerx’ acclaimed
alpha peak-fitting
software for radon-
background subtraction
means more accurate
workplace measurement and alarm indications.
Offered with or without a gamma guard detector,
it includes a self-contained pump, built-in detector
head, alarm light, sonalert and battery operation,
providing the ultimate in beta air monitoring
portability. A solid-state, ion-implanted, silicon
detector and reliable 1024-channel multi-channel
analyzer provide the input for X-Scale processor
board that performs the alpha spectral analysis
and beta concentration determination. An
integrated 6-LPM pump, lithium-ion battery
complete the package allowing battery operation
of more than eight hours.

Shieldwerx provides state-of-the-art neutron
and gamma shielding products, custom
design and fabrication of shielding materials,
and neutron activation foils, to the nuclear
power and nuclear medicine industries, and
accelerator research facilities.
Our staff has more than 40 years experience
in designing and producing shielding
products, and are responsive to every
request. We produce quality products, in a
timely manner, and adapt to the ever-
changing industry needs with new and
innovative solutions.
WWW.SHIELDWERX.COM
Shieldwerx provides state-of-the-art neutron
and gamma shielding products, custom
design and fabrication of shielding materials,
and neutron activation foils, to the nuclear
power and nuclear medicine industries, and
accelerator research facilities.
Our staff has more than 40 years experience
in designing and producing shielding
products, and are responsive to every
request. We produce quality products, in a
timely manner, and adapt to the ever-
changing industry needs with new and
innovative solutions.
WWW.SHIELDWERX.COM
Shieldwerx provides state-of-the-art neutron
and gamma shielding products, custom
design and fabrication of shielding materials,
and neutron activation foils, to the nuclear
power and nuclear medicine industries, and
accelerator research facilities.
Our staff has more than 40 years experience
in designing and producing shielding
products, and are responsive to every
request. We produce quality products, in a
timely manner, and adapt to the ever-
changing industry needs with new and
innovative solutions.
WWW.SHIELDWERX.COM
Shieldwerx provides state-of-the-art neutron
and gamma shielding products, custom
design and fabrication of shielding materials,
and neutron activation foils, to the nuclear
power and nuclear medicine industries, and
accelerator research facilities.
Our staff has more than 40 years experience
in designing and producing shielding
products, and are responsive to every
request. We produce quality products, in a
timely manner, and adapt to the ever-
changing industry needs with new and
innovative solutions.
WWW.SHIELDWERX.COM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.6TBqEN
64
6CEN 64
10CFR20 Appendix A
Respirator Protection Factors 72
10CFR835 Appendix D 67
29CFR1910.134 Respirator Protection Factors 69
Abbreviations 151
Actinium Decay Chain 29
Activity vs Exposure Rate 31
Activity vs Particle Size 42
Acute Radiation Effects 5
Air Flow Meter Corrections 109
Air Monitoring 108
Air Pollution Safe Limits 142
Air Sample Collection & Analysis Methods 111
Air Sample Pump Power Sources 134
Air Sample Pumps 120
Airborne Activity General Dispersion Model 106
ALI & DAC Definitions from
10CFR20 &10CFR835 71
Background Radiation 185
Beta Dose Rates 55
Calculating TODE and TEDE 51
Characteristic X-Rays of the Elements 176
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.6TBqEN
64
6CEN 64
10CFR20 Appendix A
Respirator Protection Factors 72
10CFR835 Appendix D 67
29CFR1910.134 Respirator Protection Factors 69
Abbreviations 151
Actinium Decay Chain 29
Activity vs Exposure Rate 31
Activity vs Particle Size 42
Acute Radiation Effects 5
Air Flow Meter Corrections 109
Air Monitoring 108
Air Pollution Safe Limits 142
Air Sample Collection & Analysis Methods 111
Air Sample Pump Power Sources 134
Air Sample Pumps 120
Airborne Activity General Dispersion Model 106
ALI & DAC Definitions from
10CFR20 &10CFR835 71
Background Radiation 185
Beta Dose Rates 55
Calculating TODE and TEDE 51
Characteristic X-Rays of the Elements 176
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.6TBqEN
64
6CEN 64
10CFR20 Appendix A
Respirator Protection Factors 72
10CFR835 Appendix D 67
29CFR1910.134 Respirator Protection Factors 69
Abbreviations 151
Actinium Decay Chain 29
Activity vs Exposure Rate 31
Activity vs Particle Size 42
Acute Radiation Effects 5
Air Flow Meter Corrections 109
Air Monitoring 108
Air Pollution Safe Limits 142
Air Sample Collection & Analysis Methods 111
Air Sample Pump Power Sources 134
Air Sample Pumps 120
Airborne Activity General Dispersion Model 106
ALI & DAC Definitions from
10CFR20 &10CFR835 71
Background Radiation 185
Beta Dose Rates 55
Calculating TODE and TEDE 51
Characteristic X-Rays of the Elements 176
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.6TBqEN
64
6CEN 64
10CFR20 Appendix A
Respirator Protection Factors 72
10CFR835 Appendix D 67
29CFR1910.134 Respirator Protection Factors 69
Abbreviations 151
Actinium Decay Chain 29
Activity vs Exposure Rate 31
Activity vs Particle Size 42
Acute Radiation Effects 5
Air Flow Meter Corrections 109
Air Monitoring 108
Air Pollution Safe Limits 142
Air Sample Collection & Analysis Methods 111
Air Sample Pump Power Sources 134
Air Sample Pumps 120
Airborne Activity General Dispersion Model 106
ALI & DAC Definitions from
10CFR20 &10CFR835 71
Background Radiation 185
Beta Dose Rates 55
Calculating TODE and TEDE 51
Characteristic X-Rays of the Elements 176

Combining Radiation Types to
Determine Total Dose 57
Comparative Risk of Radiation Exposure 186
Composition of Air 147
Composition of the Human Body 45
Constants 157
Conversions of Units 152
Counting Gases vs Signal Levels 66
Counting Statistics 180
DAC Factors and ALIs from
10CFR20 & 10CFR835 76
DOE 5400.5 Table 1 67
Dose Equivalent Calculations 46
Dose Equivalent Limits & Posting Requirements 51
Dose Equivalent Measurement 51
Dose Rate to Air from a Point Beta Source 61
Dosimetry 46
Elevation vs Air Pressure 143
Elevations of Major Airports and Facilities 144
Electromagnetic Spectrum 159
Emergency Response 1
Energy and Neutron Yield
from the alpha,n reaction 168
EPA Radon Action Levels 148
EPA Radon Risk Tables 149
Equivalent Dose, Effective Dose,
and Committed Effective Dose 49
Combining Radiation Types to
Determine Total Dose 57
Comparative Risk of Radiation Exposure 186
Composition of Air 147
Composition of the Human Body 45
Constants 157
Conversions of Units 152
Counting Gases vs Signal Levels 66
Counting Statistics 180
DAC Factors and ALIs from
10CFR20 & 10CFR835 76
DOE 5400.5 Table 1 67
Dose Equivalent Calculations 46
Dose Equivalent Limits & Posting Requirements 51
Dose Equivalent Measurement 51
Dose Rate to Air from a Point Beta Source 61
Dosimetry 46
Elevation vs Air Pressure 143
Elevations of Major Airports and Facilities 144
Electromagnetic Spectrum 159
Emergency Response 1
Energy and Neutron Yield
from the alpha,n reaction 168
EPA Radon Action Levels 148
EPA Radon Risk Tables 149
Equivalent Dose, Effective Dose,
and Committed Effective Dose 49
Combining Radiation Types to
Determine Total Dose 57
Comparative Risk of Radiation Exposure 186
Composition of Air 147
Composition of the Human Body 45
Constants 157
Conversions of Units 152
Counting Gases vs Signal Levels 66
Counting Statistics 180
DAC Factors and ALIs from
10CFR20 & 10CFR835 76
DOE 5400.5 Table 1 67
Dose Equivalent Calculations 46
Dose Equivalent Limits & Posting Requirements 51
Dose Equivalent Measurement 51
Dose Rate to Air from a Point Beta Source 61
Dosimetry 46
Elevation vs Air Pressure 143
Elevations of Major Airports and Facilities 144
Electromagnetic Spectrum 159
Emergency Response 1
Energy and Neutron Yield
from the alpha,n reaction 168
EPA Radon Action Levels 148
EPA Radon Risk Tables 149
Equivalent Dose, Effective Dose,
and Committed Effective Dose 49
Combining Radiation Types to
Determine Total Dose 57
Comparative Risk of Radiation Exposure 186
Composition of Air 147
Composition of the Human Body 45
Constants 157
Conversions of Units 152
Counting Gases vs Signal Levels 66
Counting Statistics 180
DAC Factors and ALIs from
10CFR20 & 10CFR835 76
DOE 5400.5 Table 1 67
Dose Equivalent Calculations 46
Dose Equivalent Limits & Posting Requirements 51
Dose Equivalent Measurement 51
Dose Rate to Air from a Point Beta Source 61
Dosimetry 46
Elevation vs Air Pressure 143
Elevations of Major Airports and Facilities 144
Electromagnetic Spectrum 159
Emergency Response 1
Energy and Neutron Yield
from the alpha,n reaction 168
EPA Radon Action Levels 148
EPA Radon Risk Tables 149
Equivalent Dose, Effective Dose,
and Committed Effective Dose 49

Exposure Rate from a Disc Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Line Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Point Source 62
Exposure Rate in an Air-Filled Ion Chamber 61
Filter Media 115
Gas Law Units 127
ICRP 23 Reference Man 49
Internal Dosimetry 47
Instrument Selection and Use 68
Interference Due to Environmental Radon 182
International Airport Elevations 146
Inverse Square Law (Rule) 63
Isotopic Mix of Plutonium 170
Isotopic Mix of Uranium 173
Lung Deposition from ICRP 30 107
Miscellaneous Rules of Thumb 175
Neptunium Decay Chain 27
Neutron Exposure Rate from the
Oxide Form of Radionuclides 172
Neutron Fluence per mRem from 10CFR20 166
Neutron Shielding 59
Occupational Doses 185
Percent Resolution of a Gamma Spec System 61
Photon Fluence Rate from a Point Source 62
Positron Emitters 56
Public Radiation Doses 185
Exposure Rate from a Disc Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Line Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Point Source 62
Exposure Rate in an Air-Filled Ion Chamber 61
Filter Media 115
Gas Law Units 127
ICRP 23 Reference Man 49
Internal Dosimetry 47
Instrument Selection and Use 68
Interference Due to Environmental Radon 182
International Airport Elevations 146
Inverse Square Law (Rule) 63
Isotopic Mix of Plutonium 170
Isotopic Mix of Uranium 173
Lung Deposition from ICRP 30 107
Miscellaneous Rules of Thumb 175
Neptunium Decay Chain 27
Neutron Exposure Rate from the
Oxide Form of Radionuclides 172
Neutron Fluence per mRem from 10CFR20 166
Neutron Shielding 59
Occupational Doses 185
Percent Resolution of a Gamma Spec System 61
Photon Fluence Rate from a Point Source 62
Positron Emitters 56
Public Radiation Doses 185
Exposure Rate from a Disc Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Line Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Point Source 62
Exposure Rate in an Air-Filled Ion Chamber 61
Filter Media 115
Gas Law Units 127
ICRP 23 Reference Man 49
Internal Dosimetry 47
Instrument Selection and Use 68
Interference Due to Environmental Radon 182
International Airport Elevations 146
Inverse Square Law (Rule) 63
Isotopic Mix of Plutonium 170
Isotopic Mix of Uranium 173
Lung Deposition from ICRP 30 107
Miscellaneous Rules of Thumb 175
Neptunium Decay Chain 27
Neutron Exposure Rate from the
Oxide Form of Radionuclides 172
Neutron Fluence per mRem from 10CFR20 166
Neutron Shielding 59
Occupational Doses 185
Percent Resolution of a Gamma Spec System 61
Photon Fluence Rate from a Point Source 62
Positron Emitters 56
Public Radiation Doses 185
Exposure Rate from a Disc Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Line Source 62
Exposure Rate from a Point Source 62
Exposure Rate in an Air-Filled Ion Chamber 61
Filter Media 115
Gas Law Units 127
ICRP 23 Reference Man 49
Internal Dosimetry 47
Instrument Selection and Use 68
Interference Due to Environmental Radon 182
International Airport Elevations 146
Inverse Square Law (Rule) 63
Isotopic Mix of Plutonium 170
Isotopic Mix of Uranium 173
Lung Deposition from ICRP 30 107
Miscellaneous Rules of Thumb 175
Neptunium Decay Chain 27
Neutron Exposure Rate from the
Oxide Form of Radionuclides 172
Neutron Fluence per mRem from 10CFR20 166
Neutron Shielding 59
Occupational Doses 185
Percent Resolution of a Gamma Spec System 61
Photon Fluence Rate from a Point Source 62
Positron Emitters 56
Public Radiation Doses 185

Radiation Biology 45
Radiation Interactions 52
Radiation Weighting Factors 50
Radioactive Decay Modes 9
Radon Facts 148
Relative Risk 187
Rules of Thumb for Alpha Particles 160
Rules of Thumb for Beta Particles 162
Rules of Thumb for Gamma Radiation 164
Rules of Thumb for Neutron Radiation 165
Shallow Dose Correction Factor 58
Shielding 53
SI & US Units 150
Specific Gamma Ray Constant
vs Source Activity 61
Spontaneous Fission 167
Stay Time Calculation 54
Surface Area and Volume Calculations 158
Table of the Elements 7
Thorium-232 Decay Chain 22
Tissue Weighting Factors ICRP 60 50
True Count Rate Based on Resolving Time 61
Types of Air Samples 110
Units and Terminology 184
Uranium-238 Decay Chain 24
Ventilation Rates 107
Radiation Biology 45
Radiation Interactions 52
Radiation Weighting Factors 50
Radioactive Decay Modes 9
Radon Facts 148
Relative Risk 187
Rules of Thumb for Alpha Particles 160
Rules of Thumb for Beta Particles 162
Rules of Thumb for Gamma Radiation 164
Rules of Thumb for Neutron Radiation 165
Shallow Dose Correction Factor 58
Shielding 53
SI & US Units 150
Specific Gamma Ray Constant
vs Source Activity 61
Spontaneous Fission 167
Stay Time Calculation 54
Surface Area and Volume Calculations 158
Table of the Elements 7
Thorium-232 Decay Chain 22
Tissue Weighting Factors ICRP 60 50
True Count Rate Based on Resolving Time 61
Types of Air Samples 110
Units and Terminology 184
Uranium-238 Decay Chain 24
Ventilation Rates 107
Radiation Biology 45
Radiation Interactions 52
Radiation Weighting Factors 50
Radioactive Decay Modes 9
Radon Facts 148
Relative Risk 187
Rules of Thumb for Alpha Particles 160
Rules of Thumb for Beta Particles 162
Rules of Thumb for Gamma Radiation 164
Rules of Thumb for Neutron Radiation 165
Shallow Dose Correction Factor 58
Shielding 53
SI & US Units 150
Specific Gamma Ray Constant
vs Source Activity 61
Spontaneous Fission 167
Stay Time Calculation 54
Surface Area and Volume Calculations 158
Table of the Elements 7
Thorium-232 Decay Chain 22
Tissue Weighting Factors ICRP 60 50
True Count Rate Based on Resolving Time 61
Types of Air Samples 110
Units and Terminology 184
Uranium-238 Decay Chain 24
Ventilation Rates 107
Radiation Biology 45
Radiation Interactions 52
Radiation Weighting Factors 50
Radioactive Decay Modes 9
Radon Facts 148
Relative Risk 187
Rules of Thumb for Alpha Particles 160
Rules of Thumb for Beta Particles 162
Rules of Thumb for Gamma Radiation 164
Rules of Thumb for Neutron Radiation 165
Shallow Dose Correction Factor 58
Shielding 53
SI & US Units 150
Specific Gamma Ray Constant
vs Source Activity 61
Spontaneous Fission 167
Stay Time Calculation 54
Surface Area and Volume Calculations 158
Table of the Elements 7
Thorium-232 Decay Chain 22
Tissue Weighting Factors ICRP 60 50
True Count Rate Based on Resolving Time 61
Types of Air Samples 110
Units and Terminology 184
Uranium-238 Decay Chain 24
Ventilation Rates 107

RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Write in Your Emergency Phone Numbers
Supervisor:
Team Office:
Group Office:
Division Office:
Emergency Response Team:
Fire Department:
Hospital:
Guidelines for Control of Emergency Exposures
Use a dose limit of: (EPA-400)
5 rem (50 mSv) for all emergency procedures
10 rem (100 mSv) only for protecting major property
25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations
> 25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations only by volunteers and
where the risks have been evaluated
1
RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Write in Your Emergency Phone Numbers
Supervisor:
Team Office:
Group Office:
Division Office:
Emergency Response Team:
Fire Department:
Hospital:
Guidelines for Control of Emergency Exposures
Use a dose limit of: (EPA-400)
5 rem (50 mSv) for all emergency procedures
10 rem (100 mSv) only for protecting major property
25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations
> 25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations only by volunteers and
where the risks have been evaluated
1
RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Write in Your Emergency Phone Numbers
Supervisor:
Team Office:
Group Office:
Division Office:
Emergency Response Team:
Fire Department:
Hospital:
Guidelines for Control of Emergency Exposures
Use a dose limit of: (EPA-400)
5 rem (50 mSv) for all emergency procedures
10 rem (100 mSv) only for protecting major property
25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations
> 25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations only by volunteers and
where the risks have been evaluated
1
RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Write in Your Emergency Phone Numbers
Supervisor:
Team Office:
Group Office:
Division Office:
Emergency Response Team:
Fire Department:
Hospital:
Guidelines for Control of Emergency Exposures
Use a dose limit of: (EPA-400)
5 rem (50 mSv) for all emergency procedures
10 rem (100 mSv) only for protecting major property
25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations
> 25 rem (250 mSv) for lifesaving or protection of large
populations only by volunteers and
where the risks have been evaluated
1

EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SWIMS for Radiological and Other Emergencies
Only under extreme radiological conditions such as external
radiation greater than 100 rem / hr or airborne radioactivity
concentrations greater than 100,000 DAC would the radiological
emergency take precedence over serious personnel injuries.
Hazardous conditions such as atmospheres that are IDLH
would require you to implement controls to protect the
emergency responders. Therefore, you would not attempt to
move a seriously injured person before medical personnel
arrived unless the radiological or other hazardous condition
presented a greater danger to that person and yourself.
Stop or Secure operations in the area. If applicable, secure the
operation causing the emergency.
Warn others in the area as you are evacuating. Do not search
for potentially missing personnel at this stage of the emergency.
Isolate the source of the radiation or radioactivity or other
contaminant or hazard only if you understand the operation and
are qualified to isolate the source.
Minimize individual exposure and contamination. Control the
entry points to the area if possible.
Secure unfiltered ventilation. Evaluate the radiological or other
hazardous condition and advise facility personnel on ventilation
control.
2
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SWIMS for Radiological and Other Emergencies
Only under extreme radiological conditions such as external
radiation greater than 100 rem / hr or airborne radioactivity
concentrations greater than 100,000 DAC would the radiological
emergency take precedence over serious personnel injuries.
Hazardous conditions such as atmospheres that are IDLH
would require you to implement controls to protect the
emergency responders. Therefore, you would not attempt to
move a seriously injured person before medical personnel
arrived unless the radiological or other hazardous condition
presented a greater danger to that person and yourself.
Stop or Secure operations in the area. If applicable, secure the
operation causing the emergency.
Warn others in the area as you are evacuating. Do not search
for potentially missing personnel at this stage of the emergency.
Isolate the source of the radiation or radioactivity or other
contaminant or hazard only if you understand the operation and
are qualified to isolate the source.
Minimize individual exposure and contamination. Control the
entry points to the area if possible.
Secure unfiltered ventilation. Evaluate the radiological or other
hazardous condition and advise facility personnel on ventilation
control.
2
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SWIMS for Radiological and Other Emergencies
Only under extreme radiological conditions such as external
radiation greater than 100 rem / hr or airborne radioactivity
concentrations greater than 100,000 DAC would the radiological
emergency take precedence over serious personnel injuries.
Hazardous conditions such as atmospheres that are IDLH
would require you to implement controls to protect the
emergency responders. Therefore, you would not attempt to
move a seriously injured person before medical personnel
arrived unless the radiological or other hazardous condition
presented a greater danger to that person and yourself.
Stop or Secure operations in the area. If applicable, secure the
operation causing the emergency.
Warn others in the area as you are evacuating. Do not search
for potentially missing personnel at this stage of the emergency.
Isolate the source of the radiation or radioactivity or other
contaminant or hazard only if you understand the operation and
are qualified to isolate the source.
Minimize individual exposure and contamination. Control the
entry points to the area if possible.
Secure unfiltered ventilation. Evaluate the radiological or other
hazardous condition and advise facility personnel on ventilation
control.
2
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SWIMS for Radiological and Other Emergencies
Only under extreme radiological conditions such as external
radiation greater than 100 rem / hr or airborne radioactivity
concentrations greater than 100,000 DAC would the radiological
emergency take precedence over serious personnel injuries.
Hazardous conditions such as atmospheres that are IDLH
would require you to implement controls to protect the
emergency responders. Therefore, you would not attempt to
move a seriously injured person before medical personnel
arrived unless the radiological or other hazardous condition
presented a greater danger to that person and yourself.
Stop or Secure operations in the area. If applicable, secure the
operation causing the emergency.
Warn others in the area as you are evacuating. Do not search
for potentially missing personnel at this stage of the emergency.
Isolate the source of the radiation or radioactivity or other
contaminant or hazard only if you understand the operation and
are qualified to isolate the source.
Minimize individual exposure and contamination. Control the
entry points to the area if possible.
Secure unfiltered ventilation. Evaluate the radiological or other
hazardous condition and advise facility personnel on ventilation
control.
2

HAZARD CONTROL PRIORITIES
DURING MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Immediate treatment by trained medical personnel should be
sought for any serious injuries such as those involving profuse
bleeding or broken bones. The order of priority should be to
protect lives, protect property, and then to control the spread of
contamination.
Identifying a Major Injury
Consider the following points in determining if the injury should
be handled as a major injury.
Any head injury (from base of neck to top of head)
Any loss of consciousness
Any disorientation
Any convulsion
Any loss of sensation
Any loss of motor function
Limbs at abnormal angles
Amputations
Any burn of the face, hands, feet, or genitals
(chemical, thermal, or radiation)
Any burn larger than the palm of your hand
Any inhalation of any abnormal substance
Profuse bleeding
Abnormal breathing patterns
3
HAZARD CONTROL PRIORITIES
DURING MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Immediate treatment by trained medical personnel should be
sought for any serious injuries such as those involving profuse
bleeding or broken bones. The order of priority should be to
protect lives, protect property, and then to control the spread of
contamination.
Identifying a Major Injury
Consider the following points in determining if the injury should
be handled as a major injury.
Any head injury (from base of neck to top of head)
Any loss of consciousness
Any disorientation
Any convulsion
Any loss of sensation
Any loss of motor function
Limbs at abnormal angles
Amputations
Any burn of the face, hands, feet, or genitals
(chemical, thermal, or radiation)
Any burn larger than the palm of your hand
Any inhalation of any abnormal substance
Profuse bleeding
Abnormal breathing patterns
3
HAZARD CONTROL PRIORITIES
DURING MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Immediate treatment by trained medical personnel should be
sought for any serious injuries such as those involving profuse
bleeding or broken bones. The order of priority should be to
protect lives, protect property, and then to control the spread of
contamination.
Identifying a Major Injury
Consider the following points in determining if the injury should
be handled as a major injury.
Any head injury (from base of neck to top of head)
Any loss of consciousness
Any disorientation
Any convulsion
Any loss of sensation
Any loss of motor function
Limbs at abnormal angles
Amputations
Any burn of the face, hands, feet, or genitals
(chemical, thermal, or radiation)
Any burn larger than the palm of your hand
Any inhalation of any abnormal substance
Profuse bleeding
Abnormal breathing patterns
3
HAZARD CONTROL PRIORITIES
DURING MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Immediate treatment by trained medical personnel should be
sought for any serious injuries such as those involving profuse
bleeding or broken bones. The order of priority should be to
protect lives, protect property, and then to control the spread of
contamination.
Identifying a Major Injury
Consider the following points in determining if the injury should
be handled as a major injury.
Any head injury (from base of neck to top of head)
Any loss of consciousness
Any disorientation
Any convulsion
Any loss of sensation
Any loss of motor function
Limbs at abnormal angles
Amputations
Any burn of the face, hands, feet, or genitals
(chemical, thermal, or radiation)
Any burn larger than the palm of your hand
Any inhalation of any abnormal substance
Profuse bleeding
Abnormal breathing patterns
3

Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardous Areas
Protect yourself - consider the magnitude of any radiation field,
airborne contamination, or other hazard.
Stay with the victim unless doing so puts you at immediate risk
to life or health.
Don’t move the victim unless there is a danger from some
environmental emergency such as fire, explosion, hazardous
material spill, or radiation field.
If you must move the victim, drag them by either the hands or
the feet to a safe area.
Apply First Aid Only if you are trained to do so.
Secure help - yell or phone, but don’t leave the victim unless
necessary.
Send someone to meet the ambulance to guide the medical
personnel to the victim.
Prepare the area for access by the medical team.
Begin a gross hazard evaluation of the immediate area near the
victim, beginning with the victim.
Be sure to survey any object that caused the injury.
Provide information to medical personnel about the victim
(what happened, how, when, location of phone and exits,
indicate which areas on the victim are contaminated and include
contamination values).
4
Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardous Areas
Protect yourself - consider the magnitude of any radiation field,
airborne contamination, or other hazard.
Stay with the victim unless doing so puts you at immediate risk
to life or health.
Don’t move the victim unless there is a danger from some
environmental emergency such as fire, explosion, hazardous
material spill, or radiation field.
If you must move the victim, drag them by either the hands or
the feet to a safe area.
Apply First Aid Only if you are trained to do so.
Secure help - yell or phone, but don’t leave the victim unless
necessary.
Send someone to meet the ambulance to guide the medical
personnel to the victim.
Prepare the area for access by the medical team.
Begin a gross hazard evaluation of the immediate area near the
victim, beginning with the victim.
Be sure to survey any object that caused the injury.
Provide information to medical personnel about the victim
(what happened, how, when, location of phone and exits,
indicate which areas on the victim are contaminated and include
contamination values).
4
Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardous Areas
Protect yourself - consider the magnitude of any radiation field,
airborne contamination, or other hazard.
Stay with the victim unless doing so puts you at immediate risk
to life or health.
Don’t move the victim unless there is a danger from some
environmental emergency such as fire, explosion, hazardous
material spill, or radiation field.
If you must move the victim, drag them by either the hands or
the feet to a safe area.
Apply First Aid Only if you are trained to do so.
Secure help - yell or phone, but don’t leave the victim unless
necessary.
Send someone to meet the ambulance to guide the medical
personnel to the victim.
Prepare the area for access by the medical team.
Begin a gross hazard evaluation of the immediate area near the
victim, beginning with the victim.
Be sure to survey any object that caused the injury.
Provide information to medical personnel about the victim
(what happened, how, when, location of phone and exits,
indicate which areas on the victim are contaminated and include
contamination values).
4
Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardous Areas
Protect yourself - consider the magnitude of any radiation field,
airborne contamination, or other hazard.
Stay with the victim unless doing so puts you at immediate risk
to life or health.
Don’t move the victim unless there is a danger from some
environmental emergency such as fire, explosion, hazardous
material spill, or radiation field.
If you must move the victim, drag them by either the hands or
the feet to a safe area.
Apply First Aid Only if you are trained to do so.
Secure help - yell or phone, but don’t leave the victim unless
necessary.
Send someone to meet the ambulance to guide the medical
personnel to the victim.
Prepare the area for access by the medical team.
Begin a gross hazard evaluation of the immediate area near the
victim, beginning with the victim.
Be sure to survey any object that caused the injury.
Provide information to medical personnel about the victim
(what happened, how, when, location of phone and exits,
indicate which areas on the victim are contaminated and include
contamination values).
4

ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS
0 – 25 REM
minimal decrease in white blood cell count for ~ 2weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer from US average risk of
~ 14 persons per 100 population to ~ 17 persons per 100
population (3 additional persons per 100 population will
experience the onset of terminal cancer ~25 years after the
acute exposure)
> 25 REM - < 100 REM
small decrease in white blood cell count for > 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 26 in 100
> 100 REM - < 200 REM
moderate decrease in white blood cell count
25% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
less than 5% of those exposed require hospitalization
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 38 in 100
> 200 REM - < 600 REM
major decrease in white blood cell count
~ 100% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
appearance of bruises on skin (purpura)
pneumonia symptoms
hair loss
90% of those exposed require hospitalization
decrease in thinking ability for ~ 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 74 in 100
5
ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS
0 – 25 REM
minimal decrease in white blood cell count for ~ 2weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer from US average risk of
~14 persons per 100 population to ~ 17 persons per 100
population (3 additional persons per 100 population will
experience the onset of terminal cancer ~25 years after the
acute exposure)
> 25 REM - < 100 REM
small decrease in white blood cell count for > 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 26 in 100
> 100 REM - < 200 REM
moderate decrease in white blood cell count
25% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
less than 5% of those exposed require hospitalization
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 38 in 100
> 200 REM - < 600 REM
major decrease in white blood cell count
~ 100% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
appearance of bruises on skin (purpura)
pneumonia symptoms
hair loss
90% of those exposed require hospitalization
decrease in thinking ability for ~ 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 74 in 100
5
ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS
0 – 25 REM
minimal decrease in white blood cell count for ~ 2weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer from US average risk of
~ 14 persons per 100 population to ~ 17 persons per 100
population (3 additional persons per 100 population will
experience the onset of terminal cancer ~25 years after the
acute exposure)
> 25 REM - < 100 REM
small decrease in white blood cell count for > 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 26 in 100
> 100 REM - < 200 REM
moderate decrease in white blood cell count
25% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
less than 5% of those exposed require hospitalization
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 38 in 100
> 200 REM - < 600 REM
major decrease in white blood cell count
~ 100% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
appearance of bruises on skin (purpura)
pneumonia symptoms
hair loss
90% of those exposed require hospitalization
decrease in thinking ability for ~ 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 74 in 100
5
ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS
0 – 25 REM
minimal decrease in white blood cell count for ~ 2weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer from US average risk of
~14 persons per 100 population to ~ 17 persons per 100
population (3 additional persons per 100 population will
experience the onset of terminal cancer ~25 years after the
acute exposure)
> 25 REM - < 100 REM
small decrease in white blood cell count for > 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 26 in 100
> 100 REM - < 200 REM
moderate decrease in white blood cell count
25% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
less than 5% of those exposed require hospitalization
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 38 in 100
> 200 REM - < 600 REM
major decrease in white blood cell count
~ 100% of those exposed will experience nausea within a few
hours
appearance of bruises on skin (purpura)
pneumonia symptoms
hair loss
90% of those exposed require hospitalization
decrease in thinking ability for ~ 2 weeks
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 74 in 100
5

600 REM - < 800 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
100% of those exposed require hospitalization
~ 100% of those exposed will die within a few weeks
without medical treatment
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 98 in 100
800 REM - < 2000 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
diarrhea, fever, electrolytes imbalance, GI tract and
respiratory system failure
100% of those exposed will be incapacitated within hours
very few of those exposed will survive
> 2000 REM
100% mortality within a few days
Lymphocyte - white blood cells
Leukopenia - abnormally low white blood cell count
Purpura - purple discoloration of skin caused by blood
bleeding into the skin tissue
Pneumonia - inflammation of lung tissue, accompanied by
fever, chills, cough, and difficulty in breathing
Hematopoietic – decrease in the formation of blood cells
A
taxia - inability to coordinate voluntary muscular
movements
BEIR V 1990 800 excess deaths per 100,000 persons at 10
rem
4,000 Hiroshima survivors in excess of 50 rem dose had an
extra 300 incidences of cancer
( ~ 7500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 50 rem)
( ~ 1500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 10 rem)
600 REM - < 800 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
100% of those exposed require hospitalization
~ 100% of those exposed will die within a few weeks
without medical treatment
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 98 in 100
800 REM - < 2000 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
diarrhea, fever, electrolytes imbalance, GI tract and
respiratory system failure
100% of those exposed will be incapacitated within hours
very few of those exposed will survive
> 2000 REM
100% mortality within a few days
Lymphocyte - white blood cells
Leukopenia - abnormally low white blood cell count
Purpura - purple discoloration of skin caused by blood
bleeding into the skin tissue
Pneumonia - inflammation of lung tissue, accompanied by
fever, chills, cough, and difficulty in breathing
Hematopoietic – decrease in the formation of blood cells
A
taxia - inability to coordinate voluntary muscular
movements
BEIR V 1990 800 excess deaths per 100,000 persons at 10
rem
4,000 Hiroshima survivors in excess of 50 rem dose had an
extra 300 incidences of cancer
( ~ 7500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 50 rem)
( ~ 1500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 10 rem)
600 REM - < 800 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
100% of those exposed require hospitalization
~ 100% of those exposed will die within a few weeks
without medical treatment
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 98 in 100
800 REM - < 2000 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
diarrhea, fever, electrolytes imbalance, GI tract and
respiratory system failure
100% of those exposed will be incapacitated within hours
very few of those exposed will survive
> 2000 REM
100% mortality within a few days
Lymphocyte - white blood cells
Leukopenia - abnormally low white blood cell count
Purpura - purple discoloration of skin caused by blood
bleeding into the skin tissue
Pneumonia - inflammation of lung tissue, accompanied by
fever, chills, cough, and difficulty in breathing
Hematopoietic – decrease in the formation of blood cells
A
taxia - inability to coordinate voluntary muscular
movements
BEIR V 1990 800 excess deaths per 100,000 persons at 10
rem
4,000 Hiroshima survivors in excess of 50 rem dose had an
extra 300 incidences of cancer
( ~ 7500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 50 rem)
( ~ 1500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 10 rem)
600 REM - < 800 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
100% of those exposed require hospitalization
~ 100% of those exposed will die within a few weeks
without medical treatment
increase in risk of dying from cancer to ~ 98 in 100
800 REM - < 2000 REM
all of the above symptoms will be present
diarrhea, fever, electrolytes imbalance, GI tract and
respiratory system failure
100% of those exposed will be incapacitated within hours
very few of those exposed will survive
> 2000 REM
100% mortality within a few days
Lymphocyte - white blood cells
Leukopenia - abnormally low white blood cell count
Purpura - purple discoloration of skin caused by blood
bleeding into the skin tissue
Pneumonia - inflammation of lung tissue, accompanied by
fever, chills, cough, and difficulty in breathing
Hematopoietic – decrease in the formation of blood cells
A
taxia - inability to coordinate voluntary muscular
movements
BEIR V 1990 800 excess deaths per 100,000 persons at 10
rem
4,000 Hiroshima survivors in excess of 50 rem dose had an
extra 300 incidences of cancer
( ~ 7500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 50 rem)
( ~ 1500 excess deaths per 100,000 at 10 rem)

TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Z Density Z Density
89 Actinium Ac 10.07 64 Gadolinium Gd 7.90
13 Aluminum Al 2.6989 31 Gallium Ga 5.9
95 Americium Am 13.67 32 Germanium Ge 5.32
51 Antimony Sb 6.618 79 Gold Au 19.32
18 Argon Ar 0.0018 72 Hafnium Hf 13.31
33 Arsenic As 5.727 105 Hahnium Ha ~ 18
85 Astatine At ~ 15 2 Helium He 1.8E-3
56 Barium Ba 3.51 67 Holmium Ho 8.795
97 Berkelium Bk 14 1 Hydrogen H 9E-5
4 Beryllium Be 1.848 49 Indium In 7.31
83 Bismuth Bi 9.747 53 Iodine I 4.93
5 Boron B 2.37 77 Iridium Ir 22.42
35 Bromine Br 3.12 26 Iron Fe 7.87
48 Cadmium Cd 8.65 36 Krypton Kr 0.0037
20 Calcium Ca 1.55 57 Lanthanum La 6.15
98 Californium Cf ~ 18 103 Lawrencium Lr ~ 18
6 Carbon C 2.05 82 Lead Pb 11.35
58 Cerium Ce 6.67 3 Lithium Li 0.534
55 Cesium Cs 1.873 71 Lutetium Lu 9.84
17 Chlorine Cl 0.0031 12 Magnesium Mg 1.738
24 Chromium Cr 7.19 25 Manganese Mn 7.43
27 Cobalt Co 8.9 101 Mendelevium Mv ~ 18
29 Copper Cu 8.96 80 Mercury Hg 13.546
96 Curium Cm 13.51 42 Molybdenum Mo 10.22
66 Dysprosium Dy 8.54 60 Neodymium Nd 7.008
99 Einsteinium Es ~ 18 10 Neon Ne 0.0009
68 Erbium Er 9.066 93 Neptunium Np 20.25
63 Europium Eu 5.244 28 Nickel Ni 8.9
100 Fermium Fm ~ 18 41 Niobium Nb 8.57
9 Fluorine F 0.0017 7 Nitrogen N 0.00125
87 Francium Fr ~ 15 102 Nobelium No ~ 18
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Z Density Z Density
89 Actinium Ac 10.07 64 Gadolinium Gd 7.90
13 Aluminum Al 2.6989 31 Gallium Ga 5.9
95 Americium Am 13.67 32 Germanium Ge 5.32
51 Antimony Sb 6.618 79 Gold Au 19.32
18 Argon Ar 0.0018 72 Hafnium Hf 13.31
33 Arsenic As 5.727 105 Hahnium Ha ~ 18
85 Astatine At ~ 15 2 Helium He 1.8E-3
56 Barium Ba 3.51 67 Holmium Ho 8.795
97 Berkelium Bk 14 1 Hydrogen H 9E-5
4 Beryllium Be 1.848 49 Indium In 7.31
83 Bismuth Bi 9.747 53 Iodine I 4.93
5 Boron B 2.37 77 Iridium Ir 22.42
35 Bromine Br 3.12 26 Iron Fe 7.87
48 Cadmium Cd 8.65 36 Krypton Kr 0.0037
20 Calcium Ca 1.55 57 Lanthanum La 6.15
98 Californium Cf ~ 18 103 Lawrencium Lr ~ 18
6 Carbon C 2.05 82 Lead Pb 11.35
58 Cerium Ce 6.67 3 Lithium Li 0.534
55 Cesium Cs 1.873 71 Lutetium Lu 9.84
17 Chlorine Cl 0.0031 12 Magnesium Mg 1.738
24 Chromium Cr 7.19 25 Manganese Mn 7.43
27 Cobalt Co 8.9 101 Mendelevium Mv ~ 18
29 Copper Cu 8.96 80 Mercury Hg 13.546
96 Curium Cm 13.51 42 Molybdenum Mo 10.22
66 Dysprosium Dy 8.54 60 Neodymium Nd 7.008
99 Einsteinium Es ~ 18 10 Neon Ne 0.0009
68 Erbium Er 9.066 93 Neptunium Np 20.25
63 Europium Eu 5.244 28 Nickel Ni 8.9
100 Fermium Fm ~ 18 41 Niobium Nb 8.57
9 Fluorine F 0.0017 7 Nitrogen N 0.00125
87 Francium Fr ~ 15 102 Nobelium No ~ 18
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Z Density Z Density
89 Actinium Ac 10.07 64 Gadolinium Gd 7.90
13 Aluminum Al 2.6989 31 Gallium Ga 5.9
95 Americium Am 13.67 32 Germanium Ge 5.32
51 Antimony Sb 6.618 79 Gold Au 19.32
18 Argon Ar 0.0018 72 Hafnium Hf 13.31
33 Arsenic As 5.727 105 Hahnium Ha ~ 18
85 Astatine At ~ 15 2 Helium He 1.8E-3
56 Barium Ba 3.51 67 Holmium Ho 8.795
97 Berkelium Bk 14 1 Hydrogen H 9E-5
4 Beryllium Be 1.848 49 Indium In 7.31
83 Bismuth Bi 9.747 53 Iodine I 4.93
5 Boron B 2.37 77 Iridium Ir 22.42
35 Bromine Br 3.12 26 Iron Fe 7.87
48 Cadmium Cd 8.65 36 Krypton Kr 0.0037
20 Calcium Ca 1.55 57 Lanthanum La 6.15
98 Californium Cf ~ 18 103 Lawrencium Lr ~ 18
6 Carbon C 2.05 82 Lead Pb 11.35
58 Cerium Ce 6.67 3 Lithium Li 0.534
55 Cesium Cs 1.873 71 Lutetium Lu 9.84
17 Chlorine Cl 0.0031 12 Magnesium Mg 1.738
24 Chromium Cr 7.19 25 Manganese Mn 7.43
27 Cobalt Co 8.9 101 Mendelevium Mv ~ 18
29 Copper Cu 8.96 80 Mercury Hg 13.546
96 Curium Cm 13.51 42 Molybdenum Mo 10.22
66 Dysprosium Dy 8.54 60 Neodymium Nd 7.008
99 Einsteinium Es ~ 18 10 Neon Ne 0.0009
68 Erbium Er 9.066 93 Neptunium Np 20.25
63 Europium Eu 5.244 28 Nickel Ni 8.9
100 Fermium Fm ~ 18 41 Niobium Nb 8.57
9 Fluorine F 0.0017 7 Nitrogen N 0.00125
87 Francium Fr ~ 15 102 Nobelium No ~ 18
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Z Density Z Density
89 Actinium Ac 10.07 64 Gadolinium Gd 7.90
13 Aluminum Al 2.6989 31 Gallium Ga 5.9
95 Americium Am 13.67 32 Germanium Ge 5.32
51 Antimony Sb 6.618 79 Gold Au 19.32
18 Argon Ar 0.0018 72 Hafnium Hf 13.31
33 Arsenic As 5.727 105 Hahnium Ha ~ 18
85 Astatine At ~ 15 2 Helium He 1.8E-3
56 Barium Ba 3.51 67 Holmium Ho 8.795
97 Berkelium Bk 14 1 Hydrogen H 9E-5
4 Beryllium Be 1.848 49 Indium In 7.31
83 Bismuth Bi 9.747 53 Iodine I 4.93
5 Boron B 2.37 77 Iridium Ir 22.42
35 Bromine Br 3.12 26 Iron Fe 7.87
48 Cadmium Cd 8.65 36 Krypton Kr 0.0037
20 Calcium Ca 1.55 57 Lanthanum La 6.15
98 Californium Cf ~ 18 103 Lawrencium Lr ~ 18
6 Carbon C 2.05 82 Lead Pb 11.35
58 Cerium Ce 6.67 3 Lithium Li 0.534
55 Cesium Cs 1.873 71 Lutetium Lu 9.84
17 Chlorine Cl 0.0031 12 Magnesium Mg 1.738
24 Chromium Cr 7.19 25 Manganese Mn 7.43
27 Cobalt Co 8.9 101 Mendelevium Mv ~ 18
29 Copper Cu 8.96 80 Mercury Hg 13.546
96 Curium Cm 13.51 42 Molybdenum Mo 10.22
66 Dysprosium Dy 8.54 60 Neodymium Nd 7.008
99 Einsteinium Es ~ 18 10 Neon Ne 0.0009
68 Erbium Er 9.066 93 Neptunium Np 20.25
63 Europium Eu 5.244 28 Nickel Ni 8.9
100 Fermium Fm ~ 18 41 Niobium Nb 8.57
9 Fluorine F 0.0017 7 Nitrogen N 0.00125
87 Francium Fr ~ 15 102 Nobelium No ~ 18

Z Density Z Density
76 Osmium Os 22.57 14 Silicon Si 2.33
8 Oxygen O 0.00143 47 Silver Ag 10.5
46 Palladium Pd 12.02 11 Sodium Na 0.97
15 Phosphorus P 2.2 38 Strontium Sr 2.54
78 Platinum Pt 21.45 16 Sulfur S 2.0
94 Plutonium Pu 19.84 73 Tantalum Ta 16.6
84 Polonium Po 9.32 43 Technetium Tc 11.5
19 Potassium K 0.862 52 Tellurium Te 6.24
59 Praseodymium Pr 6.773 65 Terbium Tb 8.27
61 Promethium Pm 7.264 81 Thallium Tl 11.85
91 Protactinium Pa 15.37 90 Thorium Th 11.70
88 Radium Ra 5.5 69 Thulium Tm 9.321
86 Radon Rn 0.0097 50 Tin Sn 6.5
75 Rhenium Re 21.02 22 Titanium Ti 4.54
45 Rhodium Rh 12.41 74 Tungsten W 19.3
37 Rubidium Rb 1.532 92 Uranium U 16.95
44 Ruthenium Ru 12.41 23 Vanadium V 6.11
104 Rutherfordium Rf ~18 54 Xenon Xe 0.0059
62 Samarium Sm 7.54 70 Ytterbium Yb 6.98
21 Scandium Sc 2.989 39 Yttrium Y 4.47
106 Seaborgium Sg ~18 30 Zinc Zn 7.13
34 Selenium Se 4.5 40 Zirconium Zr 6.06
RADIOACTIVITY
ZX Z = atomic # (number of protons)
A
X = element
A = mass # (number of protons and neutrons)
Z Z-2
Decay Alpha X 6X +"
A A-4
Z Z+1
Modes Beta Minus X 6X + $
AA-
Z Z-1
Beta Plus (Positron) X 6X + $
AA+
Z Z-1
Electron Capture X 6X
AA
8
Z Density Z Density
76 Osmium Os 22.57 14 Silicon Si 2.33
8 Oxygen O 0.00143 47 Silver Ag 10.5
46 Palladium Pd 12.02 11 Sodium Na 0.97
15 Phosphorus P 2.2 38 Strontium Sr 2.54
78 Platinum Pt 21.45 16 Sulfur S 2.0
94 Plutonium Pu 19.84 73 Tantalum Ta 16.6
84 Polonium Po 9.32 43 Technetium Tc 11.5
19 Potassium K 0.862 52 Tellurium Te 6.24
59 Praseodymium Pr 6.773 65 Terbium Tb 8.27
61 Promethium Pm 7.264 81 Thallium Tl 11.85
91 Protactinium Pa 15.37 90 Thorium Th 11.70
88 Radium Ra 5.5 69 Thulium Tm 9.321
86 Radon Rn 0.0097 50 Tin Sn 6.5
75 Rhenium Re 21.02 22 Titanium Ti 4.54
45 Rhodium Rh 12.41 74 Tungsten W 19.3
37 Rubidium Rb 1.532 92 Uranium U 16.95
44 Ruthenium Ru 12.41 23 Vanadium V 6.11
104 Rutherfordium Rf ~18 54 Xenon Xe 0.0059
62 Samarium Sm 7.54 70 Ytterbium Yb 6.98
21 Scandium Sc 2.989 39 Yttrium Y 4.47
106 Seaborgium Sg ~18 30 Zinc Zn 7.13
34 Selenium Se 4.5 40 Zirconium Zr 6.06
RADIOACTIVITY
ZX Z = atomic # (number of protons)
A
X = element
A = mass # (number of protons and neutrons)
Z Z-2
Decay Alpha X 6X +"
A A-4
Z Z+1
Modes Beta Minus X 6X + $
AA-
Z Z-1
Beta Plus (Positron) X 6X + $
AA+
Z Z-1
Electron Capture X 6X
AA
8
Z Density Z Density
76 Osmium Os 22.57 14 Silicon Si 2.33
8 Oxygen O 0.00143 47 Silver Ag 10.5
46 Palladium Pd 12.02 11 Sodium Na 0.97
15 Phosphorus P 2.2 38 Strontium Sr 2.54
78 Platinum Pt 21.45 16 Sulfur S 2.0
94 Plutonium Pu 19.84 73 Tantalum Ta 16.6
84 Polonium Po 9.32 43 Technetium Tc 11.5
19 Potassium K 0.862 52 Tellurium Te 6.24
59 Praseodymium Pr 6.773 65 Terbium Tb 8.27
61 Promethium Pm 7.264 81 Thallium Tl 11.85
91 Protactinium Pa 15.37 90 Thorium Th 11.70
88 Radium Ra 5.5 69 Thulium Tm 9.321
86 Radon Rn 0.0097 50 Tin Sn 6.5
75 Rhenium Re 21.02 22 Titanium Ti 4.54
45 Rhodium Rh 12.41 74 Tungsten W 19.3
37 Rubidium Rb 1.532 92 Uranium U 16.95
44 Ruthenium Ru 12.41 23 Vanadium V 6.11
104 Rutherfordium Rf ~18 54 Xenon Xe 0.0059
62 Samarium Sm 7.54 70 Ytterbium Yb 6.98
21 Scandium Sc 2.989 39 Yttrium Y 4.47
106 Seaborgium Sg ~18 30 Zinc Zn 7.13
34 Selenium Se 4.5 40 Zirconium Zr 6.06
RADIOACTIVITY
ZX Z = atomic # (number of protons)
A
X = element
A = mass # (number of protons and neutrons)
Z Z-2
Decay Alpha X 6X +"
A A-4
Z Z+1
Modes Beta Minus X 6X + $
AA-
Z Z-1
Beta Plus (Positron) X 6X + $
AA+
Z Z-1
Electron Capture X 6X
AA
8
Z Density Z Density
76 Osmium Os 22.57 14 Silicon Si 2.33
8 Oxygen O 0.00143 47 Silver Ag 10.5
46 Palladium Pd 12.02 11 Sodium Na 0.97
15 Phosphorus P 2.2 38 Strontium Sr 2.54
78 Platinum Pt 21.45 16 Sulfur S 2.0
94 Plutonium Pu 19.84 73 Tantalum Ta 16.6
84 Polonium Po 9.32 43 Technetium Tc 11.5
19 Potassium K 0.862 52 Tellurium Te 6.24
59 Praseodymium Pr 6.773 65 Terbium Tb 8.27
61 Promethium Pm 7.264 81 Thallium Tl 11.85
91 Protactinium Pa 15.37 90 Thorium Th 11.70
88 Radium Ra 5.5 69 Thulium Tm 9.321
86 Radon Rn 0.0097 50 Tin Sn 6.5
75 Rhenium Re 21.02 22 Titanium Ti 4.54
45 Rhodium Rh 12.41 74 Tungsten W 19.3
37 Rubidium Rb 1.532 92 Uranium U 16.95
44 Ruthenium Ru 12.41 23 Vanadium V 6.11
104 Rutherfordium Rf ~18 54 Xenon Xe 0.0059
62 Samarium Sm 7.54 70 Ytterbium Yb 6.98
21 Scandium Sc 2.989 39 Yttrium Y 4.47
106 Seaborgium Sg ~18 30 Zinc Zn 7.13
34 Selenium Se 4.5 40 Zirconium Zr 6.06
RADIOACTIVITY
ZX Z = atomic # (number of protons)
A
X = element
A = mass # (number of protons and neutrons)
Z Z-2
Decay Alpha X 6X +"
A A-4
Z Z+1
Modes Beta Minus X 6X + $
AA-
Z Z-1
Beta Plus (Positron) X 6X + $
AA+
Z Z-1
Electron Capture X 6X
AA
8

Relative Locations of Products of Nuclear Processes Relative Locations of Products of Nuclear Processes
He in "in
3He in "in 3
$out p in d in t in
-$out p in d in t in -
0out Original
Nucleus
0in 0out Original
Nucleus
0in
t out d out p out $out
+
,
t out d out p out $out
+
,
"out He out
3
0neutron p proton d deuteron
t triton (H ) "alpha $beta
3-
$positron ,electron capture
+
"out He out
3
0neutron p proton d deuteron
t triton (H ) "alpha $beta
3-
$positron ,electron capture
+
Use this chart along with the Table of the Elements to
determine the progeny (and ancestor) of an isotope.
For example; we know Pu is an alpha emitter. The alpha
238
decay mode tells us the mass # decreases by 4 (238 goes to
234) and the Z # decreases by two (94 goes to 92). The
element with a Z # of 92 is Uranium. Pu decays to U.
238 234
As another example; we know Cl is a beta emitter. The beta
36
decay mode tells us the mass # stays the same and the Z #
increases by one (17goes to 18). The element with a Z #
of 18is Argon.Cl decays to Ar.
36 36
9
Use this chart along with the Table of the Elements to
determine the progeny (and ancestor) of an isotope.
For example; we know Pu is an alpha emitter. The alpha
238
decay mode tells us the mass # decreases by 4 (238 goes to
234) and the Z # decreases by two (94 goes to 92). The
element with a Z # of 92 is Uranium. Pu decays to U.
238 234
As another example; we know Cl is a beta emitter. The beta
36
decay mode tells us the mass # stays the same and the Z #
increases by one (17goes to 18). The element with a Z # of
18is Argon. Cl decays to Ar.
36 36
9
Relative Locations of Products of Nuclear Processes Relative Locations of Products of Nuclear Processes
He in "in
3He in "in 3
$out p in d in t in
-$out p in d in t in -
0out Original
Nucleus
0in 0out Original
Nucleus
0in
t out d out p out $out
+
,
t out d out p out $out
+
,
"out He out
3
0neutron p proton d deuteron
t triton (H ) "alpha $beta
3-
$positron ,electron capture
+
"out He out
3
0neutron p proton d deuteron
t triton (H ) "alpha $beta
3-
$positron ,electron capture
+
Use this chart along with the Table of the Elements to
determine the progeny (and ancestor) of an isotope.
For example; we know Pu is an alpha emitter. The alpha
238
decay mode tells us the mass # decreases by 4 (238 goes to
234) and the Z # decreases by two (94 goes to 92). The
element with a Z # of 92 is Uranium. Pu decays to U.
238 234
As another example; we know Cl is a beta emitter. The beta
36
decay mode tells us the mass # stays the same and the Z #
increases by one (17goes to 18). The element with a Z #
of 18is Argon. Cl decays to Ar.
36 36
9
Use this chart along with the Table of the Elements to
determine the progeny (and ancestor) of an isotope.
For example; we know Pu is an alpha emitter. The alpha
238
decay mode tells us the mass # decreases by 4 (238 goes to
234) and the Z # decreases by two (94 goes to 92). The
element with a Z # of 92 is Uranium. Pu decays to U.
238 234
As another example; we know Cl is a beta emitter. The beta
36
decay mode tells us the mass # stays the same and the Z #
increases by one (17goes to 18). The element with a Z # of
18is Argon. Cl decays to Ar.
36 36
9