Polar Electro TONEOHM 600A User manual
672
..
•
PC>LAR
ELECTRONICS
LlMlTED
USER
MANUAL
EO
CONTENTS
Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....
. . .
..
. . .
..
.
..
. . 2
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Calibration
.....................................................
8
Circuit Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Schematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Parts List.
........
,
............................................
14
SPECIFICATIONS
The
instrument is protected up to ± 15V between probes in
all
ranges and modes.
AC
RESISTANCE: 4 ranges:
30m
O ,100mn, 300mO ,
10.
Accuracy: ± 3%
FSD
Injection Signal: l00mV pk max. open circuit.
lOmA max. short circuit.
Injection frequency: 350Hz approx.
Meter readout and Tone indication
of
resistance.
Tone output: 40Hz to 3kHz approx.
DC
RESISTANCE: 4 ranges: 30mn,100mO.,
3OOmO.
10.
Accuracy: ± 10%
FSD
Injection Signal: 100mV max. open circuit.
lOmA max. short circuit.
Meter readout and Tone indication
of
resistance.
Tone output: 40Hz
10
3kHz approx.
DC
MICROVOLTS: 3 ranges ±
5OuV,
±
50OuV,
± 5mV,
Accuracy: ±
15%
FSD
±
15uV.
Measurements may
be
made
on
lines.up to ±
30V
to ground.
Centre zero meter readout.
CURRENT
SOURCE: lOmA ± 20% (on front panen.
Open circuit voltage 0,7V (approx.)
SUPPLy VOLTAGE: 00-130V or 200-250V set by internalIinks.
Consumption approx, 12VA.
CASE: ABS plastic with 6 position tilt stand,
Height B5mm,
Width 252mm,
Depth 262mm.
ACCESSORIES:
il
LOW IMPEDANCE EARPIECE.
ii)
LEADS
FOR
CONNECTING CURRENT
SOURCE
TO
P.C.B,
UNDER TEST,
iii) RESISTlVE LEAD
FOR
STIMULATING FAULTY LINE
ON
POWERED P.C.B. UNDER TEST.
iv)
DET'
':HABLE MAINS LEAD WITH MOULDED
IEC
CO.
,!ÖCTOR,
j
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
:~
j The TONEOHM 600A
has
been
designed to physically locate
two
of the most common
and
complex fault conditions
in
modern electronic equipment, the short circuit and stuck
node
(bus fault).
Conventionai methods of loeating the souree of these faults inelude p.e.b. traek eutting,
detailed visual examination
of
the p.e.b., systematic removal of I.C's loften requiring
unsoldering with eonsequent damage to p.e.b.'s).
The TONEOHM loeates these faults using its milliohmeter with audio and visual readout
and mierovoltmeter with centre zero meter readout.
Its
areas
of
use
include:-
al POST ATE: ATE systems will indieate that two traeks
are
shorted together, or that a
partieular node
is
stuck high or low -but the operator then
has
to find the physical
loeation
of
these faults. The 600A
is
an
ideal instrument for this and
is
invaluable when
used
in
post A.T.E. troubleshooting.
bl PRODUCTION TESTING: Units that
are
faulty
in
the Test
areas
again suffer from the
above faults -the 600A will allow a teehnieian or engineer
to
quiekly loeate the fault
and have it eorrected.
el COMPONENT BURN IN: I.C.'s that
are
being burnt
in
have their inputs eonneeted
in
paralleL Thus when one I.C. fails it can hold all the inputs high or low, preventing
eorreet exercising
of
the I.C.'s under test. The 600A allows rapid identifieation
of
the
faulty
LC
.. without LC.'s having to
be
removed individually until the fault
is
located.
dl Other areas of
use
include:
FIELD
SERVICE.
COMPUTER BACKPLANE.
LABORATORY.
Fiy
l.
Short-cl.cult
Iocallon. Fly 2. TONEOHM
output
cha.acterlstlcs.
2
APPLlCATIONS
USE
OF
MILLIOHMETER
Short Circuit Location
Short circuits account for the majority
of
faults found on
p.c.b.'s
and they mainly originate
from solder bridges (especially after
flow
solder machinesl or incomplete etching between
tracks in the manufacturing process.
The 600A has
an
accurate meter readout
of
resistance, and also a tone
output
whose
Irequency is proportional
to
resistance. The tone
is
available either from a speaker within
the 600A or
an
earpiece (supplied) which plugs into a front panel jack socket.
The short
is
located using the following technique.
1.
Ensure that the unit under test
is
Off.
2.
Select either AC or
DC
milliohms mode (DC for power supply shorts).
3.
Select the
100m
fl
range.
4.
Probe the
two
shorted tracks; a tone should be heard.
5.
Move one of the probes along the track and note the change in the pitch of the tone
(or in the meter readingl. A higher pitch (or a lower meter readingI means that the
probe is moving closer to the fault -
See
Figs. 1 &
2.lpage
2)
6.
Repeat
as
necessary to find the position
01
highest tone pitch (or minimum meter
reading), switching to the 30m
fl
range
to
give more sensitivity if required. Final
resolution can best be made by watching the meter for the null.
7.
The probe tip will
now
be
within, at most, a few
mm
of
the lault, which will
be
visually
obvious.
As
mentioned above, the
DC
O mode should be selected
if
the short occurs between
two
tracks that are coupled by capacitance le.g. power supply rails). This is to svoid the
shunting
of
the test current
by
the capacitance, which causes confusion when attempting
to trace a lault.
It should
be
noted that the maximum open circuit probe tip voltage
is
100mV, which
enslJres that semiconductor junctions are not turned on
or
damaged.
Resistance Measurements
For
maximum accuracy, the AC
o.
mode should be seleeted. Errors in the
DC
O are
primarily due
to
thermoelectrie voltages that can be generated between the probes and the
device under test.
By selecting the relevant range, eontact resistances of relays, eonneetors, etc. can be
measured.
USE OF MICROVOLTMETER
Ganerai
The microvoltmeter is used to trace current
Ilow
through tracks on either powered boards
or unpowered boards stimulated
by
the current source on the 600A front panel.
This technique is valuable in locating either a panial short (e.g.
10
to 10001 or a short
which only exists when a system
is
under power.
I.C. substrate shorts, faulty eleetrolytie eapacitors (e.g. tantalum) etc. can be loeated using
this method -present methods
01
locating faults
of
this type
of
ten involve track cutting,
I.C. removal, etc.
The microvoltmeter measures the track voltage drops and in this way the faulty deviee
which
is
sinking or sourcing excessive current can be identified.
3
Bus
Failure
A common fault
in
microprocessor or complex digital systems
is
a node stuck high or
(more frequentlyl low, with many devices connected
on
it.
A typical fault
is
shown in fig.
3.
le
-1
le
:?
le
.3
le
,4
.Q\.'
....
__
~
______
__
~
__
G_.,,_o
__
---"_-+
___
---1
____
_
where the
low
input resistance
of
LG.
3 sinks the bulk of the available drive current from
the microprocessor thus preventing the address line from going high.
There
are
two
methods which can
be
used to trace which
I.
G.
on the address line
is
keeping the node low:-
(il
With the p.c.b. powered, current
is
driven inta the faulty node. The microprocessor
address line
is
put inta its open state, either
by
unplugging
il
or taking its
HOLD
pin
high,
(a
lead
is
provided for this).
Gurrent
is
then driven inta the node from the p.c.b. supply using the
6I:XJA
yellow
resistive lead
so
that the circuit
of
figure 4
is
obtained.
le
~
Moasuroments
can
now
bo
mado on the above
c1rcuit
as
above.
Solocl 500uV rongo, (this
is
usua!ly tho most appropriato rangol.
1.
MOllsuromont
1
indictl10s
thllt littlo
or
no
curront
is
bolno
lakun
by
I.
C.
1
2. Measurement 2
as
in mOflsuroment 1.
3.
Measurement 3 - this indicates that
I.e.
3
is
sinking a large amount of current and
is
thus the faulty device.
4.
MOII~UlOfllt!flt
4 ImjlclIlu:l thlll :lub:loqucmt LG.'s
!:Irtl
nOl
:linking
tlxctls~lvtl
ClIfftlfll,
confirming thot
I.G.
3
is
fOlllly.
Nate that the track layout frequently allows all meaf ments to
be
de between
Le.
pin::l as
::Ihowl1
in
liguro
[)
(flU)(t
fjllgtll.
4
fRACK
L,'/Your
ro.<!'
1711/
2
5HOWN
le
:1
le
2
IC
.3
Ic4
Iii)
With the p.c.b. unpowered. current (lOmA)
is
injected into the faulty node from the
fiXJA front panel current source. using the
red
and black leads provided. this method
is
usually the easiest to
use
since current
is
on
ly flowing through the faulty circuit.
Fio
(,
le
1
leZ
le
.3
Ic4
0-7
/
~I
;~:,'=",
\
t_.,
....
,\Jo:'{I.!._
.c._
.......
"
.....
_.
Fault location then proceeds
as
for a powered board with the addition that measurements
can
also
be
made
on
the ground lead of the
I.
C
.•
If mora convoniont.
5
Capacitor
Fallure
Electrolytic capacitors Inotably tantaluml can go low-resistance at any time during a
products life, holding the power supplies low. The technique for locating the faulty
capacitor
is
very similar to that for locating a fauity
Le.
described earlier.
Referring to figure 7 it can be
seen
that
C4
is
faulty and
is
sinking the bulk
of
the supply
current. By making measurements on the track
as
shown,
e4
is
isolated.
FiG
7
C-s
The current can either originate from the power supply of the unit under test, or the
600A lOmA source.
The 5mV range will be found
of
particular
usa
in tracing power supply faults because
of
the larger track voltage drops from the high supply currents.
Burn
In
Boards
When LC.'s are subjected to
an
operating burn in, there can
be
as
manyas
50
with
their
input (address) pins connected in paralIeI. If one
Le.
becomes faulty it
is
both tedious and
time consuming to fault find by removing each
I.
e.
in turn until the fault
is
removed.
Figure 8 shows a typical part of a board and the 600A allows the faulty
I.
C.
to
be
quickly
located.
AC.8
le
le
b
7
D D
le
The
board
is
unpowered and connected
to
the 600A current source. Measurements are
then
made between LC. pins.
1.
Measurement 1shows that column 1
is
not sinking current.
2.
Measurement 2 does the same for column
2.
3.
Measurement 3 shows that the current does not reach column 4, i.e. column 3 must
contain the faulty LC.
4,
Measurement 4 clears I.C.
8.
5.
Measurement 5 clears I.C,
7.
6.
Measurement 6 indicates that current does not reach LC.
5,
i.e. I.C. 6 must
be
faulty.
These
tests can
be
performed by non skilied personnel who Quickly grasp the principles
involved.
Analogue Circuits
The
600A can
be
used to trace current in analogue circuits, and this can aid trouble-
shooting
of
the p.c.b. particularly if I.C.'s and transistors are soldered in.
The
applications are varied but tend to rely on comparison with a known good board,
Input Protection
The
600A
is
protected against accidental connection
of
up to ±
15V
between the probes.
However
ilS
low
input resistance (approx.
1000)
causes it to draw appreciable current
from the
rail
touched and this heats the 600A input resistor.
Even
after disconnection of the ±
15V,
the remaining heat in the resistor can cause
thermal offsets within the
6OOA,
which can be
as
large
as
loouV, causing the meter to read
F.S.D. with no input.
If this condition
is
encountered, the operator must wait a minute or so (depending on how
long the overload was present) for the heat
to
be
dissipated and the meter to return to
centre zero.
7
Ca
libration
If calibration
of
the 600A
is
required it
is
advised that this procedure
is
followed
in
fu!1.
1.
With the 600A
off
adjust the meter mechanical zero to line the pointer to Oon the
LHS
of
the scale.
2.
Switch the 600A
on
and allow
it
to
run for
15
minutes before making adjustments.
3.
Adjust
R51
such that the squarewave
on
U6 pin 8
has
a frequency
of
375
Hz
for a
mains supply
of
50
Hz
(adjust for
390
Hz
for mains supply
of
60
Hzl.
4.
Setect AC m O mode,
lOrange.
Short the probes together and adjust
R14
for a meter
reading
of
zero.
5.
Connect the probes across the 1O CAL
RES
on the rear panel and adjust
R31
for
F.
S.
D.
6. This procedure
has
now calibrated both
ACn
and DCO
•.
7.
Select uV mode ± 5mV range. Adjust
R21
for centre zero reading.
8.
Select ± 50uV range and short the probes together, taking care not to touch them
as
this can introduce thermal enors. The meter should
be
within ± 5uV of centre zero.
9.
To check the voltage calibration (there
is
no adjustment) connect the probes across a I
1O 1% resistor which
is
supplied from a 4-6 volt power supply
via
a series resistor. The
!Wo
resistors form a voltage divider and allow F.S.D. to
be
checked. I,
The
required resistors are:
5mV -
lK
01%
600uV -lOK
0..1
%
50uV
lOOK
0.1%
Note that when making any voltage measurements, thermoelectric voltages
can
cause
errors -hence it
is
advisable to avoid any heat source near the probes, e.g. do not
touch the metal tips
of
the pro
bes
when taklng readings.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Maln
Amplifier
The
amplification
of
the
signal to drive the meter
is
performed by
U2
and
U3.
U2
is
operated
as
a chopping amplifier in the uV and
DCm
n modes
via
U4
and
U5.
The clock
signal
is
generated from U6c running at approx.
380
Hz
(set
by
R511.
uV Mode
When uV
is
seleeted
U5d
is
enabled and thus the input voltage
is
chopped
and
applied to
U2.
Rl
sets
the input resistance of the amplifier
and
R2,
01, 02 limit the maximum voltage that
is
presented to
U4
and
U2
in
overload conditions.
The
gain of
U2
is
switch
ed
by the range switch
and
set
by
R3,
R4,
R5
and
R6.
The
output of
U2
is
coupled
via
C4
to
U4
which references the signal to ground and
couples it to the filters
R12,
C5
and
R13,
Cl1.
This
DC
voltage level
is
converted into a meter current
by
U3
and
R15.
02
is
on, supplying
approximately
O.5mA
of offset current
so
that the meter
has
a centre zero,
R21
is
used
to
adjust this value.
DC
Milliohms
As
above
U5d
is
enabled
and
the action
of
the
drcui!
is
as
for the uV mode.
The
gain
of
U2
is
set
by
A3
and
A7
in
paralIei with
AB,
and the filter
A13,
Cll
is
removed by the mode
switch.
02
is
not supplying offset current.
01
is
designed to limit the vollage to which
C5
charges when the probes are open circuit.
This
improves the response time when a measurement
is
made.
AC
Milliohms
In
this mode
U5d
is
disabled. converting
U2
into a standard amplifier with its gain
set
by
A3
and
A7.
Its output from
C4
is
converted into a
DC
level
by
U4
and
U5a
and applied to filter
A12,
C5,
U3
and
A15
convert the
DC
vollage
lO
a meter current -
A16
limits the maximum
meter currenl and
sets
the signallevelon
U3
pin
6.
03 limits the positive excursion on the output
of
C4
when the probes
are
open drcuit, this
in
conjunction with
01,
en
sures
a rapid reading when the probes
are
connected to a low
resistance
A14
is
used
to adjust for
zero
reading with the probes shorted
in
the 1 ohm
range
(AC
ohms model.
Current Source
In
AC
milliohms U5b
is
enabled, coupling the clock signal to the current source
U6d,
Tho
output voltago
of
U6d
is
set
by
A31,
and the current
is
set
by
the range switch
and
A35,
R36,
A37
and
A38.
A34,
A33,
04, 05
and
09
are
to protect
U6d
if the probes
are
Inadvertently connected to a voltage
so
urea
in
AC
or
DC
milliohms.
In
DC
rnilllohms
U5b
output
IS
high, causing
U6d
output to ramain
at
a positiva
DC
lovol
(sot
by
A31)
and
thus injoet a
DC
current.
Vollage Comrolled Oscillator (VCO)
In
both
AC
and
DC
milliohms the voltage
on
U3
pin 6
is
connected to
03
via
A39.
This
voltage
Is
proportional
to
the meter reading and thus
the
current through
03
Is
also
proportlonol
to
motor roodlng.
U6a
is
connocted
os
an
oscillator with the charge time
of
C13
sat
by
03
current and
the
discharge time
set
by
R43,
At
meter f.s.d. there
are
pulses
on
U8a
output at
freqU/:Incy
of approximatoly 8KHz.
Tlltlstl öre
dlvldtld
uy
Ul
to
form
1.1
llyrnrntltrlclll
SqUtHtI
wllve
whlcll
IIrt! coupltllJ vit! tllt!
front ponal voluma controi
(A52)
to output amplifiar U6b, which drives oilhar
an
eorpioco
or
speaker
inse'
9
Power
Supplies
The main supplias
ara
derivad from tha mains transformar. full wava reetifiad
by
DB
and
applied to voltage regulators U9 and U10 to produee the regulated +
5vand
-5v supplies.
Vo/tage from
an
isolated winding is reetified and applied
to
ragulator
Ull
eonnected
as
a
constant current source
of
lOmA.
D7
(silieon) and
D12
(Germanium) limit the maximum
open circuit voltage to approx. 0.7v.
10
+5.
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IK!5
,
c,.,
220",1'
+ L
-=-
.3
-
-l
"':""
w
x\
78LO~
R?rNf
R1NEL
LED
II
7'fLO.s
6
-5v
\.
c~~
CH,...
...L
our
~
'"
7BL=
1C'!5.-f
7<fLO:;
I
IN
LA...~-'-
I
Qt/1'"
u...
.......
620R
,..."
.........-'1f----
+
D/2
"01'1
AiXNr
_EL
CU?RENT
OUT
..,
D7
.5aIRCE
SER.II?L
1\1""
/016
1.11'"
TCYVEOHM
bODA
POWER
5UPPL
y
600A PARTS
LIST
When
ordaring spares pleasa state instrument typa (6(X)Al, serial number (found on the
rear panel), circuit reference
and/or
description
of
the parts required.
.~
. CIRCUIT REFERENCE
Cl
C2,
C3, C7,
CS,
C21,
C24
C4,
C14.
C5,
C11, C25.
ClO,
C13.
C9
C15,
C16,
C19.
C17,
C18,
C22, C23.
Dl
to D7, D9.
DS,
Dll
D12
01,02.
03.
Rl.
R2.
R3.
R4.
R5.
R6.
A7,
AS.
All,
R12, R13.
R14.
R15.
R16.
R17.
R1S.
A21,
A31.
A22.
A23.
A24.
A25,
R26,
A27,
R45,
A46.
A28.
A30.
R32.
A33.
R34,
A41.
R35.
A36.
A37.
R38.
A42,
R43.
A44,
ROO,
R5l.
R52,
R53.
R54,
R56.
U2,
U3,
U4,
U5.
DESCRIPTION
Polystyrene capacitor
Disc ceramic
Polyester capacitor
Polyester capacitor
Polyester capacitor
Ceramic capacitor
Electrolytic capacitor
Tantalum capacitor
Silicon diode·
Bridge
Germanium diode
NPN transistor
PNP transistor
Carbon film
lW
5%
Carbon film 5%
Metal film 1%
Metal film 1%
Metal film 1%
Metal film 1%
Metal film 1%
Carbon film 5%
Carbon film 5%
Multiturn
preset
Metal film 1%
Carbon film 5%
Carbon film 5%
Carbon film 5%
Cermet preset
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film 5%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film
5%
Metal film 1%
Metal film 1%
Metal film 1%
Metal film 1%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film 5%
Carbon film
5%
Carbon film
5%
Carmat presa!
Switch
POl
Cllrbon film 5%
Carbon film 5%
Matal film 1%
I.C.
I.C.
I.C.
I.C.
14
VALUE/TYPE
33pF
O.luF
loonF
luF
10nF
6p8
220uF 16V
lOuF 16V
lN4148
W0-005
0A47
BCl84L
BC212L
120A
560
R
680K
lKoo
10K2
118K
5K23
lKoo
56K
lOK
68Al
2K2
39K
6KS
lOK
20K
18K
3KO
lOOK
lOOK
620A
2K4
300
R
lOK
lORO
33A2
lOOA
332A
lK8
270A
lMO
62K
OOK
250K
lK5
620A
lROO
LFl56H
(selected)
LF351
N
4016
,-,J4011
I
I
;
Le.
LF347N
U6.
Le. eD4013
U7.
U9,
Ull.
Ul0. I.e.
Le.
7SL05
79L05
TX1.
Transformer
S-O-SV,
O-SV
Sl-S7. Switch bank
Pro
bes
Replacement tips
are
available for the standard probes supplied with
ea~h
instrument.
De
Luxe.
needle sharp probes for piercing solder resist
are
available
as
an
accessory.
t
I
f
t
r
i
I
I
I
l
I
•
~
..
~
~
"
"
"
"
"
"
'.
'.
~
15
"
~
LlMITED WARRANTY
For a period
of
one year from Ihe date
of
ilS purchase new and
undamaged from Polar Eleclronics Ltd" POLAR ELECTRONICS L
TO,
or
ils
aulhorized dislributors w,lI, wOlhoul charge, repa,r or replace al ilS
option, this
product
if
round by
il
lO
be defeclIve
on
matonals or
workmanship, and
if
relurned to POLAR ELECTRONICS L
TO,
or its
authorized d,stflbutors transportation prepoid, Th,s limited worranty is
expressly eonditioned upon Ihe produet hav,ng been used only
In
normal
usage and service in aceordance
with
instruetlons
of
POLAR
ELECTRONICS LTO. and not hav,ng been altered
,n
any way or
subjectto
misuse, neoligenee or damage, and not having been repai'lJd or auompted
to be repaired
by
orlY
one other then POLAR ELECTRONICS LTO. or its
authorizod distributors, EXCEPT
FOR
THE
FOREGOING EXPRESS
WARRANTY
OF
REPAIR
OR
REPLACEMENT POLAR ELECTRONICS
11
0,
MAKES
NO
WARRANTY
OF
ANY
KIND, INCLUOING BUT NOT
LlMITED TO,
ANY
EXPRESS
OR
IMPLlED
WARRANTY
OF
MERCHANTAOILlTY
OR
FITNESS
FOR
ANY
PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
AND
POLAR ELECTRONICS L
TO
SHALL
NOT
BE
LlAOLE
FOR
ANY
OAMAGES,
WHETHER OIRECT
OR
NOT
OR
OTHERWISE,
13EYOND
REPAIR
OR
REPLACING THIS PROOUCT,
roL
I\R
ELECTRQNICS
L1MITED
P,O.
Uox
07,
Lowlilllusllluustllul blJltI,
SI. Sampfoon'r., GuormlOY,
Chllnnnllslnnds,
Teleptlone: Guernsey (0481) 48129,
GUOfIl'UY
Pro
••
CD.
L,
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