Polar Instruments TONEOHM 850A User manual

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Find the Polar Toneohm 850A at our website: Click HERE

Polar Instruments Ltd.
Garenne Park
Rue de la Cache
St. Sampson
Guernsey
Channel Islands
GY2 4AF
England
http://www.polar.co.uk
Fax: [phone]
Email: m[email protected]o.uk
MAN 150-9803
TONEOHM 850A
OPERATOR
MANUAL
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TONEOHM 850A SHORTS LOCATOR OPERATOR MANUAL
POLAR INSTRUMENTS LTD. HARDWARE WARRANTY
1. Product Warranty. Product hardware is warranted to be free from defects in material and
workmanship during the Warranty Period (as defined below). Product hardware is warranted to
conform substantially to Polar’s then current (as of the date of Polar’s product shipment)
published user documentation during the Warranty Period. The Warranty Period is twelve (12)
months. Product support beyond these periods may be available at additional cost – consult Polar
for details.
2. Warranty Claims. Polar shall incur no liability under this warranty if the end user fails to provide
Polar with notice of the alleged defect during the applicable Warranty Period and within seven (7)
days of delivery to end user or, if the defect would not have been reasonably apparent on
inspection, within seven (7) days of its discovery by end user. After receiving such notice, Polar
will notify the purchaser of its designation of one of the following problem resolution methods:
Return to Factory: The allegedly defective goods must be returned to Polar within seven
days of Polar’s notice and in accordance with Polar’s instructions advised at the time.
Other: Polar will use commercially reasonable efforts to repair, correct or work around
the problem by means of telephone support or other means reasonably determined by
Polar.
Polar shall incur no liability under this warranty if Polar’s tests disclose that the alleged defect is
due to causes not within Polar’s reasonable control, including alteration or abuse of the goods.
Under the Return to Factory alternative, if a Product is determined not to be defective or to have a
defect due to causes not within Polar’s reasonable control, Polar reserves the right to apply a
processing charge.
3. Damage in Transit. End user must notify Polar and the carrier of any claim for damage in transit
within two (2) days of receipt of the damaged merchandise. Failure to do so may result in the
carrier and/or Polar refusing to accept liability in which case end user must pay the purchase
price as if the hardware had been delivered without damage.
4. Polar’s Liability Polar’s liability, and end user’s sole and exclusive remedy, shall be limited to the
express remedies set forth in this Polar Hardware Warranty.
5. Disclaimer of Warranties. POLAR MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED
OR STATUTORY, REGARDING PRODUCTS. ALL OTHER WARRANTIES AS TO THE
QUALITY, CONDITION, MERCHANTABILLITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
OR NON-INFRINGEMENT ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED.
6. Limitation of Liability. POLAR SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DIRECT DAMAGES IN
EXCESS OF THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID BY THE END USER OR FOR ANY SPECIAL,
CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGE, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, LOSS OF PROFITS OR DAMAGES TO BUSINESS OR BUSINESS RELATIONS,
WHETHER OR NOT ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES,
THE FOREGOING LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY, NOTWITHSTANDING THE FAILURE OF
ANY EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
Copyright Polar Instruments Ltd. 1995
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TONEOHM 850A OPERATOR MANUAL
ii
DECLARATIONS
European Community Directive Conformance Statement
This product conforms to all applicable EC Council Directives, including:
EC Council Directive 89/336/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating
to electromagnetic compatibility.
EC Council Directive 73/23/EEC on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating
to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits.
A declaration of conformity with the requirements of these Directives has been signed by:
POLAR INSTRUMENTS (UK) LTD
11 College Place
London Road
Southampton
England
SO1 2FE
Harmonised standards applied in order to verify compliance with these Directives:
EN 50081-1:1992
EN 50082-1:1992
EN 61010-1:1993
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INTRODUCTION
iii
SAFETY
WARNING
The LIVE and NEUTRAL lines on this unit are BOTH fused.
This unit contains no user-serviceable parts. When the unit is connected to its supply, the opening of
covers or removal of panels is likely to expose dangerous voltages. To maintain operator safety, do not
operate the unit unless the enclosure is complete and securely assembled.
GROUNDING
This unit must be earthed (grounded); do not operate the instrument with the safety earth disconnected.
Ensure the instrument is connected to an outlet with an effective protective conductor terminal (earth). Do
not negate this protective action by using an extension cord without a protective conductor.
Note: This instrument is fitted with 3-wire grounding type plug designed to fit only into a grounding type
power outlet. If a special local plug must be fitted to the power cord ensure this operation is performed by
a skilled electronics technician and that the protective ground connection is maintained. The plug that is
cut off from the power cord must be safely disposed of.
Power cord color codes are as follows:
Europe
brown live
blue neutral
green/yellow earth (ground)
United States
black live
white neutral
green ground
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TONEOHM 850A OPERATOR MANUAL
iv
POWER SUPPLY
Check that the indicated line voltage setting corresponds with the local mains power supply. See the rear
panel for line voltage settings.
To change the line voltage settings refer the instrument to a skilled electronics technician. Instructions for
changing the line voltage settings are contained in the TONEOHM 850A Service Manual published by
Polar Instruments.
TONEOHM 850A OPERATION
This manual contains instructions and warnings which must be observed by the user to
ensure safe operation. Operating this instrument in ways other than detailed in this
manual may impair the protection provided by the instrument and may result in the
instrument becoming unsafe. Retain these instructions for later use.
The TONEOHM 850A is designed for use indoors in an electrical workshop environment at a stable work
station comprising a bench or similar work surface.
Use only the accessories (e.g. test probes and clips) provided by Polar Instruments.
The TONEOHM 850A must be maintained and repaired by a skilled electronics technician in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions.
If it is likely that the protection has been impaired the instrument must be made inoperative, secured
against unintended operation and referred to qualified service personnel. Protection may be impaired if,
for example, the instrument:
•Shows signs of physical damage
•Fails to operate normally when the operating instructions are followed
•Has been stored for prolonged periods under unfavourable conditions
•Has been subjected to excessive transport stresses
•Has been exposed to rain or water or been subject to liquid spills
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INTRODUCTION
v
SPECIFICATIONS
Resistance Ranges
Number of Ranges 5
Hi sensitivity ΩApprox. 40mΩ, uncalibrated
200mΩ200mΩ, 4%
2Ω2Ω, 4%
200Ω200Ω, 4%
20kΩ20kΩ, 4%
Probe tip voltage 60mV max.
Probe Protection Momentary contact to 100V
Voltage Ranges
2mV 2mV, 4%, ±15µV (Rin=120Ω)
20mV 20mV, 4%, ±15µV (Rin=120Ω)
2V 2V, 4%, ±15µV (Rin=1MΩ)
20V 20V, 4%, ±15µV (Rin=1MΩ)
Current Trace
Sensitivity Detects current flow with 200Ωconnected to Drive
Source
Drive Source 0-550mV, adjustable
Display 0.7”, 3½ digit LCD
Tone Internal speaker, headphone socket, adjustable
volume
Power Cord Detachable
ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
The instrument is designed for indoor use only under the following environmental conditions:
Altitude Up to 2000m
Temperature +5°C to +40°C ambient
Relative humidity RH 80% maximum at 31°C — derate linearly to
50% at 40°C
Mains borne transients As defined by Installation Category II
(Overvoltage Category II) in IEC664
Pollution Degree 2 (IEC664)
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TONEOHM 850A OPERATOR MANUAL
vi
Power Requirements
230V ± 10%, 115V ± 10% or 100V ± 10% at 50/60Hz, 15VA.
Physical characteristics (excluding accessories)
Dimensions 300 mm (11.8 in.) wide
110 mm (4.4 in.) high
260 mm (10.3 in.) deep
Weight 1.5 kg (3.3 lb.)
ACCESSORIES
Standard Accessories
Needle Probe set ACC152
Current Trace Probe ACC34
Drive Source Clips ACC33
Operator manual MAN150
SYMBOLS
CAUTION — To prevent damage to this product and to ensure its safe use observe the
specifications given in this manual when connecting to terminals marked with this
symbol.
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INTRODUCTION
vii
GUIDE TO THE MANUAL
INTRODUCTION An overview of the Polar TONEOHM 850A shorts locator and its
applications.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION The principles of operation of the TONEOHM 850A; selecting
the operating mode for different types of short circuit.
Front and rear panel connectors.
INSTALLATION AND SET UP Connecting the TONEOHM 850A to a power supply.
MILLIOHMMETER Using the resistance measurement ranges of the TONEOHM
850A to locate low resistance short circuits
TRACK VOLTAGE Making track voltage measurements with the TONEOHM 850A
to locate high resistance shorts and “loading” faults.
CURRENT TRACING Non-contact current tracing with the TONEOHM 850A.
Using board sectoring techniques to pin-point faults on printed
circuit boards.
Locating shorts in wire-looms and backplanes.
SIMPLE MAINTENANCE Details of maintenance and cleaning procedures.
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TONEOHM 850A OPERATOR MANUAL
viii
CONTENTS
DECLARATIONS..........................................................................................................................................ii
European Community Directive Conformance Statement....................................................................ii
SAFETY.......................................................................................................................................................iii
WARNING ............................................................................................................................................... iii
GROUNDING........................................................................................................................................... iii
POWER SUPPLY....................................................................................................................................iv
TONEOHM 850A OPERATION............................................................................................................... iv
SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................................................................................v
ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING CONDITIONS.....................................................................................v
ACCESSORIES.......................................................................................................................................vi
Standard Accessories..........................................................................................................................vi
SYMBOLS................................................................................................................................................vi
SECTION 1 – INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1-1
INTRODUCTION TO THE TONEOHM 850A........................................................................................1-1
1-1 Using the TONEOHM 850A to locate short circuits.....................................................................1-1
TONEOHM 850A applications ...................................................................................................1-1
TONEOHM 850A display mechanisms......................................................................................1-1
SECTION 2 – DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................2-1
LOCATING SHORT CIRCUITS WITH THE TONEOHM 850A.............................................................2-1
2-1 TONEOHM 850A shorts locating modes.....................................................................................2-1
Milliohmmeter.............................................................................................................................2-1
Track Voltage.............................................................................................................................2-1
Current Tracer............................................................................................................................2-1
2-2 Controls, connectors and probes.................................................................................................2-1
Controls......................................................................................................................................2-1
RESISTANCE range switches...................................................................................................2-1
TRACK VOLTAGE range switches............................................................................................2-2
DRIVE SOURCE control............................................................................................................2-2
VOLUME control ........................................................................................................................2-2
Audio tone output.......................................................................................................................2-2
Connectors.................................................................................................................................2-2
Headphone socket.....................................................................................................................2-2
Current trace probe and drive source leads...............................................................................2-2
Needle probes............................................................................................................................2-3
2-3 Rear Panel controls and connectors............................................................................................2-3
2-4 Mode and range selection............................................................................................................2-3
SECTION 3 – INSTALLATION AND SET-UP...........................................................................................3-1
PREPARATION FOR USE....................................................................................................................3-1
3-1 Unpacking....................................................................................................................................3-1
3-2 Connecting the TONEOHM 850A to a power supply...................................................................3-1
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INTRODUCTION
ix
SECTION 4 – MILLIOHMMETER.............................................................................................................4-1
LOCATING SOLDER AND LAND BRIDGES........................................................................................4-1
4.1 (Low resistance) shorts................................................................................................................4-1
Tracing faults on double sided boards.......................................................................................4-1
SECTION 5 – TRACK VOLTAGE.............................................................................................................5-1
USING TRACK VOLTAGE TO LOCATE LOADING FAULTS ..............................................................5-1
5-1 TRACK VOLTAGE shorts locating mode....................................................................................5-1
Static faults ................................................................................................................................5-1
Excessive Vcc Loads.................................................................................................................5-1
Dynamic faults ...........................................................................................................................5-2
SECTION 6 – CURRENT TRACING.........................................................................................................6-1
NON-CONTACT CURRENT TRACING................................................................................................6-1
6-1 Using the 850A Drive Source......................................................................................................6-1
Connection and Sensitivity Adjustment......................................................................................6-2
6-2 Operation.....................................................................................................................................6-2
Board Sectoring .........................................................................................................................6-2
Bus Faults (Stuck Nodes)..........................................................................................................6-3
Edge Connectors .......................................................................................................................6-5
Faulty Decoupling Capacitors....................................................................................................6-6
SECTION 7 – SIMPLE MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING ......................................................................7-7
Cleaning.............................................................................................................................................7-7
Technical Support..............................................................................................................................7-7
USER GUIDE (FRENCH)
USER GUIDE (GERMAN)
USER GUIDE (ITALIAN)
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SECTION 1 – INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE TONEOHM 850A
Short circuits and loading problems are a common cause of faults in electronic instrumentation both at
the manufacturing stage and in service and repair. These faults may range from a low resistance short,
such as a solder bridge on a printed circuit board, to a defective component loading down a bus line in a
complex microprocessor system.
1-1 Using the TONEOHM 850A to locate short circuits
With the TONEOHM 850A the operator has the choice of three operating modes to locate any type of
short circuit without damaging the board under test:
Milliohmmeter For locating low resistance shorts.
Track Voltage Measuring the voltage drop caused by current flow
through a track. Useful when tracing loading faults
and high resistance shorts.
Current Trace Non-contact current tracing where access to tracks or
components is difficult.
TONEOHM 850A applications
The high accuracy of the TONEOHM 850A allows it to be used for a wide variety of applications requiring
low resistance measurements:
•Continuity testing
•Relay and switch contact measurements
•Detecting and measuring high-resistance connections
•Measurement of transformer winding resistance
•Testing for shorts and partial shorts between transformer windings
TONEOHM 850A display mechanisms
The TONEOHM 850A incorporates two mechanisms for notifying the operator of the proximity of a short
circuit, a liquid crystal display digital readout and a highly sensitive variable-frequency audio tone output.
The inclusion of the audio tone system allows the operator to maintain visual contact with the circuit under
test while tracing through dense or complex wiring. The TONEOHM 850A will rapidly pin-point the
physical location of short circuits, in many cases to within 0.2 inches, both on PC boards in isolation and
within circuit wiring without the need to disconnect associated components or wiring.
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SECTION 2 – DESCRIPTION
LOCATING SHORT CIRCUITS WITH THE TONEOHM 850A
2-1 TONEOHM 850A shorts locating modes
The TONEOHM 850A provides three shorts locating modes to enable the user to physically locate any
type of short circuit without lifting components, cutting tracks or otherwise damaging the board under test:
Milliohmmeter This mode will be found highly effective in locating low
resistance shorts.
Track Voltage Trace current flow from the voltage drops caused by the
current flowing in a track. Used when tracing loading faults
and high resistance shorts.
Current Tracer Use when non-contact current tracing is required, where
access to tracks or components is difficult.
Milliohmmeter
The 850A includes resistance ranges (Ωand 200mΩ) which will prove sensitive enough for measuring
circuit board track resistance. These resistance ranges will prove effective in locating low resistance
shorts. In many cases, short circuits may be pin-pointed to within 0.2 inches of actual fault location
without the need to disconnect associated components or wiring.
Higher resistance ranges (2Ω, 200Ωand 20kΩ) are included for general purpose resistance
measurements.
Track Voltage
Selecting Track Voltage enables current flow to be traced by measuring the voltage drop caused by the
current flowing in a track. This technique will be found effective when tracing loading faults and high
resistance shorts.
Current Tracer
The 850A Current Tracer is most effective where access to tracks or components is difficult, i.e., when
non-contact current tracing is required.
2-2 Controls, connectors and probes
Controls
RESISTANCE range switches
The RESISTANCE ranges (Ω, 200mΩand 2Ω). are used to locate low resistance shorts. When locating
faults on heavier tracks, use the Ωrange to gain more sensitivity and resolution.
Use the 200Ω, 20KΩranges for general resistance measurements.
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TONEOHM 850A OPERATOR MANUAL
2-2
When using the milliohmmeter ranges, the open circuit probe tip voltage is limited to a maximum of 60mV
to prevent any damage to sensitive components.
TRACK VOLTAGE range switches
The TRACK VOLTAGE ranges (2mV – 20V) allow the operator to trace current through a printed circuit
board track from the voltage drop along sections of the track. The displayed value corresponds to the
voltage along the track.
The 20mV and 2mV ranges are particularly useful where the tracks are wide (i.e. very low resistance).
DRIVE SOURCE control
The TONEOHM 850A’s Drive Source drives current through the circuit under test — the resulting
magnetic field may be detected using the Current Trace Probe.
The maximum voltage generated by the Drive Source is 550mV, which will not damage devices or turn on
silicon junctions. The DRIVE SOURCE control is used to adjust the amplitude of the DRIVE SOURCE
current.
The DRIVE SOURCE LED indicates flow of Drive Source current. If the LED does not light, either the
leads are connected incorrectly, or there may be insufficient current flowing for the Current Trace Probe to
detect the resulting field.
VOLUME control
The VOLUME control varies the sound level of the audible tone.
Audio tone output
The TONEOHM 850A incorporates a variable-frequency audio tone output to enable the operator to
maintain continuous visual contact with the circuit under test.
Connectors
Headphone socket
When the headphones are connected to this socket the internal speaker is switched off and the tone
switched to the headphones. Use only 3.5mm stereo jack plugs in this socket.
The TONEOHM 850A is supplied with two sets of probes and Drive Source leads. Each probe fits into a
unique socket on the front panel.
Current trace probe and drive source leads
The magnetic Current Trace Probe is used to detect currents flowing through tracks, components, etc.,
without making physical contact. The Probe must be used in conjunction with the Drive Source output, as
it is tuned to the frequency of the AC current supplied by the Drive Source when TRACE is selected.
The Drive Source leads (a pair of red and black clips) are used to inject the current into the board.
When Track Voltage ranges are selected the Drive Source output is a DC voltage (red clip positive) which
can be used to stimulate the board under test.
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DESCRIPTION
2-3
Needle probes
The Needle Probes are used in all ranges except TRACE. The red (positive) and black (negative)
markings on the probes indicate direction of current flow Track Voltage.
2-3 Rear Panel controls and connectors
The rear panel accommodates the push button (push-on/push-off) ON/OFF mains power switch and the
IEC mains inlet connector.
2-4 Mode and range selection
Different types of short circuit and loading faults require different location techniques. It is often possible
to find the fault in more than one way, but the following guidelines may prove helpful in deciding the most
appropriate shorts locating mode and range. In some cases a mixture of techniques may be required.
When selecting the range to use, consider the following questions:
1. Is the fault a low resistance short (i.e. less than 200mΩ)?
2. Is the fault “static” or “dynamic”? I.e. is the fault always present (static) or only present
when the board is powered (dynamic)?
The operator will probably find the Milliohmmeter technique most appropriate in locating
static, low resistance shorts on both single and double-sided boards.
If the fault is dynamic use Track Voltage mode.
3. Are the tracks or cables associated with the short accessible?
If access is difficult (e.g. a wire harness or densely packed memory bank) it will probably
be most appropriate to use the Current Trace Probe, i.e. to detect current without making
contact.
4. Does the short involve a plane in a multi-layer board?
In this case the operator should use Track Voltage mode.
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TONEOHM 850A OPERATOR MANUAL
2-4
The table below indicates the suggested range for locating different types of short circuit.
Type of fault Range Drive Source Used PCB Powered
Shorts below 200mΩΩ, 200mΩNO NO
Excessive Vcc loads (static) 2mV/20mV YES NO
Excessive Vcc loads (dynamic) 2mV/20mV NO YES
Multi-layer shorts (dynamic) TRACE YES NO
Bus faults TRACE YES NO
Backplanes/wiring harnesses TRACE YES NO
Open Circuit Capacitor TRACE YES NO
Table 2-1 850A Short Location ranges
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SECTION 3 – INSTALLATION AND SET-UP
PREPARATION FOR USE
3-1 Unpacking
The instrument is shipped in a sturdy transit pack. Open the pack carefully and remove the instrument
and its accessories.
If the instrument is damaged in any way contact the local distributor or supplier.
Retain the pack for possible future use.
The TONEOHM 850A pack should contain:
TONEOHM 850A
Power cord
Pair of needle probes
Current Trace Probe
Drive Source leads
Operator manual
Note: If the instrument has been shipped or stored in a cold environment, allow the instrument to reach
the temperature of its new location before applying power.
3-2 Connecting the TONEOHM 850A to a power supply
Refer to the voltage label on the rear panel of the instrument and make sure that the marked
rating is suitable for the local mains power supply.
If the rating on the label is not suitable for the local power supply refer the instrument to a skilled
electronics technician. Instructions for changing the line voltage settings are contained in the TONEOHM
850A Service Manual.
Note: If a special local plug must be fitted to the power cord ensure this operation is performed by a
skilled electronics technician and that the protective ground connection is maintained. The plug that is cut
off from the power cord must be safely disposed of.
Power cord color codes are as follows:
Europe
brown live
blue neutral
green/yellow earth (ground)
United States
black live
white neutral
green ground
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