Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 User manual

-
MODEL 100
PORTABLE
COMPUTER
Quick Reference
Guide
HA1CI0 SHACK. ADIVISION OF TANDY CCflPOHAHQN
U.S.A. FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102
CANADA-. BARflE. ONTARIO I•" 4W».
TANOV CORPORATION
I,iii.lx; mill
?A3
'in 11 i.'.-ininrKHi"-1
PRINTED IN JAPAAJ OJS'OM mamjfactube; hj« h*o»OShack OWSKJ" <* WND» COH"0=*HOII

Table of Contents
How To Ute this Quick Reference Guide t
Using the- Mod*l 100 2
Power SoureasU Turrwg the Power ONOFF
SsleclincMenu Options
Text Editor (TEXT) Qule* Reference 3
Schedule* (SCHEtJL) Quk:k Reference 5
Address (ADDPSS) Quick Reference 6
Talaeommunieallttna (TELCOU) Quick Reference 7
BASIC Quick Reference 9
Keywords 12
Keyboard lnp*il 19
nAMFHM 25
Cassette Records' CAS) 29
RS-232C Commun-caiior«l 33
Modem Ccrnrnurwcatlors 36
Sound Generator 3d
ASCII Corkw/Charselera .40
BASIC Error Code* 90
TflS-80 Mode* 100 Quick Reference Guirfe
Copynahl' 1933. TandyCorporalion All RioMs Re^erveO
Reproduction or use wttnout aipreee wnrten permission Iron Tandy
Corporation,of any portonof mis manual is prohibited Wtwie
nHSOIVjUa eNons lave &oen takenIB ow preparationofthismanual to
assure Its accuracy. Tandy Corporation assumes no liabrlHy resuliirig.
from any errors oromissionsin (his manual. 0' Irom theuse ot trie
iftlOTnaiionoOtaioed he/etn.

How toUsethisOuick Reference Guide ..
Intho Ouict<R»le»o«t« Guwle. you'd trwrnosievetylNi^ you 11 n«dlo
use myoui Model 100 The first partof the book gives some general
"•formation about the Model IOC. such as^art-uoproceUures and
po*e< sources
Following ins you'll ft-nd adescription oftne purpose and commandsof
each Applicauor' Program ircluded withthe Mode1100 Finally. *< the
ba»Ao<lite took you'll findsewe'aihanidytaOlea *hici>g've»np<''tar»i
KayDcamto- ASCII Code cc*responoe-nce and BASIC Error Messages
Notations Used in this Quick Reference Guide
Todefcrlbeagwo^oomrrandoT luncuon. wail use an abbreviated
notation as follows:
BOLDFACE CAPS Type in Ine command exactlyas written
froM*ce JMca Inaerlasuitablea/gumenl
JkT Pt086tfiO»pBGirietlhey.
'ETBL'mi ProssfCIJIUand(10^ simultaneously
P'ess(BUTand 'JXT, imultaneous-y
Prsisi.HWHi^W'Hf: iimuiianeousiy
oxp'tsiion insert an argument .either numartcor siring
suing expression insert asuitable stung argument.
nuroef/c tipnwWM inaeria»uiUbienurnenc*rgun%«ft(
Her Ineertonflorrno'eaigijmerits. separated by
IMH
commas
inserieitnera singleargurrenl. oreiae mo
arguments separated by ahyphen
Program F1 '2
Load
F3
Run
r5rfi (171 F(i
BASIC Files Uat Menu
TEXT Find i-tan S.i.-- Copy Cut Sel Uanu
TELCOM Fine <:ai Kiai T•'• Ft-v Wat Menu
AODftSS Find __ ___ l.l-d ^^Vi'i
SCHDL F,rd ———1Ird ——Men,
Futvctkjn Key Oelinltions
Using the Model 100
Power Sources
The Model 100 Can ope rate on 4size AA Alkaline Manganese ba tteries
The Modei 100 can alsooperate on ordinary household current
1 1 20VAC) by attaching an AC adapter (Catalog Number 26-380* >.
Turning the Model 100On
To power-up the Model IOQaimp*y s*llh*PotwS«!tch(locaiedonrr»e
rtgrtl sideof Ihe Corrpurer)»ON On initial Pawer-Up. the Ma-n Me.v
appears on the Display
Setting the DateandTlme
The current day, lime, and date are listed 0" thyIqd gfthe Menu, To
changethese enter theBASIC Inteqrefer Program, andtype(lo<
example):
DAYS- 'Won IHTTR
OATF$=-oytB.8a BBB
TIMES -'345 25 (WTW
Selecting MenuOptions
To access aprogram or file in Ihe Model IOOsmemory (from the Menu
level).use thearrowkeys lo position the Curse on top o> the
appropriate tiio " the fiteisaoata We, the Model 100 enters- the Texl
£dilov Ifine-file^aBASIC program Ihe Model ICOentersBASlCand
runs Iheprogram. If ihe Me rs amacnme-language program (sucn as Ine
BASIC IrttrpntoF, BASIC. Or (he Text Editor, TEXT) the Model IDO rurw
the program
Turning ihe Model 100 Off
ToturnorlrroModeriM.simp^sWrhePowerSwllcriioOFF FWM
lilescurrentlymRAMarepreservedtoryOuiaccesstWienyouturnme
Moce HlObackon |Toinsurethatyourliles3rspr<rS0'Ved.lumti>o
power* on only(rem Ihe Menu -displayor. if in on Appicaton Program or
Hie. only when the curse is blinking.
J
The Model 100 leaiuresaconvervent Auto-PowerOttfunction The
Computerwill turnitself ofl automabcaiiy after 1minuteso* inactivity
(nokeyboard mput or programrunning] To rum theComputer ban* on.
move ihe Oh* OFF switch loOFFjhenOaWtoON.

Text Editor (TEXT) Quick Reference
Entering lhi> Text Editor p'ogtam
To use me Text Editor, you mayMher positionthe Menu Cursor op »p
ofthe word TEXT or on too ol a tew (Me itsell (text fllesuse the extension
DO). TiwnpressiTHTtt
Text Ed itorCommands
Within theText Editor, (heioHowingkeyso* keyeomomatons periorm
ttrtain (unctions:
i
1
'CM.*
CTRL -*
cm *
MIFTK*-
iHZFT: t
ID
Find
'a
Load
W
Save
TS
Copy
n
cm
wn
Select
Cursor Control Key*
Moves de Cursor one position lo the rig hi
Moirere the Cursorone posieon to the left
Mowame Cursorone posflon up
Moves trie Cursorone posiBxyi down.
Moves Itie Cuisor tolie rightend olthe hne
Moves the Cuisor to trie UNendot the fcne.
Moves me Cursor tothfltQppffhfl hie.
Moves the Curso* lo the banurn of the fife
Moves the Cursor to the beginnogol the word to
immediate «ghi
Moves the Cursor tothe beginrwigot tneword to
immediate toft.
Moves the CUntOf toih© (op of the screen above the
current position
Moves the Cursor tothe bottom o( the screen below me
cwont position
Text Manipulation Keys
Delate it*? character at the currentCursor posthon
Detelo me ch«r*ctor lotho lehot thecuweni Cursor
position
Searchesthe Me lor (heoccurrence ofaparticular
charecteramng Textprompts you formemaWi string
Readsan ASCII data file into RAM Texr
prompts you for the titaoame
vVries adata Me Text prompts youtor nveliiertame.
Duplicates the sttiectexf text into the paste butler
Moves the selectedtekl frOrh the Screen into the
pastebutter
StartsdelifMionol textfor duplicattonor delation
LA3FL
WrTfBKr:
m
cm a
HBCCC
CTRL E
(OTDCTf)
gHDOD
CTRLCX)
mi a
cm :«..
CTRL Q
SDDi Hj
^ctri ci:
BfcVCD
emu in
sntaD
CTRL •
nut x
ETRt'CD
CTflL 2
Ekh the Twt Eaiiotana return tothe Menu
inserts i*e contents of tho pasto butter, starting at tho
currentcursor location.
Pr>nlsthedafinitonsof mo function kaysgn the bottom trte
o'»he display.
Pnnts the cootf*tsol the Screen onto the punter.
Printsthecontentsolthefiieonrome printer Te«l prompts
youtor Hi©widthof theprinter
Inaeris an etgrs-character woe lab
Movesthe Cursor to Ihe beginningof in* word to the left
hencurrant poMOfl
Movesthe Cursor dtiecity to the bottomol trie Screen from
Us cunecM dosDion
Cancels the Select. Save. Load. Find, and Print functions.
rAjYostrio Cut5acoecharacter to lh© light.
Movesthe Cursor up one iine fromrts currw* place.
MovestheCurao. to the beonningot she next nord
Savesadata rtetocassette tape
Deletesprevious character
Insertsan eight-character wide tab.
Er«i Select Text mode.
insertsacarnage return and line) feed
FwxJa Text String
Cooya Text String
Savesnext keystroke as anonprinting control character
(io store punter commands, ate )
Movesthe Cursor Bthe lett end ofthe current line
Movesthe Cursor bthe tight end ol thecuireni ln»e
Movesthe Cursor onecharacter lo the left
Movesthe Cursw to the topot ttw Screenrji rectly above
its current position
MovesSweciedsturglrom Screento paste buffer
Loads a data fiie from cassettetape
MoveStheCursorto the beginningot the tile
Moves theCursor down one tine-
Printsthe entire t»e
Moves tMCursor to the end o( Ihe file

Scheduler (SCHEDL) Quick Reference
Using ihe Scheduler Prog tarn
The Scheduler Program uses a data We calked NOTE .DO. To insert daia
into the N3TE DOfile, pofaiionthe Menu Cursor on topofthe filename
NOTE.DOtjfNOTE.00 alreadyexists)or else position the MenuCorsor
ontop ol TEXT and press iHTM Ineiihe'case. you'll haveWluseol
the Text Fdrtc*
To search tor an flemonce you have creeled NOTE DO, position the
Menu Cursor on too ofthe word SCHEDL andpress HTTBV
Special Commandsand Keys Within the- Scheduler
Program
7* Finds string; Inthe NOTE DOftie. If string occurs more
Find airing man once in the file. the SCMEOLdisplays ascreenful
and prompts you 1or "More'or OuH." Pressing i_H.' or iQi
retnevesthenenscteeriul. pressingCIJoriH
endsthe t^nd process
®Workse«actfyas FindlKlwilhmaexceptionthatlnstead
waurlng :^:i<.-iay.ng!r* results onthe Sworn SCHEDL
sends *» data to the pnMe'
Henu Ex«srhe SCHEDL P'cgram and returns lothe Menu
Address Organizer (ADDRSS)
Quick Reference
Using the Addreaa Program
Tiio Addtsss Program uses aData me called ADRS.DO 10store address
oata ToiTOenarJdressesinioiheAORS.DOfi»posifonlheMeni,
Cufgorcn^olirt9filBnamaADRSDO(i'rtalraady >«isa)oref8B
position the Menu Curse o" topot TEXT and cess tHWl in either
case, you'll hava full useoftrte TeM Editor.
To search for an item once you have createdAORS .DO. position the
Meft„Cu'swoft top of the wrdADORSSarvJ press iflflEB
Special Command!and Keys In the ADDRSS Program
tB) Finos thestring in theADAS DOfile. »l sfnns occurs more
Flrranrins thB/.ut^etnmeMt.ADDRSSaisoiayaawieentLl
and prompts yoi. tor "More'or Quit." Pressing.J.jOrTT
retrieves thenext screerdul,pressing [^T °*W1*n0a B>e
Find Process.
Ltndltrir>g Works exactly as Find (ft) except trial inslead of displaying the resultsonthe Screen.ADDRSS
sendsthe data to the printer.
Exits ADDRSS ana returns tothe Menu

Telecommunications (TELCOM)
Quick Reference
Ui^ng the Telecommunications Program
To startthe Telecommunications Program position Hie Menu Cursor
ove-theword TELCOMandpre»18TPI-;
Special Commands and Key In TELCOM
When the Program displays the messago TEI COM:, you may issue any
Ol '^0 lc"c™"^ commands:
UFWfsasVingtiomACmSDO WrmnthlBmode:
P\Mttftt\g
;|J' oftHs uo 'hecurrently foundnumoei
CALL
<E3) (indslhenext matchingsMirtg
MORE
<K carle's the search.
QUIT
'2 Ca«8rhBOhone/iurn&ar rtanumoerwasiustlound
ColinwiiMf wfliiH. trier TELCOWcalstfat number
tj Chancy communications configuration tothagiven
Statconfrg tcVrAfl1ttnocoMiguraiionisgivsfi.ilienlELCOMdisplays
thacurrent configuratton
tj PutsTELCOMintotheTermmalMoOe within Terminal
Term Mode:
JJj Wspaysthe previous page received
(££. Translerincomingdata intoaRAM DM
F3 1TransmtiaMetothehost system
(HI TeggleBbetweentulandhaHducMex
.J5!EOoaa incoming data to theprinter
WEKrtsTerminalModeand roturnsto TELCOM.
Menu E*its TELCOM ano (Otums to tha Menu-
Communteattons Conllgurallon
Fo> HS-232Ccommuntcatorvi. the configuration deseriptonconsists ol
alive character string o-tlhe foimal/wpDS, whare:
rtaud Rate. Tnisisarumber from ito9. where 1"76!
2- HO. 3«300.4= 600:5- 1200:6 -2«»;7^ 4800: B-9600.
9= 19200 Mrnaybeusod Mscls built-in modem to 300 baua
wWordUftoth.ThisisBnumo8'«cm6ioB.*hBte6 -6WK.
7-7b*s;B'8b.l8
pPartiy.Eiti^E.O.N.orlwhereE-Even;0=Cdc'.-N-rJone.
I-ignore.
tr Stop Bits. Eflfe-i org wre'ei -1stoptxt;2 -2s»opbits
•XOM XOFF Slitut. Etihei Eoi D. where E-Enable:
D- Disable
MMemcommunication eonfigtu'abon consistso* afive Character string
ofthepattnrnwpos. aedelinedlorRS-23Kr#r*municalions
(TELCOM automaficaiy sets the band (at© to 300 baud.
)
E*tmp*M
BBEtE 9600 baud. 8bit words, even parity. istopbil.XON'XOFF
enable (U&es RS-232C port >
M7N2D 3«bai^.7bit*«r«.nopairIycrieck.2stop&15,XON1
yOFrdisabled (Usesbuitl-inmodem)
Auto Log-on Commands
Vou may slot©auto log-oninformation, along with phone numbers, m
IhoADflSDOFiie Whenyou calUhehostluSingAuto-dlaO.any
charactersenclosed within- and »are sentlothehosi asthe Log-on
Sequence Youmayirctuoethefcricwng abbreviationswithin the
Log-on Sequence:
?c Waittorciobesam'romthehosKcisanycharAclar)
-Paus* for 2.0 seconds
lo ineuremartcisirterpfBtedasacharactsr.noiacomrnand
(crsanychracMil
"c SendScontrol character equivalent loiCTrClctcisany
character lromA-£]
Example:
Pawwa(or 2.0 aacondB.sends anmSfc)»>*computei -then waits
Wrthehosttotransmila U" The computer Mien transmits 9857.756.
1ollowedbyacairiageraturn{ M) Hagain waits for the hosl to ttansmt
a"P",andihentransmltsMlCRO?roliowedbycarnagetetum itl-iel?
insure* mat TELCOM doesn» interpretthe questwn rnaik as a Watt
'
command
)
Arrypncmnumtor»t»auto^ia|edm A
secondcolon terminated the oulo-sequence
CIS 555-1234

&
n
The BASIC Interpreter (BASIC)
Starling the BASIC Interpreter Program
TowseifieBASIC Interpreter, yon may either petition iha Menu Cursor
on tooofthe wordBASIC, oton lop olaBAStC Programfilename- Then
MhOI
Special Kays In the Command Mode ot BASIC
(JUL Prints the delinttio-is ol me(uncion Keys
Th«oflwvalecilotryoing'n"LCOPV' Bffffl!
The *quivat»m of typing in LUSTigWttB
The eouvatant of Typing in Files INIlfl
Theeqwalemt ol typing in Load "
Theequvawm o( typing in Save "
Treaouwaianl ot typing in Run iTRTFR-
Theeo«iv*leinto( typing in bet TMTIB1
Theequivalentof typing in Menu 'IKTflt
YouTayiBOennearryolthelunciionkeyswwMnBASlC SeeKEY under
KayooatdInput iiy ooiajis
Special Keys In the Execute Modeof BASIC
MEAK Slopsexecution of thecurrentcommand. You can restart
manycommands **er* they lado"by typing COnT
iHTEHi.
PAUSE Tempacanh/ slope execution gIthe currentcommand. To
continue.simply press 7MKEJ again. The ispanJcularty
naipM when lha Scoan is changing; rapidly, iot example.
©nauST
NumerBc and Strl ng Operatore
+Addition ©i Unary Pius (Numeric) ot Con-
catenation (Stnng)
SubtrBttonofUnary Mrius
*Muftcbeaiion
/Division
ImageiDivts»on
Exponentaition
MOD fvtodolus Arithmetic
Relationel Operators
<Less than
>Greater than
=Equal
<=or =<less than or equal lo
>=or =>Groalerlhanor equal to
<>or xNol equal lo
Logical Operators
AND
OR
xon
COV
IMP
NOT
Logrca ANDoperation
Log** OPoperation
ExcluWeOXoperabon
Equivalenceoperati on
implicati onoperation
Logical NOT&£*r*t.rtn
Operator Hierarchy
Parentheses
-.- (una"/ plus and minus)
MOD
4.-
<,>,, >,<,><
NOT
AND
OR
XOR
EOV
IMP
(Note :Within an expression, operators on the same ievel are
evaluated from left lo rightwith the exception ol parentheses
.
which art evaluated from inside to outside.)
Data Ranges
Integers. -32766to32767
Single Precision: :IO Mlo zIO62
(6 Stgnificanl Dtgits)
Double Precision: -r 10** to r10"
f,t4 Significant Digits)
Strings. lo 255 characters.
N

(Note: Uniessexpiiciity defined, the Model 100considers a
«
constants and variables, as well as numenc functions, as
dout^e precision.,)
Dertarallo nTags
%Integer
1Single Precision
•DoubWPrecWcn
SString
11
BASIC Keywords (**ctpt 1oi inputouipuU
AB&tnunwnc expression) Betums the absouie value ot numeric
expression.
A' -ABS(BAU D-ADS-100)
ASCf»trtr>g expression) Returnstrie ASCtl code 1c tne first
cfaracttrot Kong expression-.
A% -ASC(MKS) PfiINT ASC(MNS|
kJHtnunwtc wprewfon) Returns me arctangent (mradLans) oi
numeric expression
AN-ATNTH) PC =ATNO.I4)
CALL address, expression i.expr*iston2 Ca»samacnin« »v#
Buwoutiiw beginning at MOmss. Uponamyir> me lubroutme, the
Aregister contains ir»e value0*expression iand meHL registei
contains me- valuo of expression?
CAU 60000 10VARPTR(A%.i
COBLfra;.merieexpression) Con«nsir*v»lueo(rrumer«
expression lp adouble-precision number
A* =CDBl [A%!
CHr\$inomeficeiprwsslon) Returns meASCucnaiacierlotthe
/alue otnumeric expresvon
PRINTCHRS<6S}
WlMTHesaia'.CHflt{34t."Heltc.".CHRS(34}
ClNT(oum«rc expression-) Hetu'ns the largest integer rot greaiei
menthe numeric expression
A% -CiNTMS 67! BCINT(B#VC1N~(A':
CLE ARsfrr/ia. apece, rt*gri memory Ctearsm* values mall
'lurre nc and siring varipb'es. cose sall open dies .aflocaies stnng
space Bytes torstringslor age. and setsthe end o( BASIC memory
ig/nghmempfy.
CLEAH1OO.S00O0 CLEAR500 CIFAR O.MAXRAM
COMT Resume6eiecut«nol»pr0fl'amaneryou tiaveprassea
WAK<or elseaftor BASIC ha* encountered aSTOP commandin
tre program
CONT
COS(numeitc expression) Returns the coslnfl ofthai»disn angle
given by numeric expression
Y-COS(»CI'0 01 745329)
CS»rtynumertaexp»ei*fonJ fletumstheslno^precisio^lo'r^lO,
numeric expression.
A< -CSMG(0 S666SS6666G1
12

DATAeonttifil N*f Detass aset of constants {numeric »nfl.*i
string) to beaccessed by aBEAD command
DATA 10?5.5Q15."Probabi!il'es .'Total
DATES Keeps wacfcolrrieciirrent date. in string farm You may
access 1*e any slung variable
PRINT DA1F$ DATES -"1 1 <02«2
DAYS Keepslrer*ofmec^entdayofthewe«kin siring form You
may access DAYS like anystring vflMMo
*RINT DAYS CAYS -Trf
D£*D0LMaVlrt Defines a« of rhe vamBloswhicriDepjnwtththe
letters m/efte'SU mo be doube precision vanabies LetterAsf
constats of indlvlOjal onersandtatletter rangesol the form
letter! -letterZ
lOOCCFOBLO. X-Z
OEF1NT fetter Hal De'ineiiallotlrievanabies¥»r«cM)eginw'ltiti
flliei^in/aTO'^sMoDenie^eivdnaDias lefle/nsfconsstsot
irWrvnduailettersandorfltte'rangesofltieloimlenerl-ieBfirt
DEFtMD. X-Z
DEFSNGletterUtt Defines a'l olthe variables winch begin w»th the
letter smfarmmIto ba single precision vatrabies letterlis (consists
ol rotviduai letters ano-or letter rangesol me form letter 1-letter2
CEF5NGQ X-2
DEFSTB tetter Met Defines all of lf» vartables wNciibeginwith me
letter! in Letter hai 10 06 String variables 'effe'Vs'consislsof
individual letters and.or letter ranges of the form letleM -letter?
CEFSTBO.X.Z
DIM variable narnef-rJirnenslone) Ht Defines vanmbtonam* as an
array with the given ^.menaiona. dimensions is aSstot one or more
numericexpressions, defining the "length",' vwott. and soon for
the array.
CIMAS(lfJ! 8AL%(1O.I0,
EWTHtm number range Enter texted*Ing mode using tti© grven
EDIT'CAIOCO EST 6OT-200
EMO Terminatesexecution ol the BASIC program
END
CRL Returns theiinenumberc'lhelaai error
IFEHL -MOTMENRESUME '50
ERR Returnsthe error code numderoltnelastenor
FERR -flTr-ENPESUME
u
tRAORn(<inenceiprMSi«n Simt*ate&Pie error sp^cmed by
numeric expressfo/>
EPPOR3* FRRORFRR
FSeturnsthee«poneotial (antilogjo' EXPfnumeric expression/
numeric exoressron
PfllNT£XP:M|
nX'flUfTwttenpfetsJortJ Retulhifhewnolenumberportionol
rmme'fc expression.
10A%-HX(A?#|
FOR countarvarlaoie initial value TOfinal value STEP increment
NEXTceunrervariabfe txecutestnecommanos between
ire FOR command and the NEXTcommend repetitively, varying
coukIbtvariable trom initial value toAna'v«W.adding 'mcemoni to
rl each time BASCends the cop.
F0RI*lTO100STED4( )NEXT I
FRE/express!onJReturns Ifiecurrent arrount ot unused numeric
memory in bytes when expression isr*jmenc andthe current total
amount ofunusedsinng spacewhen express-on is stnng-type.
TRE(O) VRET "!
GOSUB ifrae number Transfers program controltothn subroutine
beginmngat«nenotnbet.
GOSUB1000
GOTONne number
Writer.
GO'Q 1000
HIMEM FWft)frfflthelc*ao\y6ssofmorroryavalableto BASIC
'hlMEW
lFrelattonalorlor^cw/e»pre>ilcmIHENcr>/nrna/«d(8)lELSE
comrnand(B>2 Teststhe ogicarirutfh o>t*taOonato>K>g'caJ
expression. Ifthe expressonis true", then BASIC executes
canmajt0(3} IKthe expression is "false". BASIC executes
corrvnaflclfi)?.
IfA>BTh£ NGC/TO lOO ELSE lts«JT A.©
Branches program oontrolto |h«spec(lied ftne
INP fport number)
number.
A% =ihjpjsj
Returns abyte trom thespecified CPU port
14

WSTfl tMBrtpotitlonMMrch tirtng.match tiring) Searches
ai&Gt'ztrtngtoi thetirstoccurrenceol'M*rer> sfri.tg .beglmmg ai
sartpoOTon KifH9fiigis'ouno.lNSTHreiutnsi')9 position in tfie
string wne re it occurs It meaning <snt lound. then INSTR returns a
zero
PRIN'INSftll Omentfiylsul'atf? *3ulfale>
lNT(rwj/rierice)xpi»s»'OfiJ Heh»mslhe**otenomb*r
represanteion ol minierrc .rp/esafo/i not greater than novneiKr
VpMlfarl,
A# -IMT<-21« 995!
LEFTfcstrfrtg exprewatonjeng'frij Reiu-nstnetitsiWogf/i
Charade'sofsWng expression
f>rj =1FFTJC THURSDAr.3t
LEHfctrtngexpteemton) Returns the numoer of charactersmstrmg
expression.
A% -1ENffftOruary'')
LET vartaofe *express/on Assirjn value ol expression to vanSOle.
nmabto rnusi Dool the) 5»medata typeasftprtMQff (Ml'5.
numeric rstring).Tn©word LET is updone'
LETA$- The -AS -The"
LOG(numeric eipntilan) Returns me natural loganthm (base
"•"J of numeric Gtptes&ion. numeric erofwrJon must be greater
man zero.
A»LOGO01
MENU EMitsBASlCardrotumsyoulottwModellOOMenu
MENU"
Miwurtngexpres»ror).po««*>n,r«n0t/i) Returnsta-'ofn
daracerstrom sizing expression startingatposition
•OhASKB -MI0«AS.?.21
MiWBlringexpr»w*onlpc*»on,*engin)=Bt/Wig
expression? Re&ace&ctfotBCtets olstrwg e*D'es$K>n'i
starling otposr>on with s/Y/rtg expression? Wogfi anOposiiion are
numericexpressions, lengrh19 opWnei and 11 present is ignored.
MIDWAt.5! ="rF
NEW FrasestP^currerflpfograrn.setsnumwricvariablosequBito
zero, and sets string »a> lot*es oquallo *>ull (" "J.
NEW
ONERROR GOTO flna r*umoa«
intenipi
ONEBfORGOTOtOOO
Oe1rr>as an error trapping
It
Renu'ns the byte vaU.estored at memoiy
Loadsmemory erJOreas with
ONTHE* "tfrne'GOSUBIfne number Defines ar interrupt lot
aclockco"dihon wne ifl 8siring expression inthe lomn HH:MM :S S
QNTIMEJ- "14 SOW GOSyR'CW
ONnumeric express/on GOTOJrWenumoerHi* Evaluates
nurrwrtcewessirDntoanKHBgern. ano'lrienb'ancliBStothenth
Acre fufiiOttr in the list
ONXGOTO '00.200,300
ON numericexpression GOSUBItoa numb«t Hit Evaluates
nuirwKwwesiroo 10 an Integerr?. and then cabs Ihe subroutine
baginrsng at menthUne numbe*mthe list
ONXGOSl* 1GO.200.300
OUTportnumoef. Byte value Ottputsoyfe value to theCPUpcf
number
OUT 55 100-
PE EK("memory eddreasj
address.
A* PEE*! 16999!
poke ma mo ry edoress. byle vrVue
byfevalue
FOKEficDQO 104
POWERnumerfcexp/easlon Sstameanrfcrrieiicpc'werdown
oenod numwceyD'93$wn"&<>8ia<\Q.eot10to25S. TbcMrxlO' 100
•oil Iautomaticairy lim oH attarapenod of rwrgrc expression times
0. 1rmrtutes Kyou are neither running *proofem rot emanng
commands
POWER 10
POWER CONT Disablestrieaiitomaiicpowefdownleatjjraotirie
Model 100
POWERCONT
POWEROFF. RESU MB TurnsotnriepawertomeModei 100
immediately "RESUMEispresent, upon turnrngihe power back
on, the Model i00resumesesecubon ot (he program at the
statement (oHowifigiho. POWEROfF RESUME, it not present
men the Mooti 100 returns to the Wonu upon pcwsr up.
IFT1MES>"1! 3000' *MENPOWEROFF
POWfflOfF. RESUME
READva/laWe Mat Readsanapproprialenumoerof waluosfroma
DATAstatemeni and siores hie values othe vanablesol va/i*W*
JrsT.
1E0nEADABifc.CS
M,

REMcornnt«n(*l«f«mtf*t SgrtrimlolhoBASrCimefpeteMhai
tnerema*iderott>eif^eas comment YoumayaDbreviateREM
with an apostrophe
irOltEMIrMap'oyram l<ndsiheaiar>oaft)d3vtai<on
'00 AVE -SUM'Tt 'Calculate meave-age
RESTORE RMIMJBDMr Resets ineOATAstatemer* pointerto™
fast item in in« DATA siaiennni an bni numb* so mat aREAD
oofmano can access me same values rroreman once
600flESTORE100
RESUM EOn* number Ends an amy hancWrtg routmeDy branc"ng
to*Mmmbwwhere BASCbegins normat onaoAon II tine
numberis null oiOJhen BASIC ratwnstothe line whchcausedtrte
error.
tOIQRESUME
RETURN Ends asubroutine by Winching bid. 10 mecovnmand
immediatelyfollowing the co'respono>ngOOSUB
RETURN
RIGHTS(sI/inge»preM*on,cO'imO
cnataciereolsfmg expression
10SEC* -niG>-T$iTiME£,2|
Returns trie riqrrtmc-stcount
RNOfnuroerfc ex-presston) Returns apseudorandom rumber
DetweenOand i\tnwmcwetsw «S non-wro). then rno
retu ms anew ran<Umj number. If numeric expression equalsO.tien
RNDielutns Iho last random number generated.
PRINTRMD\1) PRtNTRNDfO)
RUN*(>*• number C«arsaJlvansbWsand«ecutosth8curfent
programstarting attotenumbet hnenumbv is opeonel II omittod,
BASlCDaglnaoioculonai thfiiirsime otme 00914m.
RUN 100 RUN
SOHInumtrteatpnttlan) Returnsa-1 tor negabveOrbrjaro.
and 1torpos>tiveva>uesotnum«c«oxpre3$on.
*TLa10*5GN(CR)
SIN fnumerta expression) Returns the trigonometricsine or
ru*rrterjc»xp'res,
srcvi The numeric exp'asson must bain redans
Y- SlNtlS)
SPACES (tertftty Ratums string ot/engfn spaces
BS -SPACE$(?0) -1- A*
SCR'numerfceipresiionj Returns Thesqua*erootol n rimerre
expression
C2 -SQRA2 HB2>
l»
STOP Stops eiecuiionot a5ASIC program at some pointotnsr
man (he physical and.
STOP
STRS/numeric •npictttoo) Converts numeric expression to its
sttingrapiBseniation.
B$ "$ •STR$ IBAli +•00
STRINGS ilength, cfiaracfefj Returns aslnrq ot the given length
composed olciwacfe*. tengtti may rangefrom 0to255 crwrecrer
is either a slnng expression or numerrc expression —if il 15 aSiring
exptessW.onlymerTfsicha'aclercpltriesirlngisduoicatad if ins a
numerice*pfWs«on. *fust avauita to anumber between and
255
PRINTSTRINGS(20. )PRINT STRINGS<40233I
TAN- (nume/h: expression)Returns tie tangent oinvmenc
Q-p'osskxi nonwfic expression must be »radians
SlO°E *rAN(THETA)
TIMES Keepetracxofthecurrenltirne.l'imelOfmolnsiilrig
variable You may access it *eany string variable
PRlrVTTrME* TIMES- '10 00:00"
TIMEONofOFForSTOP EnabMordi*ao!«rsC*JT»ME$
interrupting
TIMES ON
VAL '((ring eipnwston) Converts string expressiontoanumeric
F8prBSentationot the stnng II sfringreipreMioncontain*
non-numeric characters. VAl returnsonlythe valueof me leading
txmbot.il any
A-VAI tfil I
VABPTRrfvif.*W*rlerM)
name.
LINKdl-VARPIRlfJSl
Returns ma Tiemory address 0* Wm»We
'

Keyboard Input
Keyboard inpuiCommandsmcl Functions
INK EY$ Returns the str log valueol ihekey currently prassM. if
any. II noko^ispiosserj. the furctkMiretumsa null charade' C"J. In
eilfiorcasa BASlCdoeaoi^afllo' heyDoaiOmpuilxiigsoBtol''*
ncxtstalement
AS -1NKEYS
INPUT -prompr;»arJeota««l F^irtopromptocithesc'eeathen
stops exocutonofyoui program urttiiyou enter daia'rornttne
keyooard.
INPUT KrValLeS'.XV
INPVTtfnumeric expression) Relume aslringo' numeric
expression characterslromthekeyOoard lNPUT$sccepl6allkey6
asinput except iBPEAK una Ooesn'i echo (pnnion me screen) youi
input
A$- INPUTSI5)
KdiuiKtiQnhtynumbvr.atringwtntoniin BASIC
onlyISebtiQGlunclio'ikovnumDerasstntgexp'es&ton
KEV6"JTlweS" .CHRSJ13)
KEY LIST lisis the current delinitonstor thefunct'onkeyson tr#
saeen.
-CfYLlST
KEV(funeUon*«vnumber)OMo'OFForSTOP EnaWesc*
disable* th*'oneWon *ey interrupt
KEY(2)0W KEYON KEY'ljOFF
LINE INPUT 'prwnpr';strtng«ri»Me Printsprornpf on the
Screen rr^nslowewcuionotvoutprogtarnurpWyouenleraslr^
from ihekeYCoard thenassigns that string toslrmg. va/iacwe
UNt INTUIT' Enter Nameand Address *'.NAS
OtlKEV QOSVBIinm number Int Detmesimerruolstorthe
function keys Upon pr-esstng the nth functionkey. BASIC jumps to
month ime number rtHnenuwDot HSI
ONKEY G-CSU0 1000 2000.300O..b0OO
II
The Screen <LCD)
The i_CDscieen conswtsof 14.360 <2«xW)<nrJr*dualOols. or >iais
*~chyoumayiumon('PSET)0'loinoflt PRESET Jfrom BASIC These
pixM can also fro grouped into 320 140 18) positions at w^tch youcan
display anyolthe MooeMOOsprintnOlecnaraclers
The Screen. QBfWtlfll and Functions
Ct-S Tumaof all ol Inn LCD pixels On mescreen and moves ihe
eu'so'tofhauDpei let Comoro' the screen
CXS
CLOSE IBmnmtm«( Closes thetiles OPEN'-ed as Re nwUt
CLOSH12 3CLGSF
CSRLIN Returns tfe vertical position (»ne numberjol thecursor.
nfiereOIs tho topi« ne and 7is the bottom hne
A% -CSRLIN
LCOPY Piirnsme texiorinewteenonlolheprintot. LCOPv
ignore* non-texl data
LCOPY
UNEf>»,y»J~fx2.jtf>. color swlfch,BF Drawsallnelrom
ooordir«teB»fv»lOi[2.v2.ifcotof swifcnisenooYjoumbe".
BASC setsihepovitsoi iho ine. and itcoftv swoon iseven men
BASCiesetstnepoints or theline Btnlis BASIC to r>a«abo«wim
coiners at fx l.yV and i'Z.yt). OF tells BASIC tommthe bo« with
cctot swre/i, Bom Barc BF nOJtn **you specify
color switch.
LINE-iW.aM LINE (20.20)-(5O63).O
LINE(0.0H?3963) IB LINE(0.QM239.«3).«.GF
LIST Mmnumbernng* Lists ineWw/wnoer raYigflo'thacu»eot
programon -the screen.
LIS! 100300 UST
MAXFlLES Stores the currentmaximum number ot tiles .You may
access MAXFILES like any numeric vanawe
10MAXP1LES -5PRtNTMAWIlES

OPtN-"L£0;" FOR OUTPUT AS fflf nunrtMf AWcaWsaDuHm
lor asemen fii© and assigns it me given tile number.
CPFlOCD'fOROUTPUT AS 1
H»*urnsth* cuti«mCu "SO'
POSf'dummy numeric aapraeWon)
pojtlon
R% -POS(0)
PM.SEI(*-coordlnat*,r-coortiln*tm) Tumso*thel.CDp"<e*at
"::":roVna '< y-coordlnale) may iai', aI'Om id63
PRESET S55.10J
PRINT express/on Mai Prtrt8the data in expression Sst onto tf*
screen, starting at tne f©nmost endol me lire
PRINT "Menu #' '.I PRINT IK.J%.K%
P*NTSac/e*npo«hVon» Prirttsatir*grven screen pos«i»on
PRINT (SUO.TtMES
PRINT US>NG 'format'; miprmaaton Mat Punts the data m
eipr«ssion *M usog m« specified ib*mar lormat consists of one oi
more of m@tollowing "field apecft*H8'
;
'T PnrrteftfaUiringciW'acter
PRINTUSING"' "Tandy"
"inBpKMr Pnnn2>ncriaracer9lromastTing.
PRINT JSING'O" "Tandy"
#Prints one digit tor each 4.
PRINTUSING "##### \5
+Ineortstrionlaobrdostgnollna number.
PRINT USING +#####",-13
Insertsaminussign either at mo beginning
Ot endofnegative numbers
PRINT USING "-######".14
** Converts loadingblanks lo loading
astersksWan ks
PRINTUSIKG""M###":US
Si Insertsadots*sign lothe immediatelet ol
Vte<ormatted number.
PRINTUSING «#####" 4S0
**• Oianges leadingspaces «o asterisks
wcteptfprthe space to ihe immeoiate (aft ol
thenumber, where11**8erisadoHa/ aign
PRINTU&NG "S###";12
Irsensaoecimai point
PPJINT USING "##### ##'14 5
Insertsacomma before ovnry th-oo printed
digits to the left o* the decimal pomi.
PWNTUS1NG #########. :I4432
Prints the number In exponential (owiat.
PRINTUSING "#### 342900
PHiNT# »t fH/mOef.iipfaiarQnWiC P'ittte devalues of
expression list fo> the LCD Me OPEN'ed asWe number.
PRINT #1 ,A$ PniNT#4, 10,20,30
PRINT **ltenufliow,USlHG"Tofma(",e»preas(ofl/rft formats
theOaia in expression itsl and senOs ilio (he LCDtils OPEN'ed a*
.': ':. See PRINT USING fo« an explanation offormat
PBINt#).U5 NO *###### APfllNI#5U3rnj
"\»AS
PSETfr-coorrtrt»le,y-c*oVtfrna>reJ TuInsoftlholCDpUelsl
-.'...-dlna •<. >:•- .) •:- where x-coorttna te is anurre*ric
eiptession ranging ifom Oio 239, anfl y-ccwo*n«Bis a nurnarc
oipression rangi rg trom to 63
PSET(40.45)
SAVE "LCD:" Lists the current BASIC program onto ine screen
(Nolo.Pressing fflBfJn45 TO eft*ct On this command)
SAVETCD;'
SCREENonororY Turns KaLABEl Una onorof Onis0.0;of is
0,1.
SCftEEfSO-.O SCREEN0.1
TAD(numeffC eipmttonf Skips rumenc ffAwosswn spacw
before prtnting lt» nine tdata item numeric expression ranges
between and 255.
PRINT TAB<30>.~TaDtB I"
PRINT #i.-ToWl ,.TA&10)."Number.rAB(tC> Prance

Printer (LPT)
Printer Commands and Functions
CLOSE ffM numberlist Coses the specited tile numoo-rs
CLOSE 12,3, CLQSf
LCOPY Printsthe texton the LCD screen o"to tne printer.
LCOPY Ignores nontext data.
LCG="t
LUST Mnenurn&errang* L«stsEhe UnanumMfrao^a oUno
currentprogramonto trie printer
LUST*CO300 LUST
UPOS(<tomrrn-rnjrrieriee*pn»aalo«/ r^lU'tisTO current positP/i
ot tnecinte-pnni noaC wlr*n the- printer butter
1PRINT Pnnte»head pot-1ion" i.POS»0J
LPRINT«>pr«B«tonJitt P>irteoulthevaJlle&ofe;v>'es*«>rt<isfon
Pieptnier.
LPRIN" ThelotaHor'.AV was 1,TT
LPP1INTX.Y.Z
LPRiMTUSlMO-to*mei«d'lnff-':expre«eton*W Formats the data
menpnssm nsimon pilots it on itw unntet.lonvai cot*ws oi one
ormore ol He lo>io*i«g
:
"I" PrinBiirslstringcharacior
I.PRIMUSIM3 r.Tanfly'
\nspaos* ** PrintsZ-tncr-iaractefSiiixiiasirmg
LPRINTUS1M3' WYTanay"
#• Printsonedigrtloreach #
LPHlNTUSNG"fir###-:5
+Inserts thea©ebra<c sign of Ihe number.
LPRINT USING "+MaWViS
Inserts a "«xrs sign eitheral Ih ec«cinning
or end of negative nun-tows.
IPB1NT USING "-#»#### .14
Converts leadingDtanKs to leading
asterisks Blanks
LPFIkM"US*JG "*#### .145
Minserts -a Collar sign »(he Immediate left of
th elormatted *umt58r
LPR)NTUSIUG'$S##### ;«50
"1 ChanrjesiBaongscacrttoasifltiWs
except (or the space to tte immofliato let o
t
ttio miirOer. where «tnwrtsa dollar sgrt.
LPPJMUSING "S### .12
inserts afleamai pom
LPFflNT USING *##### ## '.14 5
inserts ecomma betore even/ three printed
digits to the '©Iol ihedecJmal port
UPfthiTuSlNG '######### 14432
Pnntsire number'*«*pQOenMi 1o rmai.
LPFIINTUSING'*** #' '"*.34??00
MAXFILES Siu'95lh«currentmatoturiiniifriue»olnies Voumay
a«es5 MAXFILES Ikeany numeric vanable.
MAHFiLES -5"'MAJaiLiiS
OPEN'LPT:" FOROUTPUTASfie number Aiiocaies abuffer
«« rlufflAOV lor *printer file.
OPEN" LPT." FCWCU'PU- AS 1
PRINT •tHanumb*r, expression Hat Printsthe values erl
express©nIts' «tothe prlnWr (HeOPENed as Menumber
FfllNT*1 A$ MlNT #4 1020.30
PRWT*ftMr«wml)e/, USING "^m»r;«fWfM*c-iMBf Formats
the oata in ».ppjWnlist and sends it to We printer fe OPEN ed as
MenumOev. For adescription o'lorrnal. see
LPRINT USING
SAVE "LPT:" PfnBihecurre^BASICp'OOrBrnortoirtepnntBf
SAVE LPT
TAB Inumertc expression) Skpanontffs a-ipnashnspaces
betore printing tfie ne*t data item numeric expression ra ngos
between 08rw?S5
PRINT#l TAB(30l.'Tflb«ef
LPniNTTAB(30)rTotal'JAB(30);'Nurnbr .TA0OOV Balance
2«

RAM Files (RAM)
RAM FUeFltenarne»andE*tenal©nt
RAM Henat nogconsist 9' 9siringol 0"*» lo sn characters, 1"* lirsi ot
writer* is aletter (naddtton. most RAMtitos "av« specific extensions
*hicn^resuft.>eaiotheti*riatt>e These extensions are
.CO
BASIC Program Foe
ASCitf'iwmaiwaFiBiaBftSiCdaiaWe a
Tern E(Ho«f«e.eenain BASIC p'og>a»n ff.es)
Commandf e'-arpacfT* ia"yuagel"e)
Note Most commands whicn alio* you to specify acsevce (Sucn as
LCD.MDM.ftr.d90oni«lault»PAM inaikWion.BASCcanoflen
assumethe extension o' a n'e horn the context ot (he1command
RAM 10 Oommiindiancl Functions
CLOSE AMmimbtr flat Clows the specr-heai-v wr***.
CtCSFi.23 CLOSE
EOF (file numfiev) Tesstoianena-ot-liletiywiTononineBAWMe
OPEN'edasMentwnoe'. TfelunctonreftHnsa "logical" answer
either true' (-1M you havoroecheamGe-JHlolIheiiie.Dre'se
"lalse "10) H»oo nave noi reacr<eO lite enfl ol me He
IFECjF(1»TH£NQOTO1O)0
INPUT* firenumber, venaJrieftX Inpulsdata sequentially lr«"
ir-s RAM Me OPEN WasMenwn&eY
INPU'#1.ABCS
INPUT$(/»wner«expfe9a^.f«AenumDerj ReturnsaBtrmgota
length given bynumefc expression trorti lrv» RAMtite OPEN ed as
Menumber
A$- INPUTS 1)
IPL "filename" Dearies the RAMlltena-neasttiewami-siarlui:
progtamfthatis.t^programvvtven runs invnediate'y when you turn
ontrve Computer)
1PL"TIMSETBA
KILL'Tnename- Deletestne RAMIifcWename You "must "nc*»de
Itie He's extension
KILL"DtLLSiDA" KILL *MSG$ DO'
LINEINPUT *tit* numb*.itrvar Reacreaiirwotistilfomflevice
21
LOAD'RAM:fr?e«efne-~,R LoaOsaBAStCprogran-tromRAM MR
rspresent. BASIC runs fhoprog'amartetiinasoeeti o»ded
lOAD"RAM*TiMS£ rLOAD "TlMSC".R
LOADM "R AMfltaoanw" Loads Pie machine-language
program filename Irom RAM ai the address specified when It was
saved.
LOA3VMEMT5T" lOaDM"RAM MfMTST
MAXFILES aoro5thccu'te«'na»rTiij'nnumbe>o(fii©s Youmay
access MAXFILES ike any nuroenc variable
"OMAXFti.ES -5''MAXFILES
MERGE "RAMifftenenne" MefoesthelinoetromtheASCli
lormaded RAM>« called Sarame with me lines©t 1h« mrtra
program
MrnGf "HAM ACT.OO"
NAME'RAM^rCrftieneme" AS"RAM;newfl«erMr»e" Renames
oWeYiMM»onew iKenavrw You musi include Ihe die senleison
NAME-ACCTSDO AS CLDACDO'
NAME "RAM CLSl CO" ASHAMLCOCLSCO"
OPeN-'RAM:rTf«narTie)"FORmodeAS«renumt>ef Ailocatese
&J\o>.Nenumber. (oraRAMIilecalled«e^Bmel.mO(focal,be
OUTPUT. speoVng data w* be *'*ton saquontiary tothe Me,
starting a" tfwj beginning ©I i«e tile, INPUT, specifyingdan wtil be
road sequentially trom rh etile, stanng at Ine beginningoUtfe) Tile, o*
APPEND, specifying thaidata will be written sequenbally to ihe til*.
adding ieco<°ds totho end o' the f*e
OPEN "BAM ACCTOO' fQRAPPcNDASI
QPfN "NAMtS.OO FOR INPUTAS 4
PRINT *lit* number -tipyaufof> UK W'ties the values oi
expression(rst to Ihe ramfile OPEN ed as We mimttw
PRINT IT.AS PRINT #4 1020.30
PRINT #fff* numbm, USING '-former'; expretifon flit Formats
tfcedata In expression/"« and sends it to the RAM Me OPEN 'ed a*
IMenumoe'. formaf'consistsot one o> mote olfnefoDovitng:
"I" Prints ti est string cha'acte'.
PRINT #1. USING •'.'Tandy
"tnepacee'i" Prinis2 •ncnaractCKStrom astnnQ
PRINT#1.uStNG" v' '/'Tandy*
«Pr»btonedigittoreach#.
PRlNT#l,USING '####* :S
ac

ss
inserts the aigebrac signof trie rvflnber
PRiNf# '.USING" t##•### .'3
inserts it minussign either at the beginning
ot enoot negative numbers
PRiNT#l.USING' ###>###';14
ConvertsleadingDia"W5 10 leadingasrtnsKs
blanks.
PRINT #M.USlNC "#####',145
Insertsadonar sign tothe immedtateleftol
metonnaned number
PRINT#1 USJNG"SS#####" 450
Charge* leading spaces io aste»sK& eicept
foi the sD3colo the immediate left ol me
rumba', where il inserts adolls* sign
PR)NT#I.USING'"5##'#M2
"isprts udecimalpoint
PRIM #l USING *###### '!
Insertsa comma before every three punted
<Itg»tt to the I*Nb» 0\4dec»mai point
PniNT#l USlNO ######*##. '14432
Printsthe number in exponenogitormal
POINT #1 USING' #»# #3^2200
RUN-RAM:Hlen«ne,, .H Clears all variables. JoaOsthe BASIC
programcailed Bleneme <rom RAW, ana iher executes In eprogram
IIR <s present. BASIC Weeps all open f>la>s open HR is omitted.
BASICcloses all open files before loading he.
Rmw'PART2 BA".R HUM "RAM' BILLS BA"
RUNM"RAM.(/ler>arne" Loads anderecutes the
machine'lanauage program stor©d as Wcnafie The program must
oe one eiecuabe from the Menu, not aBAS>C subroutine >n
addition. **hen the program is loaded. BASIC close* all open Wes.
fUNM "RAM rVSM'S' CC HUNW "CLB1
SAVE"BAM:nrena>me",A WrfleethecvrrentBASICp'ogramtolhe
RAMtile cabod filename. Aisopeonai;*usea, BAS tC saves metoe
mASCil formal Ome'wiseBASICsBvesthef^inaco'np'essed
binary lormat If Nenetne already exists in RAM. BASIC wntes ova-
te okltae.
SAVf 'TIMSfr SAVE 'RAM PARTi 00",A
"
SAVEM'"RAM^iten*me\atorla4ldr«««,e-)ded<)re«e,er>rry
addnvsi WnVesthemacranelanguageprogtam sioreafromi
SfSrta<Tc'W5sl0eV1<1«ar>eMirtIoPAy under ln«nameW«r>*me
entry address isoptiotatiifnotoreeeni. then BASIC assumes that
ihept^ramenE^atfOrtssiithesaiiieasthosfaiTaiJofass
SAVEM RAM M*MTST '.50000 50305. 5C020
SAVEM MEMTST .50000.50305
TAB imi.- ->-"c eipremslon) Wntee mimetic expression spaces
belCe writing Iha next oala item.
PRINT #i TA0|3O) TaWe 1
?

The Cassette Recorder/Player (CAS)
File Namo atot CaMttte Fl lea
Cassette hienames constsi ofa(W«ng o1 one to si* characters.the first
olwhichis aWiwi Tfwto is tio nnexl lor an exienscn.Foi example.
ACCTW UEM1ST Cl •-•:>:
C«n«tt« Comma nd*
CLOAD "fH«naf»e". RClears IMcurrent BASIC p«ograi» and
loadsaBASICD'iKjra/nliomcassoneupo R.H present. te-Us
BASIC» tunIheprc^ramatte* loading It
CLOAD'ACCIS RCLOAO
CLOAD? 'itonavne Compares (Pe cassetteMo tilenafe with the
BASIC program currently In rmernory.lttherea>e any differences.
BASCdisplays l*o message Verify tmiea on in* screen: otherwise.
BASIC inwprirtls OK
CLOAD' ACCT
CLOAOM WmM" Loads themachrne-fa^auagep-ooTamcanea
MMvnQ*ro mcassetietapeinto memory, at theaddress usod when
it was written to the cassette tape
clcaom tvewrsT cloahw
CLOSE »rt number Mil Coses mehiesOPENed as ffle number
CLOSFI.P.3 CCSfc
CSAVE "fflenante".* Stores me current BASICprogram on
(asftOTtetapflassrowne rVitptesont.toiisBASlCWBavGme
programinASC" formal IfOiMtted.BASlCstoresmeptoqrarmna
COmp'fiSSWl Dinar) torm.
CSAVE "WDC" CSAVE "PARTI'.A
CSAVEH "flleoame",»f«rf *ddrm$*. end address, enfny
address Writes themachine language program stored t-om
srarr /MOwsts to erw address wilrt the entry address one cassene
tape, under the namo Monome
CSAVtW MFtfTST ,50000 50305 500M
CSAVFM CLfl".39Q(».39030
EOF/fl)e/Vumfl«rJ le»ls«>rai>e«)-0'-lirecortrJ«IOrt IhecaSseHe
file OPEN ord as Wenombe/. Tr\efunction returns a'logcaT answer
.
eiihor true' I-1)if youtowreachod ine onfl c*Ihe IKor olse
false' (0) ri you "*ave no* rBacheo rhe endo*the Wo
IFfOF(1)T^ENGOTO-00O
input *Menumoer, .aruble Oat inputs data seQuenba-ty from
tiecassette Meopetied asfte nurnter.
INPUT#1 ,AB.C*
INPUTS (mjmertc etpnttWi, UtenumMr)Romins asiting ol a
length given bynumeWc e*pn»a«on fromthecassette die opened as
fife nun?Der
Al-iM\)'»(;i|
UNE INPUT #«renunrtoer, jtfw Readsa6ncofiex"romdevce
iNE NPJT #i2$.
L0AD"CAS:Wtfltm«",R Loads aBASICprogramItem cassette)
it Ris pteseni. BAS-C nirs me program aft er rt has Beeri loaded
LOAD'CASACCT RLOAD'CAS VA>
LOAOM "CAS:'ftenam*" Loads Ihe machine-language program
filename from cassette tape, at the add'ess specified chen it was
SAVEd
lOADM CASMeMTST'
UAXFILES SlO'estPeCunent makinum number oHJes Voumay
access MAXFILESWeanynurnencvanable
10MAXFILES •5'MAXFILES
MERGE CAS:W(en#rne"' Meroastholinosiromme ASCn
lormaOedAterwne- (notcompressed former.'/ wiTh the lines ol the
Current program
M6RGE "CASACCT"
Startsoi stops cassette player trotor.MOTOHOttOiOFF
MQTQflON
OPEN"CAS;Wen«me"FOflmoofe AS file number AlOcaleea
butter 'or the ea8se«ettioWa'W''9 fug number >$»obu^a' numbet
assigned to the we moa« can be OUTPUT, specifying data wr De
written sequentially to eh* file, starting antie beginningof trie Me.oi
it can be INPUT, specifyingdata wit) be read sequentially from the
tne.8«itin5ailtieC«9»nninqoi mo We
OPEN' CAS FOftOUTPtr AS3
OPEN"CAS ACTDAT" FOR INPUT AS ^
PRINT #fiJenurn6*r, capreeitor* Usf WriiestHovalues of
ejipresslonAirto trie cassette fne opened as fie numrrw
PRINT *'AS PRINT #4.1020.30
PRlMT#Wre number, USHC'Torawr,-«prr*Mro«M«( Formats
the date >nexpression*Sfand w•tos >i to the cassette hieOPEN ed
as mnurrTDor lornat consists of on* Of Immeimo io>W)wTt»g
"¥' Prints I" st stnog chft'actet
PfVNTLISING '!" Tandy
'nspacea" Prints2 'ncha'acierstronasfripg
PRINT*! USING -\ \ Tanay

#Prints one Dig* Km *acn#
PfttNTUSiNG##### 5
+l(iso'Vtirieaigecaic»<|^otthanutnOer
PPlNTUSlNG -*00000 •-13
Inserts amnus sign either at the beyinning
01 endol negative numoers
PPlNTvJSlNG" ######".14
** Converts leading blanks lo leading asterisks
onirjTUSihJG—#>####' 145
SS Inserts adollar sign to the immediate teflol
(ho lomnatWd number
PRINTUSiNG $$###»# ,<M
*$ Changes leading spaces toasterisks except
to-thespace to meimmediate left of the
numoer.wtiere it insetsaHollarsign.
PfilN-USING "S.### .12
Inserts adecImal point
PHlNVJSNG 00*00 00 .145
,inserts acomma belore©verythreeprinted
digits to the left otihe decimal point,
PRINT U&NG 000000000. .1<M32
PnnlsIhe nu""be* in exponentiM tormai
»RIM US'NG 000 '.342200
RUN"CAS:'f/enameT,R Clears aDvariables, -then ©ads and
oxuouivs the cassette p'ogram cal led Menaroe. if R s present.
BASlCkeeps all openfiies open llRrsonwterJ.BASiCclowwa*
open files before loacfcngftlonamo.
fUN "CAS PART2"fl RUM "CAS -PARTI
"
RUNM"CAS:f*Jton*me~ Loads and executes the
machine-!anguagu pro-am stored as filename
RUNN -CAS.M6 MTST RIJMM "CAS."
SAVE"CAS:fHen*me",A Wntes trtecunentBASlCprogramto
cassette lap>> I'A'sprewnt, BASlCsave$mefileiii ASCiltorrral it
omitted. BASIC saves the tile in acompressed binary loitMt
SAVE'CASTIMSET SAVEOSPARTI A
SI
SAVfM CAS-Mana**'*, startMdrua. tfldadflress. entry
address Wntesthe machinelai>o.aoenroQr*T.«ored trom
strOTacWreasiaenOaffd'essontocassenetapeasfWcnome tmivy
address is optional, it omitted. lt>en BASIC assumes mat me
program entryadores; i$ tno same as tne start address
SAVEM'(>SMEMTST'.S00o0£C30G.,
i0020
SAVEM CAS CLR1 .50000 5030o>
TAB (nurrwreexpressionJSkips rumencexpvess/on spaces
h**)f«priniir»Qmeneit«jaiatietnio acassettefiie numeric
express-on >anges betv-een and 255
3RIM"#1 .tA3£R1 JADO0).T30lcl

RS-232C Communications (COM)
Com in uric alio rs Co nil 9urattan
Some BASIC commands fOQuiro1hat yo>u signify thecommunications
con'>q
m
anon Hconstatsof alive charactersiringol the pattern rwpDs.
wham
fBaudRate ThiaoanurTtoetliornl to9,
whore 1>75;2 -1'G;3- 300;4 =600. 5= '200.
6- 2400,7^ 46jQQ,8 =9600,9 ^19200
»Wofd Length Th«s ts anumber t'om 6
loB, whare6-6Nl8:7-7b«e;B-8bils
pPmttf ErmefE.O.i.o*W.«lwe
E-Even; O-Odd. IIgnore. N=Nor «e
bStopBit* Einwio'2wno'ei =istop
W.2^2stOpbrtS
IXONXOFFStatu* ErtWrE .,'..' -
E-Enable; D-Disaolo
Communication* Command* and Functions
COW ON at OFF Of STOP Lnat>t»sot0;saWeslhaQNC:0M
interrupt.
COMON COM Ol ICOWSTOP
CLOSE Menumber list Coses tho tiles OPENod as We numbe*
close 1.2.3 acsf
EOF (flfe numbed losisto-anond-of-MoconcWtlonontrie
communcaionsMe OP"EN'ed as Wenumber. The tunewn returns s
'logical' answer, either lrue"{-t)M you have reached the end ol
•bo Ho, or else '(also" (0) rl you hivenol reached |h**ftddt 1h« Me
IFEOF-(l)THENGOTC tooa
'• put>it 1enun1oer ,variable MM inputs data seovenlially Inxn
thecomrrwnications IH»OPEN'od asWe numC«v.
™nPOT#i.a.BC£
iNPUTfjrHjmarfcvxprMWon^ifenumbar/ Retumsasirir>gola
len^i given by numeric exjjrwaion hom ttocommuiwcaiions (Me
OPEN ed as t» numoer.
AS- INPU7H5.1)
LO»D"CO*l:conr*guwwon ,
1RLoadsa BASICprogfanHrom
comrtMiricaDons lines l*Rls present. BASIC runsthe program sfte'
il has been loaded
LOAD COM78N1E
LOAD C0WWE1E~
MAXF1LES Stores me CurrenImaximum numbcotfiles You may
access MAXF'lES *e any nume'ic variable
10MAXF1LES -5^VAXFILFS
MERGE "COM:conffgurcboD" We*g.es>he Imestrorn the
incoirang. die *<th p>e lr>osof the current program
MERGE "COM 7&'F
ONCOMQOSUBI/nenumber Deftnesaco"ii"uncatioris
inienuptsubioutiTCtonncorrofV]RS-232CcommurK^iK)ns
CNCOMGOSOB 100O
OPEN ~COM:con»flurBiton"FOfl mode ASWe
nttmBti Allocates a&untr giver as We rwCer tot a
convnun«Hions tile mOdecanboOUTPUT.specrtyinodaiawn be
transmutedout the RS-232C tow. or INPUT, specitying datawill be
receivedvia the RS-232Cnne.
tOOPfcN CaM660tt FORINPUTAS4
PRINT #W(enwmber,ejipre«ton Hal Transmltsthe values ol
expressionist loihecornmuncattons life opoiwd as We number
ORINT #1 AS PR: NT #4 .10.20.30
PRiNT sm*number. USING '1otmaV\ exoratiiOn Hal Formats
me flata In expresS'Ont'St ano sendsAto(hecorntnunicabons tile
OPEMrWasftfennrnMr fnrmarconststGOlonao'mo'eotthg
(oHovring:
"I" Priruslist stringcharacter
PRINT #1USNG 1Taney
"napace* >" Prints2•ncharacterslromasmng
PRINT #1USHsG \\ 'Tandy'
#PrirVsonedglttoroach*
PRINT #1 U6iNG##i»##'5
4insertsthe algeofaicsign 0!tho number
PRINT*! U&NG •*#**# 13
—inserts aminus s^nethefaithCbofltnninQ
Or endo*negativenumbers
f>RINT#r USING" ##*#*# '.14

—Conwrts leading Banks 10 leaO:nt| asten Bks
Hanks.
3$ inserts acJollar aon lo tf-e immedlate *-fi o<
the lormaned numbe*
PRINT #».USINGSS##**» AM
*•» Changes leading spaces to asterisks e«cept
to' If*space to the «nmediate lei olthe
number,whereit inserts adollar sign
PRtNT#l.UStNG"S*>## .12
I"-sortsadecimal doth
PBINT#1 .USING #•### ##'.14 5
,inserts acommabeloreeve'y three prmted
Oiqt-ls to trie loft ofIho Decimal point
PRINT#1.USlNG '######### .1*43?
P'ints the "unbsr in eifXccMiai toimai
PR*NT#i USING #### 342200
RU«"COMxo*iftowr»ftoo _.R CiearsanvanaDles.ioadsaBASiC
program I'smoommunicaliO'iB lino widtOeneser.ijteethenew
program UBapresent. BASIC keepsa" open rtesopen.HHis
omttwd. BASIC c*oses all ope" tiles beforeloading, the new *W
PAJN"C0M6TE'E .H HUN C0«67E1E
SAVE'COMcon'/gciraf/on'1Wriiesihecu<»enlBASFC program
OutthecommuneaBons line. mASCII tormat.
SAVE"CCW38M?t
TABfnumeHc expression-] Transmits numeric gipsMsionspaces
betoret'an&mittirigtneneMdtataitom numeric e>ptesnon ranges
between and 255
Modem Communications (MOM)
Modem Communlcalions conflouratlon
SomoBASIC oommand* require tnai you specify the mooet'i
configuration. TneDaudraleissei to30Obydelauft ihyicstolthe
conf^jurahonconsists ol afour charactar strin gol iho patlem wpbs.
where
wWoidLength ' : De'ComS
(08 wherea -6biis.7 -7rxia: B- BDfls
Partly Either E.OU Or N. whore
E-Even; -COO: I-Ignore: N-None
bSlop Bits. Ether Ior 2. where i-iatop
•XONXOFFStafu* Either Eor D. wrier*
E-Enable;D -DiaatW
Modem CommunicMloniCoiTinianda and Functions
CLOSE MenumbartfeJ Ctosesihospeci'ied We numbers
CLOSE 1.2JaOS£
EOF (ffle number) TeststoranerxlofhtecorxMlononrtornoden
IHeOPENedasMJenumber Tholimcion returns alogcar
answer. e*hor' true (-1) if you have reached ir>e end oHhe Me. oi
else 'alse '<0) •> you have not reached me end of iho t"Je.
IFFOF{l)THFNG0"O 1000
INPUT #fit*number, variableNet InpuBoata. sequential from
the modem hie opened bs Are number
INPUT #1 A.BCS
INPUTS{numeric expression, fife number) Returns asiring oi a
lenijEhgiv»niby/u*ne«c»»p'ess'unlrom ft* modem filcopcned as
Are number.
AS 'INPUTW5.1
1
LINE INPUT »menuYTroer. iff tar Headsaiinrjoltcittio'noewo
ilNFl*IPUT#i 7%
LOAD' MOMiconWg<;raf.fQr»"rRLoadBaBASlCpr»<)ra(n1famtno
node'" Kft's present. BASIC njnsine program after rt has been
0.-!.-:l
S.0AD"MDM.8N1E" L.OA0 "MDM 8Me",R