Sharp PC-1403 User manual

· ,
- " . - '
,· ; . . , . . " ·:. .
....
:.HARR

S tart U p 15
Sh u t D own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
AutoOF F 1 5
Cal c ul a ti ons i n th e C A L Mod e 1 6
Howto R ea d t he Di s pl ay _ _ 20
Ba s i c Op er a tio n s - - _ . _ . _ . _ __ .. 22
Scientific Ca l c ulation s i n t heCALmode _ 25
U s eof P a r enth es is ...... . .. ... .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .......... .. . . . . . . • . 28
D e cimal Pl aces _ 28
P r io r i ty l eve l in t h e CA LMode _ . . _ . _ 2 9
St a t i s tic a l Ca l c ul a t io n . . _ _ 35
1 . S i ng l e - varia bl e S t a t i st i ca l C a lculation _ .. _ . __ 36
2 . T wo-va ri ab l e S t a t i s t icsand Lin ea r R e g ress i o n _ .. , .. _ 37
Ca l c ul at i on Ra nge _ _ 41
Matri x Ca l c ul a ti o n F u nc t i o n 44
M a nua l C al c ul a ti on i nthe BASI C M o d e . • . .. . . .... ... .. ... .. . .. .... . ... .. .. 55
H ow t oMa nua lly C al cu l ate 5 6
R e c alli ng Ent ri e s , 5 7
Err o rs , 60
S e ri al Calc ul atio n s 61
N eg at iv e Numb ers 63
Co m p o und C a l cula tions an d P a r e nth es es 63
U s ing V ar iab l esin Ca l c u l a tions . . . ... . ..... • . .... . .. . . .. . . . . ...... . .... 64
C h a in ed Ca l c u l a t ions 66
Error M es s age 66
Scie n tific Nota t ion 66
U S IN G A SA C A L C U L AT O R 1 5
C HA P TER 3
D e scriptio nof Sy s tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Key a n d Swi t c h O p era t io n s 6
Mo de s 7
AllRE S ET B u tton 10
C o n t r ast Contro l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cell R eplace m e nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. .. 5 IN T R ODUCT I ON T OTHE COMPUT E R .
H OWTO US E T HIS M A NU AL 2
C HA P T E R1
C H APTER2
Page
I NTRODUC T O R Y N OTE 1
TABLE , QF CONTENTS

ii
T he D EF K e y an d L abelled Prog r a m s 10 1
Template 1 02
S HOR T C U T S 10 1
CH A PT E R 6
P ro gr ams 9 1
BASIC Stateme n t 9 1
Li n e Nu mbers , 9 1
B A S I C Ver b s 92
B AS I C C om m a nd s 92
Mode s 92
B eginning t o P r ogra m on th e CO M P UTER 93
Ex a mple 1 - Ente r in g a n d R unn i n g aP r o gr a m 9 3
E x a mp l e 2 - E d itin g a P rog r a m 94
Ex a m p l e 3- Us i n g Var ia b le s in progr a m min g 9 6
Examp le 4-Mo re Complex Prog r a mmi n g 98
Storing P rogr ams in t he M e mory 99
PR O G RAM M I N G TH E CO M P U T E R 9 1
C H A P T E R5
Str i ng C o n s tant s 77
H e x a de ci m a l Nu mb e r s 77
Var i a b le s 7 8
Fixed Va r i ables 79
S i mp le Va ri ables 8 0
Array Va r i ab l es 8 1
Va r i a bles i n t h e F o rm of A ( ) 84
E x p re ss ions 8 5
Numeri c Oper a tors 86
Str i ng E x p ressio n s 86
R e l at i ona l Ex p r ess i ons 86
L ogic a l E x pr e ss i on s 8 7
P ar en th e ses a n d Op e rat o r Pr ec edence 8 9
R U N M o d e 9 0
F unct i ons 90
CONCEPT S AND TER M S OF BA S I C 77
C H APTE R4
Li mits 67
L as t An swer F eature 68
Le n gth of F o rm u l a 70
Scien t i fic Calc ul ations i n the BAS I C mode 7 0
Dir ect Ca l c u lat i o n Fea tur e ; 7 4
Pr i o rity in Manua l C a l c u l a t i o n 76

Ill
APPENDI X A E rror Mes s ages 193
APPENDI X B Ch a ract e r Code Ch art 197
APPE NDI X C F o rm a ttin g Output 1 99
APPENDI X D E x pres sio n Ev a lua tio n an d Ope rat or P ri o ri ty 20 3
A P PENDIX E K e y F un c t io n s i n Basic Mode 20 5
APPEND IX F Sp e cifi ca ti ons 2 1 1
APPE N D IX G U s i ngP rogra msWrittenon Oth e r PCM ode l s 213
PRO GRAM EXAM PL E S 219
INDE X 24 1
M achine Op e ratio n 187
BAS I C D eb u gging 1 8 9
CH A PTER1 0 MAIN T ENANC EO FT HECO MPUTER 1 9 1
APPE N DI C ES 193
TROU B LE S H OOT IN G 1 8 7
CHA PTE R9
C omm and s 11 5
Ve rb s 1 3 1
F un c t io n s 1 76
P s eudovariab l es 1 76
Nu m e ri c Fun ct i o n s 17 9
S tr i ng F u n c tio n s 1 8 5
BASIC R E F ER ENCE 1 11
C HAPTER S
Usi n g Printer 1 03
U s i n g Casse tt e l n t eri a ce 105
Casse tt e T a p e R ecorder 10 5
Ope rat i ng t h e Cas s ette l nteriacean d R ecor d er 1 07
T ape N o t e s 11 0
U S I NG CE - 1 26P PRINTER/CAS SE TT E INTERFA C E 103
CH A PTE R7

F ew i ndu stri e s in th e wo r l d today c an m a t c h th e ra pid g ro wth a nd t ec hn olog i ca l
adva n ces be i n g m ade i n the fi e l d of pe r so n a l compu ters . C o mp u te r s w hi c h ju s t a s ho rt
ti m e ago w o ul d have fil l ed a h uge room , r eq u ir ed a Ph . D . t o p rog r a m, and c ost
th ou sands o f d o ll a r s, n ow fi t i n t he p al m o f yo u r hand , ar e e asi l y p ro gr a mmed , a nd
c os t so l itt le t hat t hey a r e wi thin th e reac h of ne ar l y e v eryone .
Yo ur n e w SHAR P COMP U TER wa s des igned t o b ri ng you all o f t he la t e st sta t e-of-the -
art fe atur e s of this c o m pu t i ng r evo lution a nd it i n cor por a t es m a n y ad va n ced
ca pabi l it ies :
• SC I E NT I FI C CA L C U LATOR - It had been normal to u s e t w o differen t tasks ,
s ci e ntif ic ca l c u l ati o n (i nclu din g s tatistics) and compu t ing , before thi s c omputer .
Bu t now on l y one t oo l i s eno ugh. Th e co mput e r op e r a t es b o th as a sc ie ntifi c
ca l cu l ator and a p oc k et c ompu t er inc or po ra ting man y p r og r ammed s c i e ntific func-
tion s plu s BASIC co m m and keysfor si m pl e programming .
• MEM O R Y SAFEGUARD - The comp u ter re members stor e d pr og ram s and variab-
les even wh en you t u rn it off.
• Batter y-p ow e r e d op e rat ion for true p ortab ili ty.
• AUTO POWEROFF f u nctionwhich c on se rv es the batte ri es b y turn i ng the power off
if no a c tivity tak es pl a c e within a speci fie d time l imit.
• An e xpan de d ve r s i on o f BA S IC which provides form a tted o ut p ut, two dim e n s ional
ar r a y s , va ria b l e l eng th str ings, and many oth e r a dv a nced f ea tures .
• CE - 1 2 6 p r in te r / ca sse tte interfa c e i s provided .
Co ngr a tu lati on s on en ter ing an ex ci t ingand enjo y able ne w world . We are s ure t hatyou
w ill f i n d thi s pur c h ase o n e o f the wis estyou have eve r m a de . Th e S H ARP COMP U T ER
is a po we rfu l t oo l , de s igned t o meetyour s pe ci fic math e m a tica l, scienti fi c , engin e er-
i ng , bus i ness , a nd pers o n al comp ut i ng needs . W it h t h e S H ARP C O MP U TER you
ca n beg i n NO W pro v id i ng t he s o lut io n s y ou'll n eed t o morrow!
Welc o m e t o the wo rld o f SHARP owner s !
INTRODUCTORY NOTE . 1
Introductory Note

3
• Ch a pte r 7 - Basi c inf o rm a t i o n o n t he optiona l CE-1 2 6P P r i nter / Cassette in te rf ac e.
* C hap t e r 9 - A troubl es h oo t ing guid e to h e l p y ou solve so m e operat ing a nd
p r og ra mming p rob l em s .
* Ch ap ter 10 - The c are and m a in te n a n ce o f you r new COMPUTER.
Detailed Appe ndi x es p r o v ide you wi t h u seful cha rts, c omparisons, and sp e cial
dis cuss i ons co n ce rning t he u se a nd operation of the COMPUTER.
Experienced BASIC programm e rs maygo d ire ct from C ha pter 6 t o Ch a p t er 8 to l earn
the sp e cific fe a tur es o f BASIC as imp le me n ted on the COMPUTER . S inc e every
di ale c t of BASI C is s o mewhat dif f erent,read throug h th is m ater i a l a t l e a s t on c e be for e
st a rting s erio u s p r o gramm i ng.
If you ha v e n e ver progr a mmed in BASI C bef o r e , w e s ugg e s t t h at y ou bu y a se pa r a t e
boo k on beg i nning BAS I C p rogrammingor attenda BA S IC c l as s, b e fore try in g t o wo r k
t hrough t h ese ch a pt e r s . T hi s manual i s not intend e d to te ac h y o u h ow t o progr a m .
T he rem ai n der of th e manu al c onsis t s of :
This m a nu al i s de sig ned t o in troduce you to t h e capab ilit ies a nd f e atur es o f y o ur
COMPUTER a nd to s e rve as a val uabl e re f eren c e tool. W h ether y ou are a " firs t -tim e
u s e r" or a n " o ld h a nd" w ith c o mpute r s , yo u sho u l d ac qu a in t yo ur self w i th t he
COMPUTER b y read i ng a nd working thro ugh C h ap t e rs 2 t h ro u gh 6 .
* C hap t er 2 de sc r i b es t he p hy s i c a l fe atu r es o f t he COMPUTER .
* C h ap t er 3 d e m o n s tr a t es th e u s e o f the COMPUTER a s a sc i e ntifi c ca l c u l a tor .
• Ch ap t er 4 d e fin es s o meterms a ndconceptswhich a re e s s en t i a l f or BA S I C program -
ming , a n d te ll s y ou about th e spec ial co n s ide ra ti o n s of t h e s e c o n ce pt s o n th e
COMPUTER .
* Chapt er5 i nt ro du c es y outo BASIC pr og r am ming on t heCOMPUTER , s ho wing you
h ow to enter , c o rr e ct , an d r un progr am s.
• Chap t er6 discuss es s ome s h ort cuts th at m ake u s ing your n e wCOMPUTEReasier
and m o re enjo ya bl e .
Chapter 8 is a referen c e se c t i on coverin g al l t he commands , v erb s , and f un c t i ons of
BASIC that a r e grouped and alphabe tic all y arranged within ea c h gr o up for your
convenien c e.
CHAPTER1
HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
How to Use this Manual

4
C C Cl
,c
CJ
000
00
10
::J
~ f~t = ::::!JI }
CJ C O
,0
0
000
CJ O
1 0
::J
~ I ~1 ==::'.J I }
• When th e c o mputer is n ot u se d
Step @
Ste p (!)
U s ing the Hard Cover
Whe n the compute r is not b ei ng us e d , p l a ce the ha rd ( p l ast i c ) c o v e r ove r t he
operat i o n pane l o f t he co mp u ter .
• W h e n the comp u ter i s to be use d
R em o ve the hard cov e r fr o m t h e com pu t er as s h ow n i n figu r e below .
How t o U se this Manual

5
To fa m i liarize yo u with the p l ace m e n t and f u nctions of parts of t h e COMPUTER
keyboar d , we w ill nowtake u p each s e c t i o n of t h e keyboard . F i rs t, j u st l ocate the k eys
and read t h e descriptio n of ea c h . In Chapter 3 we w ill begi n usi ng yo u r n e w m a c hi n e .
SHARP roc~E r cm 1 PUTER PC ur n
T he SHARP COMPUT ER sy st e m c on s i st s of :
• 77 -c h ara cter k eyboard .
* 24 - digit displa y.
* Powerfu l BAS I C i n 7 2K-byt e ROM .
* 8 - b it CMOS pro c e ss o r .
* Option : CE - 1 26P Pr i nt er / Cassette I nterface
Description of System
I • ' I l' I I
. . . . , C , H1\~t 1 ER2 . ,1
INTRODUCTION TP '.]1Hl 1 E COMPUTER I'
11 I I I
Introduc ti on t o t he Com p uter

6
A d a s h (-) indi ca tor in th e l owe r l eft a rea of t he dis p la y shows the mod e i n wh i ch the
co mput er i s n ow se t. When t hi s comp u te r ha s j ust been t urn ed on , i t f uncti o ns as a
ca lcu l a to r . T o s h ow t hat the co m puter i s in the c a l cu l a t or m ode , a dash indicator
appe a rs abo v e the CAL ( CA L cu la tor) l abel.
For ca l cu l ato r op e rat i on s in the C A L mode , refer t o CHAPTER 3 , U S IN G T HE
COMPUTER A S A C A L CU LATO R.
DEG
~
• I
/ - '\
\ CA L RUN PRO 'Im)
M A TRI X S T AT PR I N T
Y o u w ill s ee the follow i ng i n i tia l in f or m at i o n i n the disp l a y :
Pfi l N T LJS I NG GOS\J B RE TU RN DI M E N D
rn m []] m m CEJ
IN PUT I F Tl- ! E:rll G O To F'OA T O
m m m 1IJ m GJ
SHARP r i " I! , · 1 1 r
P o w e r sw i t ch - - --
T o beg i n w i t h , t urn y our compu t e r ori .
T he P OWER swi t ch i s l o c a te d a t t he upperleft c o rner ofthe c om pu te r . S li de the sw i tch
t o t h e ON p o sition .
Th i s COMPU T ER h as 77 keys and one s li de sw i t c h on its pane l. E a c h ke y fu n c tion is
i den t i fied by va r io u s l etters , n u mbe r s, or symbols inscr ibed on or ab ov e t h e keys .
(1) Power on
Keyand Switch Operations
In t rodu c tion to t he Computer

7
If you p r ess th e ~ key w hen i n the RUN mo d e, the PRO mo d e w ill be s elec t ed .
I > -
I f y ou p r e ss t he ~ k e y w hen i n the C AL mod e , t h e RUN m o de will b e se l ec ted .
Now s w i t c h yo u r c o mputer off , th e n on again . The CAL m o d e will be se l ected .
PR INT U SING GOS U B RE 1Ll RN DIM EN O
m m 0 m m IEI
~ NPUT IF 'TH E N G O TO F OR T O
mrn rn IIl m GJ
'®®t§•J
Th e comp ut er ca n o p e r a te bas i ca ll y i n three diff e r e nt m odes . On e mode i s t he CAL
mo d e , i n w h i c h yo u can u s e you r co mput e r ju s t l ike a c alcu l a t o r .
A not h e r mode i s t h e RUN mod e , i n which y o u c a n e xec ut e yo ur pro g r a m o r m anua l
c a lc u l ati on us i ng BAS I C c omm an ds.
The th i rd m o de i s th e PRO m od e, w hi c h a ll o w s you t o sto re yo ur progr a m i nto t h e
co mput e r o r c o rr e c t or a m e nd a store d pr o gr am .
S wi t ch ing betw ee n t h es e m odes can be acco mp l i she d b y the gr ee n I CA !J a nd IBASI CI
k e ys . T h e s el ec t ed mo d e i s i den t i fied wi th a da sh ( - ) indi c a t o r di s pla yed ju st abo v e
t he CA L , RUN , o r PR O l abe l in th e l ower left a re a o f the di spl ay .
Introduction to the Computer

rerm G] El
OJ
Re d k ey
PR O m o de
Pr ess~ ~
I
B AS I C mod e
C A L mode
l P re s s ~
RUN m od e
P r e ss~
Mode swit c hing
E NT ER
D i s pl a y
I@) ( R ed ke y )
~
0 .
rnrn ~
1 2.
rn
~
1 2 .
rn
-+
3 .
m ~ 15.
B
1. CAL mod e
Now l e t' s op e r a te t h e keys.
S e t yo ur c o m p ut e r in CA L mo d e
f i r st. I n C AL mod e th e k eys an d
fun ct i o n s sho w n a t ri g h t can be use d
f o r ca l c u l a t i o n .
Thu s t h e RU N a nd PR O modesare se l ec t e d alternate l y e ac h t i m e yo u p re ss the ~
key .
Th e com p u ter will ret u rn to the CAL mo d e i f you p r ess t h e ~ k e y .
In t roduct i on to t he Co mpute r

9
T he I sH 1n I ke y is use d t o enter t he ch arac t er s or sy mbo l s i n scribed in brown above
each key that has two or t h ree funct i o n s . I f yo u re pea t edly p ress th e I sH 1n I key, t he
S H I FT symbo l at t he top o f the d ispl a y w ill g o o n an d off. The S HIFT sy m bol i nd icat e s
tha t the I sH1n I key i s ac t i vated and t he c ha r acte rs i n brow n c a n be entered.
-+ PR I N T_
-+ P RINT " V- _
CA ~z'
rn 1 SHIFT 1 L£J
If you press an a l pha bet o r number k e y , the i t em de n oted on t h e key w il l be entered.
When yo u wish to e n ter t he charac t e r o r sy mb o l d e noted in brown above ea ch key,
press t he yellow 1 . sH 1 FT I k ey bef or eoper a tin g the k e y.
E x ample :
P RI NT U S, N G
GOSUB
-+ zxc _
rn rn w
r
•
DAG b
-+ ZXC 1 2.3_
DJ rn GJ rn
CA
-+
>
§)
,,_. u , i "
S x
-+
A=4
+
5 _
rn 8 m [±]
rn
t
Cur s o r
In RUN and PRO modes th e keys sho wn b e l ow ca n be use d f o r c a lcula t ions.
2. RUN and PRO mod es
Change the CAL mode to R UN or P RO by u sing the ~ key , and press the
f ollowi ng keys wh i le w atchi ngthe d i splay:
In tr oduc t i on t o th e Computer

10
T h i s op e rat i on w i 11 cle a r a ll t he m e m o r y co n t en t s ( p rogram and da t a ) , so do not
press the RESE T b u tton w it ho u t d epress i ng an y ke y un less ab s olut e l y necessary.
Then pre s s one of th e I E N TE R I, CY] , and @:] k e y s .
N o te : If non e of the key s is p resse d f o r abo ut 2 minutes after the abov e di s pl a y , t h e
C OMPUTER is a u toma tic a ll y po w e red off.
I M EMORY ALL CLEAR O . K .? .
If you get no response fro m a ny k e y e v e n w h en th e a bo v eop e ra t ion i s performed , pus h
th e RESET bu tt o n o n ly a n d th e fol l o w i n g me ssage w ill appear o n the display .
Note: When you press the RESET butt o n, k e ep pr e ss i ng it fo r at least2 or 3 s ec on ds.
If you press the butto n for a s ho rte r d urat i o n , t he R E SE T button m ay n o t be
activated.
Press the RESE T b utton with a po in ted ob j ect s uch a s a ballpointpen. Do not
use easily broken p oints , s uch a s m ec h an i ca l pencilsorthetips of needles, n or
points thicke r than th e hole for t h e b utton.
Ho l d down -- ~
a n ykey
Res et bu tt on
To res e t the computer , h o l d down an y k e y on t he key board andsimultaneously pre ss
the RESETbutton on th e b a c k . Th i s p r eserves a l l p rograms and va r iables i n memory .
ALL RESET: Reset butt on. Th is but ton i s u s ed to reset the comp u ter when Clear
( ~ ) or C A i s no t s uff i c i ent t o co rr ect a proble m .
All RESET Button
Introduction to the Compu t e r

11
When to Replace the Cells
If t h e d i sp l ay isdim a n d d i ffic ult t o s ee w h e n vi e w e d fr o mthe fr ont ev enafter t he co n trast
co n t r o l ha s been t urn e d cou n ter clock w is e asfar as it goes , t h e cell vo l tage i s to o l ow .
In this c a s e , re pl ace th e cells p r om ptl y .
Note : If y o u a r e u si n g th e op t i o nal C E-126P cassette i nterf ace , save yo u r p ro gr a ms
a nd d ata in me mory on t o a ca s se tte t ape b e fore re p l aci ng t h e ce ll s .
• U s e on l y the s p ec ifi ed t yp e of l i t hiu m cells (CR-2 0 32 ) (tw o r e quired ).
T h e COMPUTER norm ally operates on the tw o b u ilt- i n l it h ium ce ll s .
Wh e n r e plac i n g t h e cells , f o ll owing t he s e cautionary in str u c t i ons will e lim i n a t e m a n y
p rob l e ms:
• A l w a y s replac e both cells at the sa me t i me.
• Do n o t mi x a ne w c e ll wit h a used cel l.
Cell Replacement
I D .... - ---- - Cont rast C o n tr ol
Turn th e c ontr olin th e a r r ow d i r ectio n (co un-
terclockwi se ) fo ra hi g he r c o ntr a s t a nd i n th e
oppo s i t e dir e c t i o n ( c l o ck w i se ) f or a l ower c on -
tr a s t.
_J_J _/_J _J_J
_J _/ _/ _J _J --'
_J_J_j_J_J _J
_J _J _}_J_J
J _}_j_J_J
' _}_.J_J_j
_.J_}_J_J
Yo u r co m p u ter h as o n its right side w he n vi e w e d f romthe fron t , a con t ro l for ad just i ng
t he co ntr a st of the d i sp l ay . Adj u st t he d i sp l ay f o r visib i l ity .
Contrast ConVol
Int r oduction to the Computer

1 2
F i g. 3
+1- ---- - -- - - U thi um c ell
Al wa ys rep l a ce
bo th of the c ells a t
th e sa me ti m e
(4 ) R e pl ace th e tw o c e ll s ( F ig . 3) .
Fig . 2
( 3 ) R e move the c e ll c over b y s l id i ng i t i n t h e ar r ow d i re ct i on s h own i n F i gur e 2 .
Fi g . 1
How to Repl ace t h e Cells
( 1 ) Turn off t he comp u t e r by slid in g th e p ow er sw itc h t o t h e O FF p osi t i o n .
(2) R em o ve t h e sc r ews f r om th e back cov er w it h a s m all ph i llip s screwdr iv er . (F i g .
1 )
In t ro d uct i on to th e Computer

13
CAU TI O N : Ke ep c e ll out of reach o f c hil dr en .
Note: Keeping a d ea d ce ll i n th e comput e r ma y r e su lt i n d amage to th e co mputer from
so lu t i on le a k a ge o f t he cel l. R em ove a dead cell p ro mp tly .
If the di sp la y i s bl a nk or display any symbol o ther th an " - O . " , r e m o ve t he ce ll s
a nd in s t all t h e m a ga i n, t hen ch e ck the di s pl ay .
I
C A L
n
•I
D EG
( 7 ) Pu s h t h e b ack cover i n slig h tly wh il e repl a cing th e sc r e w s .
(B ) Turn on t he co mpu ter b y s li di n g t he power s witch to th e ON p os iti o n and pr essthe
RES E T b utto n to c l ea r th e c om pute r. And then p ress I ENTER I _
Th e d i sp l ay s h o uld l oo k lik e th is:
Fi g . 4
--- · ~ - ( ~ ~ Z_ ~ _ · ·-·_ · - _ .... _ . - ---'- --'-"--
\\ ~ ~)
tiJ-
~ -r .: :: · ) -
(5) Rep l ac e th e ce ll cov er by s li ding it in the rev erse direct ion of t he a r ro w shown i n
F i gure 2.
(6) H ook th e c l aw s of t he ba c k cover i nto th e s l its of the c omputer p rope r. (F i g . 4)
Introdu c tion to th e Computer