Sony CDP-D12 User manual

COMPACT DISC PLAYER
CDP-D12
SERVICE MANUAL
1st Edition

CDP-D12
!WARNING
This manual is intended for qualified service personnel only.
To reduce the risk of electric shock, fire or injury, do not perform any servicing other than that
contained in the operating instructions unless you are qualified to do so. Refer all servicing to
qualified service personnel.
!WARNUNG
Die Anleitung ist nur für qualifiziertes Fachpersonal bestimmt.
Alle Wartungsarbeiten dürfen nur von qualifiziertem Fachpersonal ausgeführt werden. Um die
Gefahr eines elektrischen Schlages, Feuergefahr und Verletzungen zu vermeiden, sind bei
Wartungsarbeiten strikt die Angaben in der Anleitung zu befolgen. Andere als die angegeben
Wartungsarbeiten dürfen nur von Personen ausgeführt werden, die eine spezielle Befähigung
dazu besitzen.
!AVERTISSEMENT
Ce manual est destiné uniquement aux personnes compétentes en charge de l’entretien. Afin
de réduire les risques de décharge électrique, d’incendie ou de blessure n’effectuer que les
réparations indiquées dans le mode d’emploi à moins d’être qualifié pour en effectuer d’autres.
Pour toute réparation faire appel à une personne compétente uniquement.

CDP-D12 1 (P)
For the customers in the Netherlands
Voor de klanten in Nederland
Hoe u de batterijen moet verwijderen, leest u in de
Operatiehandleiding.
Gooi de batterij niet weg maar lever deze in als klein
chemisch afval (KCA).
Für Kunden in Deutschland
Entsorgungshinweis: Bitte werfen Sie nur entladene
Batterien in die Sammelboxen beim Handel oder den
Kommunen. Entladen sind Batterien in der Regel dann,
wenn das Gerät abschaltet und signalisiert “Batterie
leer”oder nach längerer Gebrauchsdauer der Batterien
“nicht mehr einwandfrei funktioniert”. Um
sicherzugehen, kleben Sie die Batteriepole z.B. mit
einem Klebestreifen ab oder geben Sie die Batterien
einzeln in einen Plastikbeutel.
Laser Diode Properties
Wave length : 780 nm
Emission duration : Continuous
Laser output power: 30 mW (max.)
CAUTION
Use of controls or adjustments or performance of
procedures other than those specified herein
may result in hazardous radiation exposure.
DANGER
INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN.
AVOID DIRECT EXPOSURE TO BEAM.
DANGER
RADIATIONS INVISIBLES DU LASER EN CAS D'OUVERTURE.
EVITER TOUTE EXPOSITION DIRECTE AU FAISCEAU.
This label is located on the top panel of the unit.
This CDP-D12 is classified as a CLASS 1 LASER
PRODUCT.
The CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT label is located on the
top panel.
This caution label is located inside the unit.
CAUTION_CLASS 1M INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION
WHEN OPEN.
DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS.
Laser diode properties
Class 1M
IEC60825-1:1993+A1:1997+A2:2001
EN60825-1: 1994+A11:1996+A2:2001
Wavelenght: 780 nm
Emission duration: Continuous
Laser output power: 30 mW (max.)
For UC Model
For European Model

1
CDP-D12
Table of Contents
Manual Structure
Purpose of this manual .............................................................................................. 3
Related manuals ......................................................................................................... 3
Contents ..................................................................................................................... 4
1. Service Overview
1-1. Installation ................................................................................................... 1-1
1-1-1. Operating Environment .............................................................. 1-1
1-1-2. Installation Space ....................................................................... 1-1
1-1-3. Matching Connectors and Cables ............................................... 1-2
1-1-4. Input/Output Signal of Connectors ............................................ 1-3
1-1-5. Rack Mount ................................................................................ 1-3
1-2. Main Parts and Circuit Boards Layouts ...................................................... 1-4
1-3. Removing the Cabinet ................................................................................. 1-4
1-3-1. Cover .......................................................................................... 1-4
1-3-2. Front Panel ................................................................................. 1-5
1-4. Replacement of Main Parts ......................................................................... 1-5
1-4-1. Removing and Installing the CD Mechanism
Deck Assembly (MG-398SC-121) and Internal Parts ............... 1-5
1-4-2. Replacing the Power Fuse ........................................................ 1-11
1-5. How to Eject a Disc in the Case of Emergency ........................................ 1-11
1-6. Initializing the Setups ................................................................................ 1-12
1-7. Mounting Screw of the RS-232C and PARALLEL Connectors .............. 1-12
1-8. Unleaded Solder ........................................................................................ 1-12
2. Spare Parts
2-1. Notes on Repair Parts .................................................................................. 2-1
2-2. Exploded Views .......................................................................................... 2-2
2-3. Electrical Parts List ..................................................................................... 2-7
2-4. Supplied Accessories ................................................................................ 2-13
3. Semiconductor Pin Assignments
4. Block Diagram
Overall .................................................................................................................... 4-1

2CDP-D12
5. Board Layouts
AC/SW ................................................................................................................... 5-1
DISPLAY ............................................................................................................... 5-1
EJECT..................................................................................................................... 5-1
HP ..................................................................................................................... 5-1
MAIN ..................................................................................................................... 5-2
POWER .................................................................................................................. 5-4
LOAD ..................................................................................................................... 5-5
SENSOR ................................................................................................................. 5-5
SERVO ................................................................................................................... 5-5
SW ..................................................................................................................... 5-5
6. Schematic Diagrams
MAIN ..................................................................................................................... 6-1
LOAD ..................................................................................................................... 6-3
SENSOR ................................................................................................................. 6-3
SERVO ................................................................................................................... 6-3
SW ..................................................................................................................... 6-3
Frame Wiring.......................................................................................................... 6-4

3
CDP-D12
Purpose of this manual
This manual is the service manual of Compact Disc Player CDP-D12.
This manual is intended for use by trained system and service engineers, and
describes the information required for parts-level service.
Related manuals
Beside this Service Manual, the following manuals are available for the unit.
For obtaining, contact your local Sony Sales Office/Service Center.
..
..
.Operating Instructions (Supplied with CDP-D12)
This manual describes how to operate the CDP-D12.
..
..
.“Semiconductor Pin Assignments” CD-ROM (Available on request)
This “Semiconductor Pin Assignments” CD-ROM allows you to search for
semiconductors used in B&P Company equipment.
Semiconductors that cannot be searched for on this CD-ROM are listed in the
service manual for the corresponding unit. The service manual contains a com-
plete list of all semiconductors and their ID Nos., and thus should be used together
with the CD-ROM.
Part number: 9-968-546-XX
Manual Structure

4CDP-D12
Contents
The following are summaries of the each section for understanding the manual.
Section 1 Service Overview
Describes the basic information (removal of outside panels, location of main parts,
rack mounting and installation procedure) required for service, replacement of main
parts, initial setting procedure, etc.
Section 2 Spare Parts
Describes the exploded views of the target parts of service, mechanical parts list and
electrical parts list.
Section 3 Semiconductor Pin Assignments
Contains information on semiconductors used for the unit.
It includes a complete list of the semiconductors and their ID Nos. for retrieving
information on “Semiconductor Pin Assignments”CD-ROM, which is available
separately.
Please refer to this section together with the “Semiconductor Pin Assignments”
CD-ROM.
Information on the semiconductors not contained in the CD-ROM at the time of
issue of this manual, if any, is given in this section as well.
Section 4 Block Diagram
Describes overall block diagram and circuit description.
Section 5 Board Layouts
Describes board layouts for every circuit board.
Section 6 Schematic Diagrams
Describes schematic diagrams for every circuit board and frame wiring.

1-1
CDP-D12
Section 1
Service Overview
1-1. Installation
1-1-1. Operating Environment
Operation temperature : +0 dC to +40 dC
(Functions guaranteed)
Storage temperature : _20 dC to +60 dC
Mass : Approx. 4.0 kg
Power supply voltage : AC 100 V (for J)
AC 120 V (for UC)
AC 230 V (AC 220 V to 240 V)
(for CE)
AC 220 V (for CN)
Power supply frequency : 50/60 Hz (for J/CE/CN)
60 Hz (for UC)
Power consumption : 16 W (for J and CE)
18 W (for UC and CN)
1-1-2. Installation Space
Do not install in the following places:
.Areas exposed to direct sunlight or other strong light
.Dusty areas
.Areas with strong electric or magnetic fields
.Areas near heat sources
.Areas subject to vibration
.Areas with much electrical noise
.Areas with much static noise
Note for installation
The unit has been designed to be used upright. Therefore
do not place it on its side nor tilt it.
c
Laser beam
When servicing, do not approach the laser exit with the eye
too closely. In case it is necessary to confirm laser beam
emission, be sure to observe from a distance of more than
30 cm from the surface of the objective lens on the optical
pick-up block.
44
265 272
44
482
430
Unit : mm

1-2 CDP-D12
1-1-3. Matching Connectors and Cables
When connecting cables to the connectors on the connector panel, use the connectors (or cables) or their
equivalent at the end of the connecting cables.
CDP-D12 Matching connector and cable
Connector Name Name Sony part No.
PARALLEL D-sub 9-pin, Female D-sub 9-pin, Male 1-568-182-11 (connector)
1-766-771-11 (shell)
RELAY IN/OUT Stereo mini jack Stereo mini plug SONY RK-G136
or equivalent
RS232C D-sub 9-pin, Male D-sub 9-pin, Female 1-568-181-11 (connector)
1-563-375-11 (shell)
CTRL-S Mini jack (φ3.5) Control-S connecting cable Accessory of CDP-D12
OPTICAL Square optical Optical digital connecting _
connector cable
COAXIAL Pin jack Pin plug _
ANALOG OUTPUT (UNBAL) Pin jack Pin plug _
L/R
ANALOG OUTPUT (BAL) XLR 3P, MALE XLR 3P, FEMALE 1-508-083-11
L/R CANNON XLR-3-11C
or equivalent

1-3
CDP-D12
1-1-4. Input/Output Signal of Connectors
PARALLEL terminal : D-sub 9-pin, female
For the signal specifications and other details, refer to
“Connecting to the PARALLEL Terminal” of the CDP-
D12 Operating Instructions.
Default pin assignment of the connectors when shipped
from the factory is shown below.
__
__
_EXT VIEW __
__
_
Pin No. I/O Function Name in the
MENU mode
1 I PLAY P.Input1
2 I PAUSE P.Input2
3 I STOP P.Input3
4 I AMS+P.Input4
5 I AMS_P.Input5
6 GND __
7 O PLAY P.Output1
8 O PAUSE P.Output2
9 O NO DISC P.Output3
RS-232C : D-sub 9-pin, male
Signal specifications : Conforming to RS-232C
__
__
_EXT VIEW __
__
_
Pin No. I/O Signal name
1 I DCD
2 I RXD
3 O TXD
4 O DTR
5 – GND
6 I DSR
7 O RTS
8 I CTS
9IRI
5
1
96
1
5
69
DIGITAL OUT OPTICAL : Square optical connector
Digital audio signal output of the AES/EBU format
Output level : _18 dBm, radiating wavelength : 660 mm
DIGITAL OUT COAXIAL : Phone jack
Digital audio signal output of the AES/EBU format
Output leve l: 0.5 Vp-p ±20%
Load impedance : 75 Z
ANALOG OUT (UNBAL) L/R : Phone jack
Analog audio signal output (unbalanced)
Maximum output level +8 dBu (0 dBu = 0.775 Vrms)
Load impedance : 10 kZor more
ANALOG OUT (BAL) L/R : XLR type, 3-pins, male
Analog audio signal output (balanced)
Reference output level +4 dBu
Maximum output level +10/+24 dBu (selectable)
Load impedance : 600 Z
PHONES : Stereo phone jack
Analog audio signal output
Maximum output level 0 to 10 mW, variable level
Load impedance : 32 Z
1-1-5. Rack Mount
CDP-D12 can be mounted in the EIA standard 19-inch
rack. Remove the four feet in the bottom and mount it in
the rack. To remove the four feet in the bottom, extract the
plastic pin that is inserted in the center of each foot with a
pair of tweezers or the like. After removing the pin,
remove the foot.
_Outside view _
1. GND
2. HOT
3. COLD
Male
2
3
1

1-4 CDP-D12
1-2. Main Parts and Circuit Boards
Layouts
EJECT
board
DISPLAY board
AC/SW
board
HP board
POWER board
MAIN board
SERVO board
LIMIT SW board
SENSOR board
LOAD SW
board
CD mechanism deck
1-3. Removing the Cabinet
n
Before starting the parts replacement, turn off the power
and disconnect the plug from the outlet.
1-3-1. Cover
1. Remove the eight screws (BVTT3 x8) and remove
the rack mount bracket.
2. Remove the four screws (case) (M3 x8), remove the
three step tapping screws (M3 x8), and remove the
cover in the direction of the arrow.
BVTT3 x8
BVTT3 x8
Cover
Rack mount bracket
Rack mount bracket
Screws (case)
(M3 x8)
Screws (case)
(M3 x8) Step
tapping screw
Step
tapping screws

1-5
CDP-D12
1-3-2. Front Panel
1. Remove the cover. (Refer to Section 1-3-1.)
2. Disconnect the flexible card wire from the connector
(CN10) on the MAIN board.
3. Disconnect the connector (CN571) on the HP board.
4. Remove the five step tapping screws, disengage the
claws at the three positions, and remove front panel in
the direction of the arrow.
Step
tapping
screws
Front panel
Flexible card wire
Claw
Claws MAIN board
(CN10)
HP board
(CN571)
1-4. Replacement of Main Parts
n
Before starting the parts replacement, turn off the power
and disconnect the plug from the outlet.
1-4-1. Removing and Installing the CD
Mechanism Deck Assembly
(MG-398SC-121) and Internal Parts
1. CD mechanism deck assembly (MG-398SC-121)
1. Remove the cover and the front panel.
(Refer to 1-3 “Removing the Cabinet”.)
2. Disconnect the harness from the connector (CN3) on
the AC/SW board.
3. Remove the four screws (BVTT3 x5) and remove the
chassis (SUB).
4. Remove the four screws (PSW3 x5) and remove the
CD mechanism deck assembly.
5. Disconnect the flexible card wire from the connector
(CN1) on the SERVO board.
PSW3 x5 PSW3 x5
BVTT3 x5
BVTT3 x5
CD mechanism deck
assembly
Flexible card wire
SERVO board
(CN1)
AC/SW board
(CN3)
Chassis (sub)

1-6 CDP-D12
6. Remove the four screws and remove the bracket (CD).
7. Install the CD mechanism deck assembly by reversing
steps 1 to 6 of removal.
2. Chassis (T388) assembly
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove soldering at the three positions on the SERVO
board.
3. Remove the four precision screws (P2 x3) and
remove the chassis (T388) assembly in the direction of
the arrow in the way of disengaging the claws.
4. Remove the SERVO board and the guide (DISC M).
(Refer to item 3 of Section 1-4-1.)
5. Install the SERVO board and the guide (DISC M)
removing the step 3 in the new chassis (T388) assem-
bly. (Refer to item 3 of Section 1-4-1.)
6. Install the chassis (T388) assembly by reversing steps
1 to 3 of removal.
PTT2.6 x6
PTT2.6 x6
CD mechanism deck
assembly
Bracket (CD)
SERVO board
Solders
Blue
Black
Red
Claw
Precision
P2 x3 Precision
P2 x3
Chassis (T388) assembly

1-7
CDP-D12
3. SENSOR board
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove the chassis (T388) assembly.
(Refer to item 2 of Section 1-4-1.)
3. Push the two claws of the guide (DISC M) in the
direction of arrow A and remove the guide (DISC M)
in the direction arrow B.
4. Remove the screw and remove the SENSOR board.
5. Install the new SENSOR board by reversing the steps
of removal.
4. SERVO board
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
n
If the chassis (T388) assembly is still installed when
removing the SERVO board, remove soldering of the
chassis (T388) assembly.
(Refer to item 2 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove soldering of the LO motor assembly at the
two positions.
3. Remove soldering of the SERVO board at the two
positions.
4. Disconnect the two cables from the connectors (CN2,
CN3) on the SERVO board.
5. Remove the three screws and remove the SERVO
board.
6. Install the new SERVO board by reversing the steps of
removal.
A
A
B
Chassis (T388) assembly
SENSOR board
Special screw
Guide (DISC M)
Claws
CN2
CN3
SERVO board
Special screws
LO motor assembly
Solders
Solders
Black
Red
White
Yellow

1-8 CDP-D12
5. LO Motor sub assembly
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove soldering of the LO motor assembly at the
two positions.
3. Remove the screw and remove the LO motor assem-
bly.
4. Remove the two precision screws and remove the LO
motor sub assembly from the bracket (motor).
5. Install the new LO motor sub assembly by reversing
the steps of removal.
6. Arm roller assembly
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove the chassis (T388) assembly.
(Refer to item 2 of Section 1-4-1.)
3. Remove the tension coil spring (RA).
4. Remove the arm roller assembly in the direction of the
arrow.
5. Install the new arm roller assembly by reversing the
steps of removal.
PTT2 x4
LO motor assembly
Red
White
Precision
P2 x2
Bracket (motor)
LO motor sub assembly
Arm roller assembly
Tension spring (RA)

1-9
CDP-D12
7. LOAD SW board
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove the chassis (T388) assembly.
(Refer to item 2 of Section 1-4-1.)
3. Remove the screw and remove the arm roller assem-
bly. (Refer to item 6 of Section 1-4-1.)
4. Remove soldering at the two positions of the LOAD
SW board.
5. Remove the screw and remove the LOAD SW board.
6. Install the new LOAD SW board by reversing the
steps of removal.
8. Floating block assembly
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove the chassis (T388) assembly.
(Refer to item 2 of Section 1-4-1.)
3. Remove the SERVO board.
(Refer to item 4 of Section 1-4-1.)
4. Remove the LO motor assembly.
(Refer to item 5 of Section 1-4-1.)
5. Remove the tension coil spring (KF1) from the
protruded portion of the floating block assembly.
6. Remove the three dampers (T).
7. While pulling the lever (D) in the direction of arrow A,
rotate the loading ring in the direction of arrow B and
release the lock.
8. Remove the floating block assembly in the direction of
arrow C.
n
When the floating block assembly is removed, the
compression coil spring (FL) comes off at the same time.
Be careful not to lose the compression coil spring (FL).
9. Install the new floating block assembly by reversing
the steps of removal.
Special screw
LOAD SW
board
LOAD SW
board
Yellow
black
Solders
B
A
C
Fig. 1 Lock
Floating block assembly
Protruded
portion
Compression
spring (FL)
Compression
springs (FL)
Lever (D)
Damper (T) Dampers (T)
Tension spring (KF1)
Roading ring

1-10 CDP-D12
9. Sled motor
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove the chassis (T388) assembly.
(Refer to item 2 of Section 1-4-1.)
3. Remove the SERVO board. (Refer to item 4 of Section 1-4-1.)
4. Remove the LO motor assembly.
(Refer to item 5 of Section 1-4-1.)
5. Remove the floating block assembly.
(Refer to item 8 of Section 1-4-1.)
6. Remove the two precision screws and remove the sled
motor assembly.
n
When the sled motor assembly is removed, the gear
(midway) comes off at the same time. Be careful not to
lose the gear (midway).
7. Disconnect the harness from the three hooks of the
floating block assembly, and remove soldering from
the LIMIT SW board.
8. Remove the two precision screws and remove the sled
motor from the base (driving).
9. Install the new sled motor by reversing the steps of removal.
10. Optical pickup
1. Remove the CD mechanism deck assembly.
(Refer to item 1 of Section 1-4-1.)
2. Remove the chassis (T388) assembly.
(Refer to item 2 of Section 1-4-1.)
3. Remove the SERVO board.
(Refer to item 4 of Section 1-4-1.)
4. Remove the LO motor assembly.
(Refer to item 5 of Section 1-4-1.)
5. Remove the floating block assembly.
(Refer to item 8 of Section 1-4-1.)
6. Remove the sled motor assembly.
(Refer to item 9 of Section 1-4-1.)
7. Disconnect the pickup flexible board from the connec-
tor of the optical device.
8. Remove the screw and remove the plate spring (feed).
9. Extract the shaft (feed) assembly from the optical
device, and remove the notch portion of the optical
device from the rail.
10. Install the new optical device by reversing the steps of
removal.
Floating block assembly
Precision
P2 x3
Sled motor
assembly
Gear (midway)
Floating block
assembly
Precision
P1.4 x3
Sled motor
Hook
Hook
LIMIT SW board
Yellow
white
Solders
Harness
Base (driving)
Floating block assembly
Shaft (feed) assembly
Precision
P1.7 x2.2
Pickup flexible board
Plate spring (feed)
Notch
Optical device
The connector of
an optical pickup
Rail

1-11
CDP-D12
1-4-2. Replacing the Power Fuse
w
Components marked !are critical to safe operation.
Therefore, specified parts should be used in the case of
replacement.
c
Before replacing the power fuse, make sure that the power
cord of the unit is disconnected from the AC outlet to
prevent the electric shock.
n
If a trouble occurs on the unit by flowing the over-current,
the fuse will blow.
The fuse should be replaced with following parts after
removing the foreign matter.
Ref No. Board name Sony part No.
F1 POWER board !1-533-449-11 (for J/U)
!1-532-215-00 (for CE/CN)
1. Remove the cover.
(Refer to 1-3. “Removing the Cabinet”.)
2. Remove the fuse from the fuse holder on the POWER
board.
3. Install the new fuse by reversing the steps of removal.
Fuse
POWER bpard Fuse holders
1-5. How to Eject a Disc in the Case of
Emergency
1. Turn off the power and disconnect the power cord
from the AC outlet.
2. Remove the cover and the front panel.
(Refer to 1-3. “Removing the Cabinet”.)
3. Remove the chassis (SUB) by performing steps 2 and
3 of Section 1-4-1 item 1. “Removing and Installing
the CD mechanism deck assembly (MG-398SC-121)”.
4. Remove the chassis (T388) assembly by performing
step 3 of Section 1-4-1 item 2. “Chassis (T388)
Assembly”.
5. Raise the chucking arm assembly in the direction of
arrow A, and remove the disc in the direction of arrow
B.
A
B
Chucking arm assembly
Disc

1-12 CDP-D12
1-8. Unleaded Solder
Boards requiring use of unleaded solder are printed with a
lead free mark (LF) indicating the solder contains no lead.
(Caution: Some printed circuit boards may not come
printed with the lead free mark due to their particular size.)
: LEAD FREE MARK
m
.Be sure to use the unleaded solder for the printed circuit
board printed with the lead free mark.
.The unleaded solder melts at a temperature about 40 d
higher than the ordinary solder, therefore, it is recom-
mended to use the soldering iron having a temperature
regulator.
.The ordinary soldering iron can be used but the iron tip
has to be applied to the solder joint for a slightly longer
time. The printed pattern (copper foil) may peel away if
the heated tip is applied for too long, so be careful.
1-6. Initializing the Setups
Various setups can be initialized to the default setups when
shipped from the factory as follows.
1. Turn off the POWER switch.
2. While pressing the STOP ( ) key and the MENU/
EXIT button at the same time, turn on the POWER
switch.
3. The message “Factory Preset”appears on the display
and various setups are initialized to the default setups
automatically.
4. The initialization completes in about four seconds and
the setups are initialized to the default setups.
1-7. Mounting Screw of the RS-232C and
PARALLEL Connectors
The following screws are used for mounting the RS-232C
and PARALLEL connectors.
Connector Mounting screws
RS-232C No.4 - 40 UNC inch-screw
(equivalent to JST JFS-4S-B1W)
PARALLEL M2.6 P=0.45 millimeter-screw
(equivalent to JAE D20418-JF)
n
The above screws are supplied with the respective connec-
tors. Therefore, they are not supplied as the service parts. If
the screws alone are required, purchase them on the
commercial market.