Thames & Kosmos Pepper Mint in The Fantastic Underwater Science... User manual

Fun
stem
Projects and
EXPERIMENTS
Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH  Co. KG, Pfizerstr. -,  Stuttgart, Germany | + ()  - | www.kosmos.de
Thames  Kosmos,  Friendship St., Providence, RI, , USA | --- | www.thamesandkosmos.com
Thames  Kosmos UK LP,  Stone Street, Cranbrook, Kent, TN HE, UK |   | www.thamesandkosmos.co.uk
IN
Underwater
Science
VOYAGE
The FANTASTIC
EXPERIMENT MANUAL

Warning! Not suitable for children under 3 years. Choking hazard — small parts may be swallowed or inhaled. Strangulation
hazard — long tubes and cords may become wrapped around the neck.
WARNING! Only for use by children aged 8 years and older. Instructions for parents or other supervising adults are included and have
to be observed. Keep the packaging and instructions as they contain important information.
The electronic components of this product are recyclable. For the sake of the environment, do not throw them into the
household trash at the end of their lifespan. They must be delivered to a collection location for electronic waste, as
indicated by the following symbol:
Please contact your local authorities for the appropriate disposal location.
SAFETY ADVICE FOR batteries
››› Two AA batteries (1.5 volt, type LR6) are required for operation.
These are not included in the kit because of their limited shelf
life.
››› Avoid short-circuiting the batteries. A short circuit can cause the
wires to overheat and the batteries to explode.
››› The supply terminals are not to be short-circuited.
››› Different types of batteries (e.g., rechargeable and standard) or
new and used batteries are not to be mixed.
››› Do not mix old and new batteries.
››› Do not mix alkaline, standard (carbon-zinc), or rechargeable
(nickel-cadmium) batteries.
›››
Batteries are to be inserted with the correct polarity and
pressed
gently into the battery compartment. Instructions for inserting
and changing batteries are on page 29.
››› Non-rechargeable batteries are not to be recharged. They could
explode!
››› Rechargeable batteries are only to be charged under adult
supervision.
››› Rechargeable batteries are to be removed from the toy before being
charged.
››› Exhausted batteries are to be removed from the toy.
››› Wires must never be inserted into a power socket.
››› Warning! Do not manipulate the protective device in the battery
compartment (PTC). This could cause overheating of wires, eruption
of batteries and excessive heating.
››› Dispose of used batteries in accordance with environmental
provisions, not in the household trash.
››› Avoid deforming the batteries.
Notes on disposal of electrical and electronic components
Also from Pepper Mint
Join Pepper for a new adventure
in the rainforest
Assemble your jungle treehouse
together with Pepper and outfit it with
fun gadgets in nine cool experiments.
Build a pulley system to lift heavy
things up easily, defend your treehouse
with a homemade catapult, and light
it up with a string of LED lights.
thamesandkosmos.com
Safety Information

As we
saw on
page 16!
Did you know?
Have you ever wondered why so many famous physicists of the
past were men, and only a few were women? It was because of the
strict rules of society back then. Agnes Pockels was unable to publish
her research findings because the scientific journals of the time
refused to publish anything that was wrien by a woman.
Fortunately, things have changed over the last  years. Today,
women can choose to become whatever they want to be …
Alessandro Graf Volta
•
Once said: “You must be ready to give up even the most
aractive ideas when experiments show them to be wrong.”
•
Also from Italy, Volta was born in 1745.
•
He did not speak until he was 4 years old.
•
He invented the first battery (= “voltaic pile”).
Agnes Pockels
ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER
Using a voltaic pile — the world’s first working battery — Volta
performed electrolysis on water for the very first time in
1800. The electrolysis of water involves breaking down water
molecules into their individual parts. This produces oxygen and
hydrogen gas. This technique is used to split chemical
compounds into their component parts.
• Once said: “Only someone who is compassionate toward
herself can show compassion toward others.”
•
Her findings were initially ignored by German scientists
and it was only with the help of an English physicist
that they eventually became known to the wider world.
•
She was a German chemist born in
Venice in 1862.
•
She chose not to pursue formal education so
she could look after her parents, and she
educated herself.
•
She investigated surface tension.
Believe in yourself!
It was really fun to have
shared this adventure
withyou! I hope you’d like
to have many more. Bye!

This STEM experiment kit gives your child a fun
way to discover the basic principles of physics.
The kit includes everything needed for the
experiments, except batteries and a few other
common household items.
The step-by-step instructions feature a story that
unfolds throughout each chapter. The heroine of
the story is Pepper Mint — an eleven-year-old
girl whose creativity and cleverness help her
find her way through a series of adventures and
overcome various challenges. The kit includes a
figurine of Pepper Mint herself as well as the
research vessel, so that your child can play
along with the story. This kit offers a total of
nine exciting experiments. Each experiment adds
another element to the research vessel and the
underwater station: a hydraulic crane, a
snapping mechanism, a ship’s propeller, and
much more. When your child reaches the end of
the instructions, he or she will find out how to
use all of the projects together.
Every construction project
provides a fun introduction to
the physics behind it. Along the
way, your child learns why
water can be used to transmit
force, what water is actually
made of, and how to safely
build an electric circuit.
I’m Pepper Mint.
I’ve got lots of good ideas — and I
love building things and taking
things apart to figure out how they
work. I’m about to set sail on an
expedition to the Bermuda Triangle.
Come along with me!
Here’s what to do:
1
Read the story or get someone to read it aloud
2
Carry out the experiment
3
Learn through playing
Children in this age group are at different stages
of development, so you can decide in advance
which experiments your child can do alone, and
where your help will be needed. Please make
sure you’re on hand to provide advice and
practical help, and to check the finished product
after each experiment.
Together with your child, decide on a suitable
place for conducting the experiments. Small
amounts of water (15 ml) may spill from time to
time, so it’s best to find a surface that won’t be
damaged by water.
As it contains electronics experiments, this
experiment kit is not suitable for children under
the age of eight. Please keep small children and
pets away from the experiment equipment, and
take time to read through the safety information
with your child. Keep the instructions handy for
reference at all times.
Have fun experimenting
and playing!
626037-02-180618
Dear Parents and Adu Supervisors

12
3
89
10
11
4
6
5
7
17 16
12
13
14 15
18
19
No. Description Qty. Item No.
1 Wood sheet, plain 3 720575
2 Wood sheet with
printed illustrations 2 720575
3 Cardboard sheet 1 720571
4 Pepper Mint figure 1 720566
5 Syringe 8 720740
6 Tube, 150 cm 1 720741
7 String, 40 cm 1 720742
8 Propeller 1 720744
9 Motor 1 720745
10 Stirrer 2 720724
Make sure you have all of the components of your kit and check them off:
No. Description Qty. Item No.
11 Bubble wand 1 720725
12 Axle, short 6 720726
13 Axle, long 1 720727
14 Stick 1 720728
15 Tub with cover 1 720572
16 Screw, two-piece 3 720723
17 Baery compartment
with cables 1 720743
18 Spring 2 713882
19 Sandpaper 1 720574
You will also need:
ruler, scissors, craft glue, tap water, paper, adhesive tape,
watercolor paint, 2 x AA batteries (1.5-volt, type LR6/
mignon), tablespoon, sugar, soap, dish towel, dishwashing
liquid or bubble-blowing solution, flat-head screwdriver,
paper clips, coins, pencil
2
Kit Contents
Tip!
If you are missing any parts,
please contact Thames 
Kosmos customer service.
US: techs[email protected]
UK: techs[email protected]

Ship’s crane
Pages 19 –21
Page 11
Flag
Pages 6–7
Research veel
Rocking waves
Pages 13 –14
Giant Snapper
Pages 24 –25
Ship’s propeer
Pages 28 –30
e wonder
of water
Pages 9 –10
3
Table of Contents
Tip!
On pages
– and
 you’ll find exciting
experiments all about
water and blowing
bubbles. For even more
background knowledge,
go to the last double-
page spread.

4

e Expedition Begins
Pepper headed into the local aquarium and walked straight over to
the new saltwater tank. A tall man with unruly hair and a clipboard
was standing in front of the empty tank. His name was Mr. Eisenbart,
and he was the director of the aquarium. He greeted Pepper
enthusiastically.
“Hi Pepper, have you packed all your things for the next three
weeks?” Mr. Eisenbart looked skeptically at the small bag that
Pepper had slung over her shoulder.
“I’ve got my diving gear and my tools. I’m all set!” said Pepper,
beaming. She was very excited about their expedition to the
Bermuda Triangle,
which Mr. Eisenbart had spent the last few
weeks preparing for. And Pepper, who had volunteered to spend
the past year
cleaning every single pane of glass in the aquarium,
had been allowed to come along!
The empty tank in the aquarium had been prepared for the rare
species of fish that Mr. Eisenbart planned to catch on their
expedition and then investigate in the city aquarium .
“How about we take a look at the research vessel?” asked Mr.
Eisenbart. Pepper nodded. Together, they walked down to the
pier next to the aquarium, where a small team was busy loading
the Kosmos. The biggest ship that Pepper had ever been allowed
to set foot on was
her friend Andy’s canoe. With a slightly
queasy sensation,
Pepper stepped on board the enormous ship,
feeling a lile like an adventurous pirate.
5

YOU NEED …
HERE’S HOW!
1
Push the purple-colored side panels onto the
base panel of the ship from the right and left.
You’ll need to push the tabs sticking out from
the sides of the base panel into the notches in
the side panels.
2
Pushing up from below, slide the wooden panel
with “KOSMOS” wrien on it onto the front of
the ship (the shorter side). The side panels have
slots in them for this purpose. Next, take the
upper deck panel, which has asmall hole in it,
and fit it over the base panel of the ship by
sliding it in from the front.
3
Now complete the front of the ship (the shorter
side) by adding the purple-colored railing,
which you can slide into the corresponding
slots from above. Finally, aach the back
panel across the back of the ship.
3 x plain wood
sheets
2 x wood sheets
with illustrations
1
3
tab
Tip!
If the pieces snag instead of sliding together
smoothly, you can use your sandpaper to
make the slots a lile wider or the tabs a
lile narrower. Don’t force the pieces together — ask
your parents for help if you need it.
2
6
Research Veel
and the

To make sure you can conduct the following water-based experiments without worrying about making a mess,
you and your parents should find a suitable place for experimenting, ideally somewhere with a surface that won’t
be damaged by water. Even though you’ll only be using small amounts of water (6 ml in each syringe), you
should always have a towel or some paper towels nearby to mop up any spills. If the wood gets wet, you can blot
the wet parts with a towel and let the wood dry overnight.
4
To build the lile cabin, assemble the three
teal-colored wooden pieces by sliding the
middle section down onto the two side walls.
The colored sides of the panels should be
facing inward. Next, slide the top horizontal
panel into the horizontal slots and push it in
fully.
5
You’re almost finished. Push the cabin down
into the corresponding slots in the base panel
of the ship. Hold your hand against the
underside of the base panel as you do so.
Your research vessel is now ready for you and
Pepper Mint to set sail on your expedition!
4
5
Starboard
Bridge
Cabin
Deck
Port
Bow (Front) Stern (Back)
7

e Wonder of Water
Pepper stood wide-eyed on the deck, staring at Mr. Eisenbart’s pale,
hairy legs. The team had barely finished loading the ship with their
provisions for the next few weeks and moving into their cabins below
deck when the aquarium director had swapped his dusty suit for a pair
of colorful shorts and a light shirt.
A deep droning sound distracted Pepper from this unusual sight and,
after a lile lurch, the ship began to move away from the pier. The
others were all bustling about around her, doing a hundred different
jobs at lightning speed. The anchor was pulled in, the flag was raised,
and the last few objects on deck were secured. The expedition could
finally begin! The ship rocked lightly up and down on the waves, and
after a while, Pepper managed to ignore the queasy feeling in her
stomach and went out to explore the ship.
The cabins that the expedition team would be sleeping in were located
below deck. Pepper was lucky enough to have been assigned a cabin
with a porthole. Under the cabins was the ship’s hold, and behind that
was the engine room containing the ship’s propeller, which was
emiing a steady drone. Back on the deck of the ship, Pepper spent
the next hour watching the coast behind her growing smaller and
smaller, and she couldn’t help but be amazed
that an object as big
and heavy
as the research vessel that she was standing on didn’t
simply sink. How was it even possible that a ship could float?
8

1
2
Tub
YOU NEED …
2 x syringes
You will also need:
tap water, ruler,
scissors, watercolor
paint (or dye)
10-cm tube
HERE’S HOW!
1
Assemble the syringe holder by sliding the
twolegs into the holder, one from the front and
theother from behind.
2
With the scissors, cut off a -cm piece of tube.
Make sure that you cut the end of the tube in
astraight line. Connect one end of the tube to
the opening at the boom of one of the syringes.
Todo this, position the end of the tube over the
nozzle, then push the tube onto the nozzle until
it can’t go any further. If it’s too tricky, ask your
parents for help.
3
Fill the syringe with tap water, as shown in the
drawing below. Fill the tub halfway with water.
Hang the end of the tube over the side of the tub
and pull out the plunger. The syringe is now filled
half with air, half with water. Hold the syringe
upright and push
all the air out (and out of the
tube
too). Finally, pull the plunger out fully.
2 x plain wood
sheets
Tip!
If you like, you can also add color to the
water using some watercolor paint or dye.
This will make it easier to see
what’s going
on inthe syringes and tubes.
If you’re using colored
water, make sure you stay away from carpets, curtains,
or other fabrics, and remember to wear old clothes.
9
Wonder of Water
and the
3

GOOD TO KNOW
Water can transmit forces because it can’t be
compressed — unlike air, which can be compressed
up to a certain point. Water, and liquids in general,
aren’t compressible because the molecules are
packed closer together in a liquid than in a gas. The
branch of physics that studies this phenomenon is
known as “hydraulics.”
WHY DO SHIPS FLOAT?
When an object enters a body of water, it pushes
water molecules aside as it enters the water. A ship
will float if the water that it displaces weighs more
than the vessel itself. Even though ships can weigh
many thousands of tons, their shapes are cleverly
designed to allow them to displace enough water to
allow them to float.
Try out this experiment: Fill your tub with water,
then take some modeling clay and shape some of it
into a ball and some of it into a small boat. The ball
will sink, while the boat will float on top of the
water. The boat displaces more water than the ball.
4
Place the full syringe, with the plunger pulled
out, into the syringe holder. To do this, carefully
thread the tube through one of the holes, pulling
it down gently from above, until the syringe is
suspended from the holder. Place an empty
syringe, with the plunger fully pushed in, into a
hole at the other side of the holder and connect
the free end of the tube that’s filled with water to
the empty syringe.
4
?
WHAT’S HAPPENING
When you carefully press the protruding
plunger down, water flows into the empty
syringe at the other end of the tube and
pushes the plunger up on the other side.
The initial movement you made is
transmied by the water. What happens
if you hold the plunger of the empty
syringe down,
while also carefully
pressing the plunger
of the full syringe
down ? Can the water be compressed?
Empty the two syringes and the tube
into a sink and try the same
experiment using air instead of
water this time. Can the air be
compressed?
WHAT IS WATER?
Like everything in the world, water is made up of tiny particles
that can’t be seen with the naked eye. We call these building
blocks “atoms.” The most basic building blocks are known as
“elements” and these can be combined
into larger groups
called
“molecules” as a result of chemical reactions. Water is made up
of many tiny water molecules, which in turn are made up of the
elements “oxygen“ and “hydrogen.” Each water molecule
consists of two hydrogen atoms aached to one oxygen atom.
10

YOU NEED …
HERE’S HOW!
1
Remove the Pepper Mint flag from the
cardboard sheet and lay it down with the
back side facing up. Fold the -cm piece of
string in half, so that each end is of equal
length, then place the string down the center
line of the flag, with the loop at the top.
2
Fold the flag along the center line and glue
the two identical sides together. Make sure
that the loop is still sticking out at the top.
Insert the mast through the loop and slide the
flag to the middle of the mast.
3
A knot directly below the flag will prevent it
from slipping: tie both ends of the string in a
pretzel-shape around the mast and tighten
the knot.
4
Take the mast with the flag aached and
insert it through the precut hole in the upper
deck at the front end of the ship, then hoist
the Pepper Mint flag!
Mast
20-cm string
Flag from
cardboard
sheet
You will also need: Ruler, scissors, and craft glue
11
1
2
Flag
and the
11
4
3
?
WHAT’S
HAPPENING
Thanks to the adjustable knot, you can
move the flag up and down the mast. At
sea,
flags have a special meaning. Sailors
use paerns and colors of different flags to
send each other messages across long
distances. If someone goes overboard —
that is, accidentally ends up in the water
— sailors hoist an emergency flag that
signals to everybody that there is a “man
overboard!”

Storm on e Horizon
Having quickly tired of watching the rolling waves and unchanging
horizon, Pepper turned her gaze to the bridge. Now that she
understood why the ship wasn’t going to sink, she wondered how
itwas going to be able to find its way to the Bermuda Triangle. It
obviously couldn’t read a map, and the open ocean all looked the
same. Maybe she should pay the captain a visit on the bridge, and
take a closer look at all those buons and gadgets …
Without hesitation, Pepper climbed the steps to the bridge deck,
knocked briefly on the door to the control room and opened it. A
tall
woman with an eye patch and a parrot on her shoulder
turned to
look at Pepper, who, at this unexpected sight, completely forgot
what she had wanted to ask. After a long silence, Pepper finally
announced: “Hello, I’m Pepper Mint.”
She didn’t get to hear the name of the captain, as some buons
suddenly began to flash redand a loud beeping noise aracted the
captain’s aention. Thewoman shooed Pepper out with a wave, as
her parrot cawed
“Pepperrrrr Mint ” over and over. When Pepper
looked up, she saw that the horizon
had changed, and that the ship
had begun to rock up and down more intensely. The Kosmos was
heading straight toward a bank of storm clouds!
12

1
Tub
2 x syringes
30-cm
tube
YOU NEED …
You will also need: ruler, scissors, tap
water, adhesive tape, paper towels
HERE’S HOW!
1
Remove the mast and the cabin. Turn your
ship upside-down.
Use the scissors to cut a -cm length of
tube, with a straight edge at the end, and
then connect this tube to a syringe.
Completely fill the tube and syringe with tap
water, as described on page .
Insert the tube full of water through
one of
the portholes in the side panel, then
insert it
down again through the hole in the base
panel of the ship, as shown. Have a towel
ready in case the tube leaks.
2
Slide an empty syringe (the plunger should
be pushed all the way down) into the big
hole in the base panel of the ship. The
handles on either side of the syringe should
be touching the underside of the base panel,
while the barrel of the syringe should be
pushed down through to the other side.
3
Turn the ship the right way up again. Connect
the open end of the tube to the empty syringe.
3
Tip!
You can seal the open end of the tube
with a piece of adhesive tape, so that
it doesn’t drip during assembly.
13
Rocking Waves
and the

If you leave your ship set up like this for a long
while, the water might evaporate and air bubbles
might appear in the tube. If that happens, you’ll
need to push the plunger very carefully inward,
otherwise
the tube may burst. Make sure to
change the water
from time to time, or conduct
some air-based experiments!
?
WHAT’S
HAPPENING
Your entire ship will rise and fall, as
though it were sailing over a series of
waves. If you push one plunger inward,
the water will pass through the
tube into
the other syringe, pushing its plunger
the
same distance outward. The plunger
presses against the tabletop and lifts
the entire ship upward.
4
Insert the cabin into the base panel, and
position the tube firmly between the syringe
and the top of the cabin so that it can’t move.
Make sure that there are no kinks in the
tube.Slowly push the plunger of the full
syringe inward.
4
WHAT ARE HYDRAULICS?
The word hydraulics comes from Greek and
means water (“hydro”) and pipe (“aulos“). In
science, hydraulics is the study of the flow
behavior of liquids. That sounds prey
complicated, but you’ve actually already
explored what it means using your model, i.e.
how a liquid is used to transfer aforce. The
pressure that is exerted on a pump
istransmied to the water, and the water then
passes this pressure to a piston, which
performs some kind of work. This is a
hydraulic transmissionsystem.
WHERE ARE
HYDRAULICS USED?
Today, hydraulics are used for transferring
forces in very big machines. For example, they
are used in agriculture and construction for
forklifts, cranes, and diggers. Have you ever
noticed the tubes on your bike that run from
the handlebars right to the brakes? Even
there, you’re using a hydraulic system with
brake fluid. Instead of water, special oil is
often used
as
it doesn’t evaporate when it
gets warm, or freeze when it gets cold.
14

In e Bermuda Triangle
Pepper spent the next few hours below deck, clinging to the frame of
her bunk bed as tightly as she could. Maybe now would be a good
time to call her mother and confess that she had been the one
responsible for the explosion in their cellar because her test tube
stand had fallen over. Or maybe she should tell her father that the
reason all the saw blades in the shed were dull was that she wanted
to build a soapbox cart for the race that fall. But when Pepper
glanced at her phone, she noticed that it had stopped working.
“Peculiar,” thought Pepper, as it suddenly occurred to her that the
deep drone from the engine room had also stopped. All she could
hear was the sea outside and the various members of the expedition
party calling out every now and then. She pressed the light switch
but her cabin remained in darkness.
Struggling to remain upright, Pepper
made her way down the swaying
corridor to Mr. Eisenbart’s cabin. If
anyone understood what was going
on here, it was Mr. Eisenbart, the old
deep-sea researcher! He was siing
at a folding table with a marine
chart spread out in front of him as
Pepper entered the cabin.
“Hello Pepper,” he said. “I hope our
lile adventure isn’t upseing
you. Countless sailors have recounted
strange stories about the Bermuda Triangle, stories about
machines and devices that have stopped working, bubbles of gas
that have risen up from the boom of the ocean, or impenetrable
fog descending and causing sailors to lose their way …”
15

WHY CAN’T WATER BE
COMPRESSED?
You’ve almost certainly noticed before that very cold
water below ° Celsius freezes and turns to ice, or that if
you boil water (over ° Celsius), it evaporates and
disappears. This is referred to as “states of maer.” Heat
plays a very special part in these changes from solid to
liquid to gas. The warmer water gets, the more its
molecules bounce around because they have more
energy. With ice, the molecules are frozen into a grid-
like laice structure. In water, this rigid structure comes
apart, and the molecules start moving about. In steam,
they shoot around all over the place, so much so that
they’re barely even connected to each other any more.
When water is in liquid form, the molecules move
about, however because of the forces of araction and
repulsion that exist between the individual molecules,
they stay at a set distance from each other. This is why
you can’t compress the water in your syringe.
?
WHAT’S
HAPPENING
The paper clip floats on the surface — until you
add soap and disturb the “surface tension” of the
water. Then it sinks to the boom. Water
consists of a great number of molecules that
aract and repel each other. Ifa molecule is
surrounded by other water
molecules, these
interactions balance each other out. If a water
molecule comes in contact with air, because
it’s at the surface, the forces of araction can
no longer be balanced out, and the molecule is
drawn inward into the liquid. Water
tries to
form the smallest
possible surface area in
relation to the substance that borders it. This
is why water forms round droplets, and why
it has asurface tension that allows small
creatures, like water striders for example, to
walk on it. The soap is made up of molecules
that push between water molecules on the
surface, disturbing the water’s surface
tension.
HERE’S HOW!
1
Fill two thirds of your tub with tap water.
Carefully place a paper clip or pin onto the
surface of the water.
2
Drop a lile dishwashing liquid into the water.
1
YOU NEED ...
Tub
You will also need: tap water,
paper clips, soap or dishwashing
liquid, coins
16
Nature of Water
AND THE

?
WHAT’S
HAPPENING
The coins displace the water and raise
the water’s surface so that it spills out
over the edge of the tub. You can see
how the surface of the water arches
upward until the surface tension
breaks down and the water flows
out over the edge of the tub.
4
3
Fill up your tub to the brim with clean
tap water.
4
Drop small coins into the tub one by one,
until the water overflows.
THE BERMUDA
TRIANGLE
Very lile exploring has been done in this
coastal area off the southeastern coast of the
US. For many years, it has been a place of wild
speculation and eerie legends about ships being
swallowed up by the sea, and planes suddenly
crashing or vanishing without a trace. There
have even been tales of sea monsters and
aliens, accompanied by claims that they’re the
ones responsible for the many mysterious
occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle. The most
impressive case dates back to , when five
aircraft from the US Air Force disappeared from
the radar without a trace. The search and
rescue aircraft that was sent out to find them
also failed to return.
In the meantime, calculations have
shown that accidents are no more
common in the Bermuda Triangle than
anywhere else in the world, but the
legends refuse to die. Now at last
scientists are onto a possible reason that
would explain why ships sink in the
Bermuda Triangle: The ocean floor stores
enormous amounts of methane gas.
These bubbles of gas can burst and
because gas has a lower density than
water — meaning that it’s lighter — this
results in a massive quantity of gas
suddenly rising to the surface, and the
sea level dropping for a moment. Large
craters on the sea floor of the Bermuda
Triangle suggest that these theories
could indeed be correct.
17
Nature of Water