THORLABS LPS710E User manual

LPS710E
Long Travel Piezo Stage
and Controller
APT User Guide
Original Instructions

2
Contents
Chapter 1 Safety ..............................................................................................4
1.1 Safety Information ...................................................................................4
1.2 General Warnings ...................................................................................4
Chapter 2 Overview ........................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................5
2.2 APT PC Software Overview ....................................................................7
2.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7
2.2.2 APTUser Utility ................................................................................................... 8
2.2.3 APT Config Utility ............................................................................................... 9
2.2.4 APT Server (ActiveX Controls) ......................................................................... 10
2.2.5 Software Upgrades .......................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3 Installation ...................................................................................12
3.1 Unpacking .............................................................................................12
3.2 Accessories ...........................................................................................13
3.2.1 LPSA1 Slide Adapter ....................................................................................... 13
3.2.2 LPSA4 Raiser Plate ......................................................................................... 13
3.2.3 LPSA5 Mirror Mount for 7mm Mirrors .............................................................. 13
3.3 Mounting ...............................................................................................14
3.3.1 General ............................................................................................................ 14
3.4 Installing the Stage ...............................................................................14
3.5 Installing the Controller .........................................................................15
3.5.1 Siting ................................................................................................................ 15
3.5.2 Environmental Conditions ................................................................................ 15
3.6 Installing APT Software .........................................................................16
3.7 Electrical Connection ............................................................................16
3.7.1 Connecting To The Supply ............................................................................... 16
3.7.2 Connecting The Hardware ............................................................................... 17
3.7.3 Powering Down The Controller ........................................................................ 19
3.7.4 Rear Panel Connections .................................................................................. 19
3.8 Front Panel Controls and Indicators ....................................................21
3.9 Controller Schematic Diagram ..............................................................22
Continued...

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
Chapter 4 PC Operation - Tutorial ............................................................. 24
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 24
4.2 Using the APT User Utility .................................................................... 24
4.3 Introduction to Open and Closed Loop Operation ................................ 26
4.4 Tuning ................................................................................................... 26
4.5 Limitations on the Displayed Position Values ....................................... 27
4.6 Moving the Piezo Stage ........................................................................ 28
4.6.1 Entering the Piezo Position (Closed Loop) ...................................................... 28
4.6.2 Setting the Zero Position .................................................................................. 29
4.6.3 Entering the Piezo Voltage (Open Loop) ......................................................... 29
4.6.4 Moving the Piezo using the ‘Output’ control ..................................................... 30
4.6.5 Jogging the Piezos ........................................................................................... 31
4.7 Using the Controller as a Piezo Amplifier ............................................. 32
4.8 Thermal Shutdown ............................................................................... 33
4.9 Using the MZF001 Joystick .................................................................. 34
4.10 Load Response .................................................................................... 35
4.11 Creating a Simulated Configuration Using APT Config ........................ 36
Chapter 5 Software Reference .................................................................... 39
5.1 GUI Panel ............................................................................................. 39
5.2 Settings Panel ...................................................................................... 41
5.2.1 General tab. ..................................................................................................... 41
5.2.2 Loop Tuning tab. .............................................................................................. 43
Appendices
Appendix A Rear Panel Connector Pinout Detail ...................................... 49
Appendix A Preventive Maintenance ......................................................... 55
Appendix B Specifications and Associated Parts .................................... 56
Appendix C Piezo Control Method Summary ............................................ 59
Appendix D Piezo Operation - Background ............................................... 62
Appendix E Regulatory ................................................................................ 65
Appendix F Thorlabs Worldwide Contacts ................................................ 69

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Chapter 1 Safety
1.1 Safety Information
For the continuing safety of the operators of this equipment, and the protection of the
equipment itself, the operator should take note of the Warnings, Cautions and Notes
throughout this handbook and, where visible, on the product itself.
The following safety symbols may be used throughout the handbook and on the
equipment itself.
1.2 General Warnings and Cautions
Shock Warning
Given when there is a risk of injury from electrical shock.
Warning
Given when there is a risk of injury to users.
Caution
Given when there is a risk of damage to the product.
Note
Clarification of an instruction or additional information.
Warnings
If this equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the
protection provided by the equipment may be impaired. In particular,
excessive moisture may impair operation.
Spillage of fluid, such as sample solutions, should be avoided. If spillage does
occur, clean up immediately using absorbant tissue. Do not allow spilled fluid
to enter the internal mechanism.
The equipment is for indoor use only.
The equipment is not designed for use in an explosive atmosphere.
Caution
If your PC becomes unresponsive (e.g due to an operating system problem,
entering a sleep state condition, or screen saver operation) for a prolonged
period, this will interrupt communication between the APT Software and the
hardware, and a communications error may be generated. To minimize the
possibility of this happening it is strongly recommended that any such modes
that result in prolonged unresponsiveness be disabled before the APT
software is run. Please consult your system administrator or contact Thorlabs
technical support for more details.

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Chapter 2 Overview
2.1 Introduction
The LPS710E kit comprises the LPS710 Long Travel Piezo Stage and the PPC001
precision piezo controller. The stage provides 1100 µm of travel in open loop and
800 µm in closed loop and is designed specifically for applications requiring large
displacement such as visualizing specimens or samples in confocal microscopy and
3D imaging. The LPS710 piezo stage is sold as a matched pair with the PPC001
precision piezo controller for controlled positioning.
The stage features a mechanically-amplified piezo actuator, together with a precision
large area capacitive feedback sensor that uses ultra-stable electrode plates. These
sensors give correct positioning with submicron repeatability and resolution on the
order of 2 nm in open loop and 6 nm in closed loop, making this product ideal for
applications that require highly accurate positioning control. With -25V applied to the
piezo stack, the stage is at its maximum height. Increasing the drive voltage reduces
the height of the top platform.
The system also provides active feedback to compensate for thermal changes and
other factors that might lead to drift.
The supplied PPC001 controller is designed for use in critical alignment applications
where nanometer level motion control is required. These units output up to 150V/
150mA.
The unit combines the latest highspeed digital signal processors (DSP) with low-noise
analog electronics and ActiveX® software technology for effortless single-axis
motion.
Fig. 2.1 LPS710/M Piezo Actuator

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Chapter 2
The piezo controller is supplied with a full suite of software support tools. An intuitive
graphical instrument panel allows immediate control and visualization of the operation
of the piezo controller, and any other controllers that are installed in the system. See
Section 2.2. for a full description of the APT system software.
The controller operation is fully configurable (parameterized) with key settings
exposed through the associated graphical interface panel. Open or closed loop
operating modes can be selected 'on the fly' without any spikes or glitches and in both
modes the display can be changed to show drive voltage or position (in microns). In
the closed loop operation mode, the P I D (proportional, integral and derivative)
components of the feedback control loop can be altered to adjust the servo loop
response. Two notch filters can also be adjusted for fine tuning the mechanical
resonance of the system.
For convenience and ease of use, adjustment of many key parameters is possible
through direct interaction with the graphical panel. For example, the output drive
voltage or position can be adjusted by rotating a "software-panel" control knob (see
the tutorial in Chapter 4 for further details). Note that all such settings and parameters
are also accessible through the ActiveX programmable interfaces. See Section 2.2.
for a full description of the APT system software and background on the advantages
of the ActiveX Control technology.
The key innovation of the controllers and associated mechanical products is the ease
and speed with which complete automated alignment systems can be engineered at
both the hardware and software level. All controllers in the range are equipped with
USB connectivity. The 'multi-drop' USB bus allows multiple units to be connected to
a single controller PC using commerical USB hubs and cables. In the remainder of
this handbook, the Tutorial section (Chapter 4) provides a good initial understanding
on using the unit, and the reference section (Chapter 5) covers all operating modes
and parameters in detail.
Fig. 2.2 Single Channel Precision Piezo Controller (PPC001)

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
2.2 APT PC Software Overview
2.2.1 Introduction
As a member of the APT range of controllers, the PPC001 piezo controller shares
many of the associated software benefits. This includes USB connectivity (allowing
multiple units to be used together on a single PC), fully featured Graphical User
Interface (GUI) panels, and extensive software function libraries for custom
application development.
The APT software suite supplied with all APT controllers provides a flexible and
powerful PC based control system both for users of the equipment, and software
programmers aiming to automate its operation.
For users, the APTUser (see Section 2.2.2.) and APTConfig (see Section 2.2.3.)
utilities allow full control of all settings and operating modes enabling complete ‘out-
of-box’ operation without the need to develop any further custom software. Both
utilities are built on top of a sophisticated, multi-threaded ActiveX ‘engine’ (called the
APT server) which provides all of the necessary APT system software services such
as generation of GUI panels, communications handling for multiple USB units, and
logging of all system activity to assist in hardware trouble shooting. It is this APT
server ‘engine’ that is used by software developers to allow the creation of advanced
automated positioning applications very rapidly and with great ease. The APT server
is described in more detail in Section 2.2.4.
Aside
ActiveX®, a Windows®-based, language-independent technology, allows a user
to quickly develop custom applications that automate the control of APT system
hardware units. Development environments supported by ActiveX® technology
include Visual Basic®, LabView™, Borland C++ Builder, Visual C++, Delphi™,
and many others. ActiveX® technology is also supported by .NET development
environments such as Visual Basic.NET and Visual C#.NET.
ActiveX controls are a specific form of ActiveX technology that provide both a user
interface and a programming interface. An ActiveX control is supplied for each
type of APT hardware unit to provide specific controller functionality to the
software developer. See Section 2.2.4. for further details.

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2.2.2 APTUser Utility
The APTUser application allows the user to interact with a number of APT hardware
control units connected to the host PC. This program displays multiple graphical
instrument panels to allow multiple APT units to be controlled simultaneously.
All basic operating parameters can be altered and, similarly, all operations (such as
piezo moves) can be initiated. Settings and parameter changes can be saved and
loaded to allow multiple operating configurations to be created and easily applied.
For many users, the APTUser application provides all of the functionality necessary
to operate the APT hardware without the need to develop any further custom
software. For those who do need to further customise and automate usage of the
controller (e.g. to implement a positioning algorithm), this application illustrates how
the rich functionality provided by the APT ActiveX server is exposed by a client
application.
Use of the APT User utility is covered in the PC tutorial (Chapter 4) and in the
APTUser online help file, accessed via the F1 key when using the APTUser utility.

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
2.2.3 APT Config Utility
There are many system parameters and configuration settings associated with the
operation of the APT Server. Most can be directly accessed using the various
graphical panels, however there are several system wide settings that can only be
made 'off-line' before running the APT software. These settings have global effect;
such as switching between simulator and real operating mode and incorporation of
calibration data.
The APTConfig utility is provided as a convenient means for making these system
wide settings and adjustments. Full details on using APTConfig are provided in the
online help supplied with the utility.
Use of the APT Config utility is covered in the PC tutorial (Chapter 4) and in the
APTConfig online help file, accessed via the F1 key when using the APTConfig utility.

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Chapter 2
2.2.4 APT Server (ActiveX Controls)
ActiveX Controls are re-usable compiled software components that supply both a
graphical user interface and a programmable interface. Many such Controls are
available for Windows applications development, providing a large range of re-usable
functionality. For example, there are Controls available that can be used to
manipulate image files, connect to the internet or simply provide user interface
components such as buttons and list boxes.
With the APT system, ActiveX Controls are deployed to allow direct control over (and
also reflect the status of) the range of electronic controller units, including the PPC001
piezo controller. Software applications that use ActiveX Controls are often referred to
as 'client applications'. Based on ActiveX interfacing technology, an ActiveX Control
is a language independent software component. Consequently ActiveX Controls can
be incorporated into a wide range of software development environments for use by
client application developers. Development environments supported include Visual
Basic, Labview, Visual C++, C++ Builder, HPVEE, Matlab, VB.NET, C#.NET and, via
VBA, Microsoft Office applications such as Excel and Word.
Consider the ActiveX Control supplied for the PPC001 APT piezo controller unit.
This Control provides a complete user graphical instrument panel to allow the Piezo
unit to be manually operated, as well as a complete set of software functions (often
called methods) to allow all parameters to be set and Piezo control operations to be
automated by a client application. The instrument panel reflects the current operating
state of the controller unit to which it is associated (e.g. such as piezo travel). Updates
to the panel take place automatically when a user (client) application is making
software calls into the same Control. For example, if a client application instructs the
associated Piezo Control to move to a particular position, progress is monitored

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
automatically by changing position readout on the graphical interface, without the
need for further programming intervention.
The APT ActiveX Controls collection provides a rich set of graphical user panels and
programmable interfaces allowing users and client application developers to interact
seamlessly with the APT hardware. Each of the APT controllers has an associated
ActiveX Control and these are described fully in system online help. Note that the
APTUser and APTConfig utilities take advantage of and are built on top of the
powerful functionality provided by the APT ActiveX Server (as shown in Fig. 2.3).
Fig. 2.3 System Architecture Diagram
Refer to the main APT Software online help file, APTServer.hlp (available from the
Windows Start menu), for a complete programmers guide and reference material on
using the APT ActiveX Controls collection. Additional software developer support is
provided by the APT Support pages on www.thorlabs.com.
2.2.5 Software Upgrades
Thorlabs operate a policy of continuous product development and may issue software
upgrades as necessary. The latest software can be downloaded from the ‘Services’
section of www.thorlabs.com.

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Chapter 3 Installation
3.1 Unpacking
Fig. 3.1 LPS710 stage (shown with optional accessories)
Note
Retain the packing for use in future transportation.
Caution
Once removed from its packaging, the stage can be damaged by
mishandling. The unit should only be handled by its base, not by any
attachments to the moving part.
The equipment contains no user servicable parts. Do not remove any screws
securing the covers or attempt any repairs or adjustments as this will affect
the calibration and invalidate the warranty.
LPSA4 Riser Plate
LPSA5 Mirror Mount
LPS710 Stage
(Sold Separately)
LPSA1 Slide Holder
(Sold Separately)
(Sold Separately)

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
3.2 Accessories
The accessories detailed below are available separately, and are not shipped with the
LPS710E. In addition, the stage can also be used with our range of mini-series
optomechanical accessories available from www.thorlabs.com
3.2.1 LPSA1 Slide Adapter
The LPSA1 is a holder for a single microscope slide, and accepts slides up to 26.5 mm x
76.5 mm x 1.4 mm (1.04” x 3.0” x 0.055”). It is compact and light (25g), with a sliding clip
for ease of slide attachment. The high holding force allows upright and inverted use, and
it features a recess in the center for absorbing materials.
3.2.2 LPSA4 Raiser Plate
The LPSA4 is a small, breadboard-type adapter plate, that offers a range of options when
mounting devices to the stage. It features 12 tapped holes; the metric plate has four M4
and eight M3 holes, whereas the imperial plate has four 8-32 and eight 6-32 holes.
3.2.3 LPSA5 Mirror Mount for 7mm Mirrors
The LPSA5 is a mount for 7mm dia optics such as our PF03-03-P01. The optic mount fits
to the stage top plate as shown below. Optics can be glued into the mount using our UV
curable glue kit NOA61.
Fig. 3.2 Accessories mounted to the stage
Warning
The top platform must not be removed. Slacking of the top platform
attachment nut will cause internal damage and will invalidate the warranty.
LPSA1
LPSA4
LPSA5

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Chapter 3
3.3 Mounting
3.3.1 General
3.4 Installing the Stage
The stage features several mounting options as shown below. Please search
LPS710E at www.thorlabs.com for detailed dimension drawings.
Fig. 3.3 Attaching the LPS710 stage
Note
This handbook has been compiled to support the LPS710 piezo actuator and
PPC001 controller as a matched pair in a standalone system. For assistance
with integration into third party systems, please contact tech support.
Cautions
When mounting the stage within the application, ensure that the travel is not
obstructed. The moving world moves down as the voltage is increased. If the stage
is driven against a solid object, damage to the internal mechanism could occur.
The range of travel is 800 µm in closed loop but can be up to 1100 µm (± 10%) in
open loop.
When considering movement in the proximity of other objects or equipment,
ensure that movement of cables connected to the stage is not impeded.
To fit M6 (1/4"-20)
Cap Screw, 2 Places
To fit M4 (4-40)
Cap Screw, 4 Places
Side Mounting Holes
M3 x 0.5 (4-40), 4.5 mm (0.18”) Depth
2 Places on each face
Bottom Mounting Holes
M3x 0.5 (4-40), 4.2 mm (0.17”) Depth
2 Places

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
3.5 Installing the Controller
3.5.1 Siting
The unit is designed to be mounted free standing on a shelf, benchtop or similar
surface. To avoid vibration transfer from the fan operating inside the controller, it is
advised to mount the unit on a different service to that which houses the stage.
3.5.2 Environmental Conditions
Location Indoor use only
Maximum altitude 2000 m
Temperature range 5oC to 40oC
Maximum Humidity Less than 80% RH (non-condensing) at 31°C
To ensure reliable operation the unit should not be exposed to corrosive agents or
excessive moisture, heat or dust.
If the unit has been stored at a low temperature or in an environment of high humidity,
it must be allowed to reach ambient conditions before being powered up.
Caution
Ensure that proper airflow is maintained to the sides of the unit.
Warning
Operation outside the following environmental limits may adversely affect
operator safety.
Caution
In applications requiring the highest level of accuracy and repeatability,
it is recommended that the stage and the controller unit are powered up
for at least 30 minutes before use, in order to allow the internal
temperature of electronic components to stabilize.
For maximum precision, the unit should be operated in a thermally
stabilised environment, e.g. an air-conditioned room.
When the stage is not in use for a long period (e.g. over a week) the
controller should be switched off. Leaving the stage under a high voltage
(e.g. over 100V) for a prelonged period can reduce the lifetime of the
internal piezo stack.

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Chapter 3
3.6 Installing APT Software
DO NOT CONNECT THE CONTROLLER TO YOUR PC YET
1) Go to Services/Downloads at www.thorlabs.com and download the APT Software.
2) Run the .exe file and follow the on-screen instructions.
3.7 Electrical Connection
3.7.1 Connecting To The Supply
Note
When operating via a PC, direct user interaction with the unit is
accomplished through intuitive graphical user interface panels (GUIs),
which expose all key operating parameters and modes. The user can
select multiple panel views displaying different information about a
particular hardware unit. The multitasking architecture ensures that the
graphical control panels always remain live, showing all current
hardware activity.
Caution
Some PCs may have been configured to restrict the users ability to load
software, and on these systems the software may not install/run. If you are in
any doubt about your rights to install/run software, please consult your
system administrator before attempting to install.
If you experience any problems when installing software, contact Thorlabs on
[phone] and ask for Technical Support.
Shock Warning
The controller unit must be connected only to an earthed fused supply of
24V 2A DC.
Use only power supply cable and power supply provided with the unit,
other cables/PSUs may not be rated to the same current. The unit is
shipped with appropriate power cables for use in the UK, Europe and the
USA. When shipped to other territories the appropriate power plug must
be fitted by the user. Cable identification is as follows:
Brown Live
Blue Neutral
Green/Yellow Earth/Ground

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
3.7.2 Connecting The Hardware
1) Install the software - see Section 3.6.
2) Connect the stage to the Controller unit - see Fig. 3.5
3) Connect the Controller unit to the power supply and switch ‘ON’ by pressing the
POWER button on the front panel.
4) Using the USB cable provided, connect the Controller unit to your PC.
5) WindowsTM should detect the new hardware. Wait while WindowsTM installs the
drivers for the new hardware - see the Getting Started guide for more information
6) Run the APTUser utility
Start/All Programs/Thorlabs/APT/APT User.
Warning
Piezo actuators are driven by high voltages. Voltages up to 150V may be present
at the rear panel connector. This is hazardous and can cause serious injury.
Appropriate care should be taken when using this device.
Persons using the device must understand the hazards associated with
using high voltages and the steps necessary to avoid risk of electrical
shock.
The piezo controller must be switched OFF before the piezo stage is
plugged in or unplugged. Failure to switch the controller off may result in
damage to either the controller, the stage or both.
Caution
The controller and piezo stage are calibrated at the factory and are sold as a
matched pair. The matched pair can be identified by the serial number label
that appears on both units.
Unsatisfactory performance is likely to result if the stage is driven by a
different controller, or if the controller is used to drive other stages.
Note
Ensure that the mating faces of the connectors are properly aligned.
Misalignment can cause connection problems.
Tighten the securing screws to ensure that the connectors to not become
disconnected during use.
Note
The USB cable should be no more than 3 metres in length. Communication
lengths in excess of 3 metres can be achieved by using a powered USB hub).

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7) Check that the Graphical User Interface (GUI) panel appears and is active.
Fig. 3.4 GUI panel
8) Click the ‘Ident’ button. The POWER LED on the front panel of the controller
flashes. This is useful in multi-channel systems for identifying which controller is
associated with which GUI.
9) Click the jog buttons on the GUI panel to move the piezo or axis connected to the
controller. The position display for the associated GUI should increment and
decrement accordingly.
Follow the tutorial described in Chapter 4 for further guidance on basic operation.
Note
The 'APT Config' utility can be used to set up simulated hardware
configurations and place the APT Server into simulator mode. In this way
it is possible to create any number and type of simulated (virtual)
hardware units in order to emulate a set of real hardware. This is a
particularly useful feature, designed as an aid to application program
development and testing. Any number of 'virtual' control units are
combined to build a model of the real system, which can then be used to
test the application software offline. If using real hardware, ensure that
Simulator Mode is disabled. If using a simulated setup, enable Simulator
Mode and set up a ‘Simulated Configuration’ - see Section 4.11. or the
APTConfig helpfile for detailed instructions.

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LPS710E Long Travel Piezo Stage and Controller
3.7.3 Powering Down The Controller
3.7.4 Rear Panel Connections
Fig. 3.5 Rear panel connections
STAGE connector - Provides the drive signal to the piezo actuator, -25 V to 150 V,
0 to 150 mA.
Warning
The controller may cause drive voltage spikes on power down. In applications
requiring the highest sensitivity, the piezo drive voltage should be set to zero
before the unit is powered down.
When power is applied, do not disconnect the piezo stage from the unit.
Note
Ensure that the mating faces of the connectors on the stage and the rear
panel of the unit are properly aligned. Misalignment can cause connection
problems.
Tighten the securing screws to ensure that the connectors to not become
disconnected during use.
150V

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Chapter 3
EXT IN (Male BNC connector) – Used to control the piezo stage from an external
source. When in open loop the EXT IN controls the voltage, when in closed loop it
controls the position. This input allows a -10V to 10V input to drive the output to its full
scale. This gives a gain of 15 for the 150V range. The input impedence is 10 kload.
EXT OUT (Male BNC connector) – Used to monitor the piezo actuator on an
oscilloscope or other device. The output can be set to monitor the piezo Drive Voltage,
the Linearized Position, or the Unprocessed Position, as set in the Output Signal
parameter in the settings panel - see Section 5.2.1., or in software by calling the
SetPPCIOSettings method (see the APTServer helpfile available from the Windows
‘Start’ menu).
JOYSTICK - Provides connection for the MZF001 Joystick - see Section 4.9. and
Section A.4.
USER - This female 15-Pin D-type connector exposes a number of internal electrical
signals. For convenience, a number of logic inputs and outputs are included, thereby
eliminating the need for extra PC based IO hardware. Using the APT support
software, these user programmable logic lines can be deployed in applications
requiring control of external devices such a relays, light sources and other auxilliary
equipment - see Section A.2. for further details.
RS232 – Provides connection for serial port communication - see Section A.3.
USB - USB port for system communications.
Caution
Before the input can be used, the Drive Input Source must be set to a BNC
(+SW) option in the Settings panel (see Section 5.2.1.) or in software by
calling the SetPPCIOSettings method (see the APTServer helpfile available
from the Windows ‘Start’ menu) - see Section 4.7. for more details.
When driving the piezo stage from an external source, the external signal
is added to the software input (GUI panel or SetVoltOP software method)
and, if connected and selected, the Joystick.
The max stepping frequency depends on the shape of the waveform. E.g.
for a staircase waveform with a step size up to 25 µm, the minimum period
for each step can be as small as 25 ms or stepping frequency of 40 Hz.
For large periodic waveforms, e.g. over 200 µm peak to peak sine wave
signal, the operational frequency is recommended to be as follows:
Loads up to 50g - </= 40 Hz
Loads 50 to 150g - </= 30 Hz
Loads 150g to 300g - </= 20 Hz
Note
The USB cable length should be no more than 3 metres unless a powered
USB hub is being used.