Waldorf M WAVETABLE SYNTHESIZER User manual

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Quick Start

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Content"
3M"Quickstart"
Content
Foreword .................................................................................................................... 4"
Specifications............................................................................................................. 5"
Control Features & Connections................................................................................ 6"
Front"Panel".............................................................................................................."6"
Rear"Panel"Connections"....................................................................................."7"
General Safety Guidelines ......................................................................................... 8"
Setup and Connections............................................................................................ 10"
Setup"........................................................................................................................"10"
Connections".........................................................................................................."10"
The"Rear"Panel"Connections"........................................................................."11"
First Start.................................................................................................................. 14"
Switching"On"/"Off"............................................................................................."14"
The"M"Mode"Pages"............................................................................................."14"
The"Option"Button"Section"............................................................................."15"
The"Display"and"the"4"encoders".................................................................."15"
Loading"Programs"............................................................................................."16"
Editing"Parameters"..........................................................................................."16"
Storing"Programs"..............................................................................................."17"
What"about"System"Settings?"......................................................................."18"
A Short Overview ......................................................................................................20"
Wavetable"Oscillator"Section"........................................................................"21"
Oscillator"Mixer"(MIX)"Section"....................................................................."21"
VCF"Section"..........................................................................................................."22"
VCA"Section"..........................................................................................................."22"
Envelopes"Section".............................................................................................."22"
LFO"Section"..........................................................................................................."23"
The"Modulations"of"M"......................................................................................."23"
The"Arpeggiator".................................................................................................."23"
Single"Mode"vs."Multi"Mode"..........................................................................."23"
Updating"the"Firmware"..................................................................................."24"
Technical Data ..........................................................................................................25"
Product Support........................................................................................................26"

Foreword"
4M"Quickstart"
Foreword
Thank"you"for"purchasing"the"Waldorf"M."You"now"own"a"
classic" hybrid" wavetable" synthesizer" featuring" a" wide"
range" of" unique" sounds" with" approved" Waldorf" quality" –"
made"in"Germany!"
About this Quickstart
In"this"quickstart"manual"you"will"find"the"basic"knowledge"
to"get"in"touch"with"your"M.""
rThe"complete"manual"can"be"downloaded"here:"
waldorfmusic.com/m"
And"now"have"fun"with"your"M!"
Your"Waldorf"Team"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Hint
Waldorf"Music"is"not"liable"for"any"erroneous"information"
contained" in" this" quickstart" manual." The" contents" of" this"
manual"may"be"updated"at"any"time"without"prior"notice."
We"made"every"effort"to"ensure"the"information"herein"is"
accurate" and" that" the" manual" contains" no" contradictory"
information."Waldorf"Music"extends"no"liabilities"in"regard"
to"this"manual"other"than"those"required"by"local"law."
This"quickstart"or"any"portion"of"it"may"not"be"reproduced"
in"any"form"without"the"manufacturer's"written"consent."
Waldorf" Music" GmbH," Lilienthalstraße" 7,""
D-53424"Remagen,"Germany"
Rev.1,"April"2021"

Specifications"
5M"Quickstart"
Specifications
•Oscillators:" 2" Wavetable" oscillators" with" indepen-
dent" wavetables" and" two" different" tone" generation"
models"-"classic"Waldorf"Microwave"I"model"and"mo-
dern"Waldorf"Microwave"II"model."196"Factory"Wave-
tables"+"32"slots"for"User"Wavetables""
•Filter:" Analog" low-pass" 24" dB/Oct" VCF" (SSI" 2144"
Improved"Ladder"Type)"with"saturation1
•Amplifier:"Analog"stereo"VCA"for"each"voice1
•Envelopes:" 4" Envelope" Generators;" 8" point""""""""""""
time/level"Wave" envelope" generator," VCF" and" VCA"
ADSR" envelopes" and" a" free" assignable" 4" points" ti-
me/level"envelope"
•LFOs:"2"LFOs"with"different"waveforms"
•Arpeggiator"with" 16"preset" patterns," chord" mode"
and"the"ability"to"synchronise"to"MIDI"clock"
•Sound1 storage:" 2048" Sound" programs" +" 128" Multi"
programs""
•Polyphony:" 8/16" voices" polyphony" (16" voices"
available"with"the"expansion"board"installed)"
•4"Parts"multitimbrality"(4"parts"can"be"assigned"to"4"
individual"stereo"outputs)"
•Compatible" with" classic" Waldorf" Microwave"I" sysex"
messages"(sound"bank"transfer/sound"transfer)"
•SD"Card"for"loading"/"storing"user"content"as"sound-
banks"and"wavetables"""
•MIDI:" USB" 2.0" and" DIN" (5-pin" DIN"connector"with"
In/Out/Thru)"

Control"Features"&"Connections"
6M"Quickstart"
Control Features & Connections
Front Panel
1)"Display"Section"with"encoders"
4)"Mixer"Section"
7)"VCA,"Glide"&"Master"Volume"
"
2)"Wavetable"Oscillator"Section"
5)"Analog"Filter"Section"(VCF)"
8)"Arpeggiator"Section"
"
3)"LFO"Section"
6)"Envelopes"Section"
9)"Single/Multi"Section"
"

Control"Features"&"Connections"
7M"Quickstart"
Rear Panel Connections
1)"
Power"Supply"Jack"&"Power"Switch"
2)"
Headphones"Output"with"Volume"control"
3)"
Stereo"Audio"Outputs"L"(Mono)"+"R"
4)"
Stereo"Aux"Outputs"A"-"D"
5)"
MIDI"Thru,"MIDI"Out,"MIDI"In"jacks"
6)"
USB"2.0"MIDI"Port"
7)" ""SD"Card"Port"
8)"""Kensington®"Compatible"Receptacle"
"

General"Safety"Guidelines
8M"Quickstart
General Safety Guidelines
sPlease" read" the" following" safety" tips" carefully!" They"
include" several" precautions" you" should" always" ob-
serve"when"dealing"with"electronic"equipment."Read"
all"of"the"instructions"before"operating"your"device.1
Suitable Operating Conditions
•Use"the"device"in"enclosed"rooms"only."
•Never" use" the" device" in"damp" conditions" such" as"
bathrooms," washrooms," or" around" indoor" swimming"
pools."
•Do" not" use" the" device" in" extremely" dusty" or" dirty" en-
vironments."
•Make"sure"that"adequate"ventilation"is"available"on"all"
sides"of"the"device."
•Do"not"place"the"device"near"heat"sources"such"as"radi-
ators."
•Do"not"expose"the"device"to"direct"sunlight."
•Do"not"expose"the"device"to"extreme"vibrations."
Power Supply
•Only"use"the"power"cable"that"came"with"the"M."
•Unplug"the"device"when"you"are"not"using"it"for"longer"
periods."
•Never"touch"the"plug"with"wet"hands."
•Always" pull" the" plug" when" unplugging" the" device" -"
never"the"cable."
Operation
•Never" place" objects" containing" liquids" on" or" near" the"
device."
•Place" the" device" on" a" stable" base" only." Use" a" suitable"
platform."
•Make" sure" no" foreign" objects" find" their" way" into" the"
chassis." If" for" some" reason" this" occurs," switch" the"
power" off," unplug" the" device," and" consult" a" qualified"
repair"center."
•This" device"can" generate" volume" levels" that" may" do"
irreparable" damage" to" your" hearing"when" used" on" its"
own" or" with" amplifiers," speakers," or" headphones." For"
this"reason"you"should"keep"the"volume"at"tolerable"le-
vels."

General"Safety"Guidelines"
9M"Quickstart"
Maintenance
•Do"not"open"the"device"or"remove"the"cover." Refer"all"
service"and"repair"tasks"to"qualified"personnel."The"in-
terior" of" the" chassis" contains" no" components" that" re-
quire"user"maintenance."
•Use"only"a"dry,"soft"cloth"or"brush"to"clean"the"device."
Never"use"alcohol,"cleaning"solutions"or"similar"chemi-
cals."They"will"damage"the"surface"of"the"chassis."
Proper Use
This" device" is" designed" exclusively" to" produce" low-
frequency" audio" signals" for" the" purpose" of" generating"
sound."Any"other"use"is"prohibited"and"voids"the"warranty"
extended"by"Waldorf"Music."Waldorf"Music"is"not"liable"for"
damages"due"to"incorrect"use."
sThis1 M1 unit1is1 not1 suitable1 for1 preparing1 conve-
nience1 food.1 Please1 cook1 seasonal1 and1 regional1
whenever1it1is1possible."

Setup"and"Connections
10 M"Quickstart
Setup and Connections
The"Waldorf"M"comes"complete"with:"
•The"Waldorf"M"Synthesizer"
•An"external"power"supply""
•This"printed"Quick"Start"manual"
Please"ensure"all"the" above" items"were"included."If"some-
thing"is"missing,"contact"your"local"dealer."
We"recommend"that"you"save"the"original"packing"material"
for"future"transport."
Setup
Place"M"on"a"clean,"even"surface."
Connections
In" order" to" get" started" with" your" M" you" will" need" an" AC"
power" outlet," a" mixing" console," an" amp," and/or"an" audio"
monitor"such"as"a"speaker"cabinet"or"a"headphone."
You"can"also"use"a"computer"or"sequencer"to"make"use"of"
M’s"MIDI"features."
=To connect the devices:
1. Turn"all"devices"off."
2. Connect"M’s"Main"Out"audio"outputs"to"your"mi-
xing"console"or"your"computer"audio"interface."If"
you" want" to" connect" an" output" monophonically,"
only"use"the"L/Mono1jack"of"the"output"pair"with"
a"1/4"inch"mono"plug."Optionally"connect"the"ste-
reo"Headphones"outputs"to"a"suited"headphone."
3. If" you" want" to" use" a" computer," connect" M’s"USB1
2.0"port" with" a" USB" cable" to" "your" computer"
(Windows"or"macOS)."Thereafter,"M"becomes"au-
tomatically"available"as"a"MIDI"device."
4. To" play" M" you" need" a" MIDI" master" keyboard."
Connect"its"MIDI"Out"jack"to"the"M!!s"MIDI"Input."
5. Connect" the" power" supply" cable" or" the" power"
cable" that" came" with" your" M" with" the" power"
supply" jack." "Plug" the" other" side"of" the" power"
supply"cable"into"a"suitable"AC"power"outlet."
6. Press"the"power"switch"on"the"rear"panel"of"your"
M."
7. Then"switch"on"your"computer"(if"connected),"the"
mixing"console"and"finally"the"amplifier"or"active"
monitor"speakers."

Setup"and"Connections"
11 M"Quickstart"
rThe"startup"procedure"is"about"4"seconds."After"this,"
M"is"ready"to"play."
rThe"overall"volume"of"M" can" be"controlled"with"the"
Master1 Volume." This" also" affects" the" Headphones"
output."To"adjust"the"level"of"your"headphones,"use"
the"headphones"gain"control"as"well."
rIf" you" do" not" choose" to" connect" a" mixing" console,"
you" can" patch" M’s" output" signals" directly" to" an"
amplifier"or"an"audio"interface."Use"an"input"usually"
called"Line,"Aux"or"Tape"input."
rM’s" audio" outputs" deliver" unbalanced" line" levels."
When" connecting" to" an" amplifier," a" mixing" console"
or" an" audio" interface" with" automatic" balan-
ced/unbalanced"sensing"inputs,"please"make"sure"to"
use" TS" mono" jack" cables" and" not" TRS" stereo" jack"
cables."
sBefore" connecting" and" disconnecting"M"to" a" power"
supply"source,"turn"your"amp’s"volume"control"all"the"
way" down" to" avoid" damage" due" to" on/off" switching"
noise." M" produces" a" high" level" output" signal." Please"
take" care" that" the" connected" playback" device" is" sui-
table" for" the" high" level" of" an" electronic" instrument."
Never" use" the" microphone" or" phono" input" of" the"
connected"amp!"
The Rear Panel Connections
M" provides" an"analog" stereo" audio" output," 4" additional""
stereo" aux" outputs" and" a" headphones" output." The" main"
audio"and"headphones"outputs"are"affected"by"the"setting"
of"the"Master1Volume"control"dial.""
Headphones Output and Headphone Volume
Here" you" can" connect" any" headphone"
with" a" 1/4-inch" stereo" plug." The"
headphone" output" uses" the" same"
signal" as" the" main" output." The"
Headphones1 Volume"controls" the"
M’s"headphone"volume"in"addition"to"
the"Main1 Volume"knob." Use" this" knob" to" amplify" or" at-
tenuate"headphones" level" to" adjust" for" individu-
al"headphone"loudness"and"impedance."
Main Audio Output
Use"2"TS"mono"jack"cables"to"connect"
the"Main"audio"output"to"a"mixer."Use"
your"mixing"console"to"appropriately"
distribute" the" stereo" channels" in"
case." If" you" want" to" connect" an" out-
put" monophonically," only" use" the"
L/Mono1jack"of"the"output"pair"with"a"1/4"inch"mono"plug."

Setup"and"Connections
12 M"Quickstart
Stereo Aux Outputs A - D
M" offers" 4" stereo"
audio" aux" outputs"
that"can"be"used"to"
route"each"of"the"4"
multi" parts" to" diffe-
rent"outputs,"if"desired."Connect"M’s"Aux"audio"outputs"to"
your"mixing"console"ace"by"using"a"cable"with"a"stereo"TRS"
jack."
The USB 2.0 Connection
The"USB12.0"port"connects"M"to"your"com-
puter" or" iOS" device" with" the" following"
system"requirements:"
•Windows" PC:" Windows" 7" or" newer," a"
USB"2"port"
•Apple:" Intel" or" Apple" Silicon" Mac" with" macOS" 10.9" or"
newer,"a"USB"2"port"
•Apple" iPad" with" iOS" 9" or" newer" by" using" an" optional"
Apple"‘Lightning"to"USB"Camera"Adapter’"cable"
The"USB"connection"of"M"allows"transmitting"and"receiving"
of"MIDI"data"transmitting."
SD Card Slot
rIt" is" important" to" use" a" FAT" or" FAT32" file" system"
formatted"SD"card."Other"file"formats"won´t"work."
rPlease" insert" the" SD" Card" upside," i.e." with" the"
contacts" not" visible" to" you." Please" insert" the" card"
with"normal"force"to"avoid"any"damage."
"
A"connected"SD"card"allows:"
•Updating"M’s"firmware.""
•Importing"and"saving"sound"patches."
•Importing"and"saving"M-specific"data"–"e.g."User"wave-
tables"
MIDI In/Thru/Out Jacks
Although" we" can" hardly"
believe" it," M" might"not" be"
enough" for" some" people," so"
we" added" an" elegant" way" to"
control"external"sound"modules"
with" M:" just" connect" the" DIN" MIDI" out to" your" external"
gear" and" use" the" knobs" to" control" certain" functions." For"
use"with"a"computer"we"recommend"the"USB12.0"port."

Setup"and"Connections"
13 M"Quickstart"
Physical Security
Users"that"operating"with"M"in"areas"with"public"
or"shared"access"such"as"live"gigs,"public"studios"
or" educational" establishments" can" attach" a"
Kensington®"compatible" security" lock" to"the"slot"
on"the"rear"panel"of"M."

First"Start
14 M"Quickstart
First Start
Switching On / Off
M"is"equipped"with"a"power"switch."
=To switch M on:
•Press"the"Power switch to"switch"on"M."
The"boot"procedure"may"take"a"few"seconds."After"
this,"the"display"is"lit"and"M"is"ready"to"play."
=To switch M off:
•Press"the"Power switch"to"switch"off"M."
Master Volume
Use"the"Master Volume"to"control"M’s"overall"
volume." The" volume" setting" is" global" and"
affects" the" level" of" the" Main" audio" outputs"
including"the"Headphones"output.""
"
"
"
The M Mode Pages
M" offers"mode" pages" in"addition"to"the"panel"parameters."
To" enter" a" desired" mode" page," just" press" the" correspon-
ding" mode" button" above" the" display." The" following" mode"
pages"are"available:"
"
•ARP1mode"pages"
•LFO"(2x"Low"Frequency"Oscillators)"mode"pages"
•ENV"(VCF," VCA," Wave" and" Free" envelopes)" mode"
pages"
•OSC"(Oscillators"1"and"2)"mode"pages"
•WAVE"(Wavetable"1"and"2"generator)"mode"pages"
•MIX"(Mixer)"mode"pages"
•VCF" (Voltage" Controlled" Analog" Filter)" mode" pa-
ges"
•VCA"(Voltage"Controlled"Amplifier)"mode"pages"
rFor"some"modes,"press"a"mode"button"several"times"
to" switch" through" between" the" corresponding" set-
tings"(e.g."for"OSC"mode"between"Osc"1"and"Osc"2).""

First"Start"
15 M"Quickstart"
rAll" modes" will" be" described" in" detail" in" the" corres-
ponding"chapters"in"the"main"manual."
rARP" and" LFO" buttons" are"also" used" to" switch"
between" System1 Settings"and" System1 Operations"
when"in"System"mode."
The Option Button Section
This" section" offers" six"buttons"
regarding" arpeggiator"and" basic"
operation"functionality."Some"
buttons" offers" a" second" option"
that" can" be" reached" by" holding"
down"Shift" and" pressing" the" cor-
responding" button" with" the" red"
text." Here," you" find" functions" for"
sound" initializing" or" storing" a"
sound"program."
rWith" the" Mode"button," you" switch" between" two"
oscillator"models:"Classic"Microwave" 1"and" modern"
Microwave"II.""
The Display and the 4 encoders
The"display"gives"you"an"overview"of"the"actual"Mode"page,"
parameter" changes"and" delivers" additional" information."
The" 4" endless" dials" below"the" display" control" the" corres-
ponding"parameter"that"is"shown"in"the"lower" part"of"the"
display" next" to" the" dials." The" display" representation" de-
pends"on"the"selected"mode,"for"example"in"Envelope"mo-
de,"a"graphical"envelope"is"displayed"for"a"clearer"editing."
"
M"Display"(Wave"Envelope"page)"
The" upper" display" area" always" shows" the" current" mo-
de/mode"page,"e.g."WAV"ENV>Points"1-2"which"means,"that"
the"first"curve"points"of"the"Wave"envelope"are"selected."
Below"the"mode" description,"the"current"loaded"Sound" or"
Multi" program"is" displayed." Left" to" the" sound" name," the"
program"number"is"shown."

First"Start
16 M"Quickstart
Loading Programs
M"offers" a" total" of" 2048" sound" programs," divided" into" 16"
banks"with"128"sounds"each."
rTo"avoid"accidental"overwriting,"you"must"confirm"
before"finally"loading"a"new"sound"program."
=To load a sound program:
1. When"in"Single"mode,"use"the"the"Single/Multi"
dial" to" select" the" desired" sound" program."The"
bank"number," sound"slot" number" and" name" of"
the"chosen"sound"is"displayed"in"the"lower"area"
of"the"display."
2. Hold" down" the" Shift"button"and" turn"the"Sin-
gle/Multi"dial"to"skip"16"sound"slots"in"one"go."
This" allows" a" faster" navigation" within"one"
sound"bank."
3. Use"the"Bank/Part"buttons"to"navigate"through"
the"16"sound"banks.""
4. If" you" want" to" finally" load" your" desired" sound"
program," press" the" Recall"button." This" will"
overwrite" the" internal" edit" buffer" and" you" will"
lose"all"edits."
Editing Parameters
In" order" to" change" or" edit" a" sound" program," you" must"
access"the"appropriate"parameters."Depending"on"the"type"
of"parameters,"there"are"different"ways"to"achieve"this:"
•The" controls" on" M’s" front" panel" offer" direct" access" to"
the"most"important"sound"parameters."The"panel"is"di-
vided"into"several"sections,"each"containing"knobs"and"
dials"associated"with"that"section."By"adjusting"the"con-
trols"on"the"panel"you"have"instant"access"to"the"sound."
These"parameters"are"called"Panel1Parameters."When"
editing" a" Panel" parameter," this" is" displayed"in" the" lo-
wer"part"of"the"touchscreen" display" (parameter" name"
and"corresponding"value"with"a"bar"graph)."
•Most" sections" offer" additional" sound" parameters" that"
are"available"through"the"display."To"edit"an"additional"
parameter," press" the" corresponding" mode"button"
above"display"(e.g."LFO)."Use"the"Sound/System"enco-
der" to" scroll" through" the" available" parameter" display"
pages."These"parameters"are"called"Display1Menu1Pa-
rameters."The"lower"area"of"the"display"always"shows"
one" to" four" parameters" that" can" directly" edited" with"
the"corresponding"silver"display"encoder."
rSome"parameters"can"be"found"on"the"panel"and"also"
as"display"parameters."

First"Start"
17 M"Quickstart"
•Some"rotary" controls" consist" of" endless" dials"or" po-
tentiometers." Turning" a" dial" clockwise" increases" the"
corresponding" value;" turning" it" counterclockwise" de-
creases"it."Bipolar"parameters"(parameters"with"positi-
ve" and" negative" values)" use" special" gradation" when"
changing" their" values." As" soon" as" the" value" 0"is"
reached," the" sweep" is" stopped" for" a" short" period" to"
make"it"easier"to"edit."
•You"can"press"on"some"dials"to"set"its"parameter"value"
to"a"default"setting.""
•Both"Wavetable/Wave" dials" offer" a" special" edit""""""""
function." The" silver" outer" ring" selects" the" wavetable"
while" the" inner" dark" dial" selects" the" wave" position" of"
the"current"selected"wavetable."
rIf"you"are"lost,"press"the"Recall"button"to"restore"all"
parameters"of"the"original"sound"program."
gWant" to" start" with" a" clean" initialized" sound?""
By" clicking"Shift" +" Init," you" can" initialize" the" cur-
rent" loaded" sound." Keep" in" mind," that" the" current"
sound"program"is"lost"1
Storing Programs
After"you"have"finished"editing"a"sound"program"you"must"
save"it" if" you" intend" to" use" it" again." All"of" M’s" memory"
locations"are"available"for"this"purpose."
"
=To save a sound program:
1. Press"the"Store"button" to" activate" the" Sound"
Store"display"page"(see"display"graphic"above)."
2. Edit"the"Name"(if"desired)."Use"the"first"display"
encoder" (CURSOR)" to" position" the" cursor." A"
sound"name"can"have"up"to"23"characters."With"
the"second"encoder"(LETTER)"you"can"determi-
ne" the" desired" letter." Press" on" the" encoder" to"
switch" between" capital" and" lower" letters." The"
third"encoder" (NUMBERS)"lets" you"enter" num-

First"Start
18 M"Quickstart
bers"or"special"character."Press"on"the"encoder"
to" switch" between" both." With" the" fourth" enco-
der"(ACTIONS),"you"can"set"action"characters."
3. Use"the" Single/Multi"dial" to"select" a" desired"
storing" location." This" is" displayed" below" the"
sound"name."With"the"Bank/Part"buttons,"you"
can"determine"a"desired"bank."
4. Finally,"press"the"OK1button"to"store"the"sound"
program"at"the"selected"location."
5. Press"the"Cancel"button"to"return"to"the"last"se-
lected"display"page."
6. By"pressing"the"Cancel"button,"you"can"discard"
the"storing"process"at"any"time."
sWhenever"you"save"a"program,"the"selected"memory"
location" is" overwritten." Therefore," any" previously"
stored" program" at" this" location" will" be" erased" and"
there" is" no"way" to" get" it" back." So," you" should" do""""""
backups" of" your" sounds"regularly"by"using" the" cor-
responding"option"in"the"System"Operations.1
rUse"the"Store"function"for"copying"sound"programs."
There"is"no"need"to"edit"a"program"before"storing"it."
What about System Settings?
Press" the"Sound/System"dial"to" enter" the" System"mode."
The"LED"on"the"right"of"the"dial"lits"in"white."
"
System"Operations"display"page"
By" clicking" on" the" ARP" or" LFO" button," you" can" switch"
between"the"Settings"and"Operation"pages.""
On" the" Settings"pages," you" have" access" to" utility" options"
like" Display" Brightness," Master" Tune," basic" MIDI" Settings"
and"MIDI"Controller"assignment."
On" the" Operation"pages," you" can" load" and" save" sounds"
and"banks"via"MIDI"dump"or"on"a"SD"card."Here,"you"also"
can"update"the"M"DSP"firmware."

First"Start"
19 M"Quickstart"
To" switch" back" to" normal" operation" mode," press" the"
Sound/System"dial"again.""

A"Short"Overview
20 M"Quickstart
A Short Overview
Waldorf" M" consists" of" numerous" sound-shaping" compo-
nents."
•Sound" synthesis:" Oscillators" with" wavetable" genera-
tors,"VCF"Analog"Filters"and"VCA"Amplifier."These"mo-
dules"represent"the"audio"signal"flow."Sound"generati-
on"actually"occurs"within"the"oscillators."They"can"pro-
duce"different"wavetables."The"VCF"analog"filter"shapes"
the" sound" by" amplifying" (boosting)" or" attenuating"
(dampening)" certain"frequencies." The" VCA" amplifier"
are"located"at"the"end"of"the"signal"chain."It"determine"
the"overall"volume"of"the"signal."
•Modulators:"LFOs,"Envelopes."These"modules"are"called"
Modulators."The"Modulators"are"designed"to"manipula-
te" or" modulate" the" sound" generating" components" to"
add" dynamics" to" sounds." The" Low-frequency" Oscilla-
tors"(LFOs)"are"designed"for"periodic"or"recurring"mo-
dulations" while" Envelopes" are" normally" used" for" mo-
dulations"that"only"occur"once"on"each"note."These"ge-
nerators"are"assigned"to"parameters"on"the"correspon-
ding" display" pages" and" influence" these" parameters" to"
alter"a"sound."
"
Signal"routing""