A&D AD-1654 User manual

DENSITY DETERNIMATION KIT
HR-AZ series
HR-A series
FZ-iseries
FX-iseries
1WMPD4002606
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This Manual and Marks
Product Safety Signs and Labels
All safety messages are identified by the following, “WARNING” or “CAUTION”, of ANSI
Z535.4 (American National Standard Institute: Product Safety Signs and Labels). The
meanings are as follows:
WARNING A potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could
result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION A potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may
result in minor or moderate injury.
Note Provides information useful for the user to operate the
instrument.
This is a hazard alert mark.
Note
This manual is subject to change without notice at any time to improve the product.
The contents of this manual and the specifications of the instrument covered by this manual
are subject to change for improvement without notice.
© 2012 A&D Company Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, or translated into any
language in any form by any means without the written permission of A&D Company Ltd.
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1
Contents
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................2
1-1. Precautions..................................................................................................................................................2
2. Unpacking The Kit ............................................................................................................................................2
3. Density Measurement Principles .....................................................................................................................3
3-1. Density.........................................................................................................................................................3
3-2. Specific Gravity............................................................................................................................................3
3-3. Archimedes’ Principle Of Density Measurement .........................................................................................3
3-4. Density Of A Solid........................................................................................................................................3
3-5. Density Of A Liquid ......................................................................................................................................3
4. Error Factors ....................................................................................................................................................4
4-1. Buoyancy Of Air...........................................................................................................................................4
4-2. Volume Of Float...........................................................................................................................................4
4-3. Temperature Of Liquid.................................................................................................................................4
4-4. Influence Of Wire.........................................................................................................................................5
4-5. Surface Tension...........................................................................................................................................5
4-6. Bubbles........................................................................................................................................................5
5. Measuring The Density Of A Solid ...................................................................................................................6
5-1. Assembling The Kit: HR-AZ / HR-A Series..................................................................................................6
5-2. Assembling The Kit: FZ-i/ FX-iSeries......................................................................................................7
5-3. Measuring The Density Of A Solid...............................................................................................................8
6. Measuring The Density Of A Liquid................................................................................................................10
6-1. Assembling The Kit:...................................................................................................................................10
6-2. Measuring The Density Of A Liquid ...........................................................................................................10
7. Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................................................................................................11
8. Water Resistant Digital Thermometer AD-5625..................................................................................................12
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2
1. Introduction
Thank you for purchasing the AD-1654 density determination kit. The AD-1654, when combined with one of
A&D electronic balances (HR-AZ / HR-A and FZ-i/ FX-iseries), allows the density of a solid and liquid to be
measured easily. Before using the AD-1654, please read this manual thoroughly and keep it at hand for future
reference.
1-1. Precautions
The kit allows the density of a solid or liquid to be measured. However, the results of measurements may be
affected by various factors that could cause errors.
Do not use the kit for measuring the density of chemically active substances.
Ex.: strong acid, strong alkali solution.
After using the density determination kit, clean all surfaces to remove rust and oxides.
A balance is a precision instrument. Avoid shocks and excessive loads.
Maintain the ambient temperature, samples and the kit at a constant temperature.
Use the AD-1654 with A&D electronic balances (HR-AZ / HR-A and FZ-i/ FX-iseries).
2. Unpacking The Kit
φ0.2
Float Wire Float hook Thermometer clamp Thermometer Tweezers
B44342 B49799 C42200 1-608-02 AD5625 AD-1689
Density pan Density pan stand Liquid container Beaker stand
1653-1 4028902 PMP Beaker 3015239
with balance weight (φ50) 3515503
FZ-i/ FX-i10mg FZ-i/ FX-i1mg Spanner for Kit box
Balance weight (φ71) Balance weight (φ34) Balance weight Stores the kit after use.
4030262 4030264
φ71 mm φ34 mm
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3
3. Density Measurement Principles
3-1. Density
Density refers to the total mass of a sample per unit volume.
M
ρ=(Unit: g/cm3)
V
ρ: Density of sample (g/cm3)
M : Mass (g)
V : Volume (cm3)
3-2. Specific Gravity
Specific gravity refers to the ratio of the density of a sample to the density of pure water at 4°C under a pressure
of 1013.25 hPa.
M
ρ=(No unit)
V x ρ4
ρ: Density of sample (g/cm3)
M : Mass (g)
V : Volume (cm3)
ρ4 : Density of water at 4°C
(0.99997 g/cm3≈1.000 g/cm3)
3-3. Archimedes’ Principle Of Density Measurement
The AD-1654 is combined with an electronic balance to measure the density of a sample based on the
Arichimedes’ principle.
Arichimedes’ principle
A body immersed in a liquid (or a gas) is subject to an upward force equal to the weight of the liquid
(or the gas) it displaces. The upward force is buoyancy.
3-4. Density Of A Solid
The density of a solid can be obtained according to the weight of the sample in air, the weight of the sample in
liquid and the density of the liquid.
M
ρ=×(ρ0-d) +d
A -B
ρ: Density of sample (g/cm3)
A : Weight of sample in air (g)
B : Weight of sample in liquid (g)
ρ0: Density of liquid (g/cm3)
d : Density of air (approx. 0.001 g/cm3)
3-5. Density Of A Liquid
The density of a liquid can be obtained according to the weight of float in air, the weight of float in liquid and the
known volume of float.
A -B
ρ=+d
V
ρ: Density of liquid (g/cm3)
A : Weight of float in air (g)
B : Weight of float in liquid (g)
V : Volume of float (cm3)
d : Density of air (approx. 0.001 g/cm3)
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4
4. Error Factors
The results of measurements may be affected by various factors that could cause errors
4-1. Buoyancy Of Air
A density measurement is influenced by an upward force of 0.0010 to 0.0014 g/cm3(buoyancy of air).
The density of air can be obtained by the equation below:
0.0012932 P
d =×
1 +0.0036728 × t 1013.25
d : Density of air (g/cm3)
t : Air temperature (°C)
P : Atmospheric pressure (hPa)
When measurement accuracy of three significant digits is necessary, consider the buoyancy of air, add 0.001
g/cm3to the measured value to compensate for the error due to the air density.
4-2. Volume Of Float
The tolerance of the measured value of the volume of the float is ±0.01 cm3.
In liquid density measurement, the decimal places beyond the third decimal place of the measured value contain
errors.
When measurement accuracy to the third decimal place or beyond is necessary, measure the volume of the
float using distilled water.
A -B
d =-0.0035
ρ-d
V : Volume of float (cm3)
A : Mass of float in air (g)
B : Mass of float in liquid (g)
ρ: Density of distilled water at t °C (g/cm3)
d : Buoyancy of air at t °C (g/cm3)
0.0035 : Correction value for the wire (diameter of 1 mm) of the density
pan connecting the upper and lower pans (when the beaker
provided with this kit is used)
4-3. Temperature Of Liquid
The density of the liquid that is used for measuring the density of a solid varies with the liquid temperature.
Therefore, the decimal places beyond the second decimal place of the measured value contain errors.
Obtain the density of a liquid according to the temperature from Table 1 for distilled water or from other reference
documents for other liquids.
When measurement accuracy to the third decimal place or beyond is necessary, use a thermometer with a
tolerance of ±0.2 °C or less.
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4-4. Influence Of Wire
In solid density measurement, the surface of the liquid rises when a solid sample is placed on the density pan,
which is immersed in the liquid, At this time, the buoyancy corresponding to the weight of the raised liquid is
exerted on the wire (diameter of 1 mm) connecting the upper and lower pans. If the surface of the liquid rises 1
mm, the buoyancy exerted on the wire is about 0.8 g/cm3. To minimize the error due to the buoyancy, select a
sample with a smaller volume or correct the value by calculation.
In liquid density measurement, a force (buoyancy ) is exerted on the wire (diameter of 0.2 mm) suspending the
float, when immersed in the liquid. Immersing the wire by 10 mm exerts a buoyancy of about 0.3 mg on the wire.
However, this buoyancy influence can be ignored. When obtaining the liquid density, the difference between the
weight of the float in air and in water is divided by the volume of the float, as described in "3-5. Density of a
Liquid". This calculation reduces the error due to buoyancy such that it is negligible.
4-5. Surface Tension
In solid density measurement, a force (surface tension) of about 5 mg is exerted on the pan between the wire
(diameter of 1 mm) of the density pan and the liquid surface.
The surface tension can be reduced by about 1 mg by adding a surfactant (for example, a wetting agent used for
developing photographs). Adding 0.1 mL (density: 1.2 g/cm3) of a surfactant to 200 mL of water will increase the
density of water by about 0.0001 g/cm3.
In liquid density measurement, a force (surface tension) of about 1 mg is exerted on the wire (diameter of 0.2
mm) suspending the float. However, this surface tension influence can be ignored. When obtaining the liquid
density, the difference between the weight of the float in air and in water is divided by the volume of the float, as
described in "6. Measuring The Density Of A Liquid". This calculation reduces the error due to surface
tension such that it is negligible.
4-6. Bubbles
The buoyancy of a bubble of 1 mm in diameter is about 0.5 mg. Bubble generation depends on the shape and
material of the sample, so take care when making measurements.
In solid density measurement, a surfactant may be added to reduce the influence of bubbles.
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6
5. Measuring The Density Of A Solid
Assemble the kit as described in the procedure below. Note that the assembly procedure depends on the balance model.
5-1. Assembling The Kit: HR-AZ / HR-A Series
1. Remove the weighing pan, pan support, breeze break
ring and dust plate from the balance.
2. Fasten the balance weight (φ50) and
spring washer to the density pan stand
with the cone boss.
(In the first time ,they are assembled in factory)
3. Place the density pan stand on the balance.
4. Place the beaker stand so that it does not touch
the density pan stand.
5. Attach the thermometer clamp to the beaker and
insert the thermometer into the thermometer clamp.
6. Pour a liquid with a known density (such as distilled
water) into the beaker and place the beaker on the
beaker stand.
7. Place the density pan on the density pan stand.
8. Adjust the amount of the liquid so that the sample,
when placed on the lower pan (in the liquid), is
about 10 mm below the surface of the liquid.
9. When the value displayed on the balance is stable,
press the RE-ZERO key to set the displayed
value to zero. Now the balance is ready for density
measurement.
HR-AZ / HR-A series balances are equipped with a
density mode to calculate the density of a solid. For
details, refer to the instruction manual of HR-AZ /
HR-A series.
Step 1.
Weighing pan
Pan support
Breeze break ring
Step 2.
Balance weight
Step 3.
Density pan stand
Step 4.
Beaker stand
Step 5.
Thermometer clamp and
Thermometer
Step 7.
Density pan
Step 6.
Beaker
Fasten the balance weight and spring washer to the density
pan stand with the cone boss. (Assembled in factory)
Density pan stand
HR-AZ / HR-A
Balance weight (φ50)
4030263
Spring washer and cone boss
HR-AZ / HR-A series
for density measurement
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7
5-2. Assembling The Kit: FZ-i/ FX-iSeries
1. Remove the weighing pan, pan support and breeze break from the balance.
2. Fasten a proper balance weight and spring washer to the density pan stand with the cone boss.
Mini. display Models Balance weight Number
10 mg FX-1200i, FX-2000i, FX-3000i, FX-5000i,
FZ-1200i, FZ-2000i, FZ-3000i, FZ-5000iBalance weight(φ71) 4030262
1 mg FX-120i, FX-200i, FX-300i, FX-500i,
FZ-120i, FZ-200i, FZ-300i, FZ-500i, Balance weight(φ34) 4030264
3. Place the density pan stand on the balance.
4. Place the beaker stand so that it does not touch
the density pan stand.
5. Attach the thermometer clamp to the beaker
and insert the thermometer into the
thermometer clamp.
6. Pour a liquid with a known density (such as
distilled water) into the beaker and place the
beaker on the beaker stand.
7. Place the density pan on the density pan stand.
8. Adjust the amount of the liquid so that the
sample, when placed on the lower pan (in the
liquid), is about 10 mm below the surface of the
liquid.
9. When the value displayed on the balance is
stable, press the RE-ZERO key to set the
displayed value to zero. Now the balance is
ready for density measurement.
Step 1.
Breeze break
Weighing pan
Pan support
Step 2.
Balance weight
Step 3.
Density pan stand
Step 4.
Beaker stand
Step 5.
Thermometer clamp and Thermometer
Step 7.
Density pan
Step 6.
Beaker
Fasten the balance weight and spring washer to the density pan
stand with the cone boss. (Assembled in factory)
Density pan stand
FZ-i/ FX-iseries
Balance weight (φ71) or
Balance weight (φ34)
Spring washer and cone boss
FZ-
i
/ FX-
i
series
for density measurement
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8
5-3. Measuring The Density Of A Solid
The density of a solid is obtained by averaging
the measured values.
1. Start the measurement when water temperature
becomes stable.
2. Press the RE-ZERO key to set the displayed
value to zero.
3. Place the sample on the upper pan in air and
record the value A.
4. Press the RE-ZERO key to set the displayed
value to zero.
5. Place the sample on the lower pan in liquid and
record the value B.
Keep the depth of approximately 10 mm
under liquid surface.
6. Obtain the density of water according to the
temperature. (Refer to Table 1)
Table 1 Density of distilled water
Temperature °C +0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9
0
0.99984 0.99990 0.99994 0.99996 0.99997 0.99996 0.99994 0.99990 0.99985 0.99978
10
0.99970 0.99961 0.99949 0.99938 0.99924 0.99910 0.99894 0.99877 0.99860 0.99841
20
0.99820 0.99799 0.99777 0.99754 0.99730 0.99704 0.99678 0.99651 0.99623 0.99594
30
0.99565 0.99534 0.99503 0.99470 0.99437 0.99403 0.99368 0.99333 0.99297 0.99259
40 0.99222 0.99183 0.99144 0.99104 0.99063 0.99021 0.98979 0.98936 0.98893 0.98849
50
0.98804 0.98758 0.98712 0.98665 0.98618 0.98570 0.98521 0.98471 0.98422 0.98371
60
0.98320 0.98268 0.98216 0.98163 0.98110 0.98055 0.98001 0.97946 0.97890 0.97834
70
0.97777 0.97720 0.97662 0.97603 0.97544 0.97485 0.97425 0.97364 0.97303 0.97242
80
0.97180 0.97117 0.97054 0.96991 0.96927 0.96862 0.96797 0.96731 0.96665 0.96600
90
0.96532 0.96465 0.96397 0.96328 0.96259 0.96190 0.96120 0.96050 0.95979 0.95906
At sea level (1 atmosphere), the density of water reaches maximum at 3.98 °C. Unit: g/cm3
7. Use the following equations to obtain the density.
Three significant digits:
A
ρ=×ρ0
|B|
Four or more significant digits:
M
ρ=×(ρ0-d) +d
|B|
ρ: Density of sample (g/cm3)
A : Value A : Weight of sample in air (g)
B : Value B : | Weight of sample in air -Weight of sample in liquid |(g)
ρ0: Density of liquid (g/cm3)
d : Density of air (approx. 0.001 g/cm3)
Ex.: Display of HR-AZ
key
Step 2.
Step 3.
Sample in ai
r
Step 4.
Step 5.
Sample in the liquid
key
Value A
Value B
Temperature
Approx. 10 mm
under liquid surface
The upper pan
The lower pan
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