AEROPRAKT N226AM Owner's manual

AEROPRAKT-22LS
Pilot Operating Handbook
A22LS-POH-04
Airplane Model: AEROPRAKT-22LS (A-22LS)
Airplane Registration Number: N226AM
Airplane Serial Number: #415
Date of issue: 08.04.2021
Approved by: Yuriy Yakovlyev
Position: Chief designer
Date of approval: 08.04.2021
This manual must be carried in the airplane at all times.
This airplane is to be operated in compliance with information and limitations contained herein.

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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RECORD OF MANUAL REVISIONS
No part of this manual may be reproduced or changed in any manner without a written
consent of the Manufacturer.
Any revision of the present manual, except actual weighing data, must be recorded in the
following table according to information from the Manufacturer.
New or amended text in the revised pages will be indicated by a black vertical line on the
left hand margin, and the Revision No. and the date will be shown on the bottom left hand
side of the page.
Rev. No.
Affected
Section
Affected
Pages
Date
Approval
Date
Date
Inserted
Signature

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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Table of contents
1Introduction.................................................................................................................5
2General information....................................................................................................6
2.1 General description of the airplane ........................................................................6
2.2 Airplane specifications ...........................................................................................6
3Limitations...................................................................................................................7
3.1 Airspeeds and Airspeed Indicator markings...........................................................7
3.2 Service ceiling........................................................................................................8
3.3 Maneuvering load factors.......................................................................................8
3.4 Approved maneuvers.............................................................................................8
3.5 Fuel capacity and type...........................................................................................8
3.6 Engine ...................................................................................................................9
3.7 Kinds of operation limits.........................................................................................9
3.8 Crosswind limitation...............................................................................................9
4Emergency procedures ............................................................................................10
4.1 General................................................................................................................10
4.2 Emergency checklists ..........................................................................................10
5Normal Procedures...................................................................................................15
5.1 General................................................................................................................15
5.2 Preflight check .....................................................................................................15
5.3 Fuel levels, fuel valve settings and respective actions .........................................17
5.4 Engine starting.....................................................................................................18
5.5 Taxiing.................................................................................................................18
5.6 Before takeoff ......................................................................................................18
5.7 Normal takeoff .....................................................................................................19
5.8 Short/soft field takeoff ..........................................................................................19
5.9 Climb ...................................................................................................................19
5.10 Cruise..................................................................................................................20
5.11 Approach .............................................................................................................20
5.12 Normal landing.....................................................................................................20
5.13 Short/soft field landing .........................................................................................21
5.14 Balked landing .....................................................................................................21
6Performance..............................................................................................................22
6.1 General................................................................................................................22
6.2 Takeoff and landing distances .............................................................................22
6.3 Climb performance...............................................................................................22
6.4 Cruise speeds and fuel consumption at various RPM settings.............................22
7Weight and Balance and Equipment List ................................................................24
7.1 Weight and Balance Chart...................................................................................24

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7.2 Installed equipment list ........................................................................................25
8Airplane and Systems Descriptions ........................................................................26
8.1 General................................................................................................................26
8.2 Airframe...............................................................................................................26
8.3 Landing gear........................................................................................................27
8.4 Engine and its controls.........................................................................................27
8.5 Propeller ..............................................................................................................27
8.6 Fuel system .........................................................................................................28
8.7 Airplane control systems......................................................................................30
8.8 Instrument panel..................................................................................................36
8.9 Full and static pressure system............................................................................38
8.10 Electrical system..................................................................................................38
8.11 Seats and harness belts ......................................................................................47
8.12 Cockpit doors.......................................................................................................47
8.13 Baggage container...............................................................................................47
9Aircraft Ground Handling and Servicing .................................................................48
9.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................48
9.2 Towing, parking and tie-down instructions ...........................................................48
9.3 Servicing fuel, oil and coolant ..............................................................................49
9.4 Approved fuel and oil...........................................................................................49
9.5 Cleaning and care................................................................................................49
9.6 Disassembling and assembling the airplane ........................................................50
10 Supplements .............................................................................................................53
10.1 General................................................................................................................53
10.2 Engine manual.....................................................................................................53
10.3 Avionics and special engine instruments..............................................................53
10.4 Recovery system .................................................................................................53
10.5 Floats...................................................................................................................53
10.6 List of installed equipment....................................................................................54
10.7 Actual empty weight and CG position data...........................................................55
10.8 Airplane Flight Training Supplement ....................................................................56
10.9 Airplane Owner Feedback to Manufacturer..........................................................59
10.10 Glider and banner towing................................................................................60

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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1 Introduction
This Pilot Operating Handbook has been prepared to provide the airplane owner and
operators with information required for the safe and efficient operation of this airplane.
The following ASTM standards have been and/or shall be used for the design, construction
and continued airworthiness of this Aeroprakt-22LS (A-22LS) airplane:
F2245-16c Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane,
F3198-18 Standard Specification for Light Sport Aircraft Manufacturer’s Continued
Operational Safety (COS) Program,
F2339-17 Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Spark Ignition
Engines for Light Sport Aircraft,
F2506-13 Standard Specification for Design and Testing of Light Sport Aircraft Propellers,
F2746-14 Standard Specification for Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) for Light Sport
Airplane,
F2972-15 Standard Specification for Light Sport Aircraft Manufacturer’s Quality Assurance
System.
This A-22LS airplane was manufactured by:
AEROPRAKT Manufacturing Sp. z o.o..
Address: ul. Zadziele 10.
32-406 Zakliczyn,
POLAND
Tel.: [phone]
E-mail: al[email protected]
Should the original manufacturer of the aircraft lose its ability to support this aircraft make
and model, contact:
Aeroprakt USA
Dennis Long
1 NE Searcy Muni Airport
Searcy, AR. USA
[e-mail]
[phone]

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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2 General information
2.1 General description of the airplane
AEROPRAKT-22LS (A-22LS) is a two-seat, high-wing strut braced monoplane of "classic"
aerodynamic layout with closed cockpit, non-retractable landing gear with steerable nose
wheel, Rotax-912 engine with tractor three-blade on-ground adjustable pitch propeller.
AEROPRAKT-22LS is approved for flying in VFR, simple meteorological conditions.
AEROPRAKT-22LS is certified in the LSA (Light Sport Airplane) category.
2.2 Airplane specifications
Specification
US units
Metric
Wing span
31 ft 4 in
9.55 m
Wing area
136 sq. ft
12.62 m²
Length
20 ft 5 in
6.23 m
Height
8 ft 2 in
2.47 m
Wheel base
4 ft 2 in
1.26 m
Wheel track
5 ft 7 in
1.71 m
Gross weight (Maximum Take-Off Weight, MTOW)
1320 lb.
600 kg
Top speed at sea level, ISA conditions (with wheels landing gear)
114 mph
183 km/h
Cruising speed at 1000 ft, ISA conditions, and engine RPM:
4000
68 mph
110 km/h
4600
92 mph
148 km/h
4800
97 mph
156 km/h
5000
100 mph
161 km/h
5200
104 mph
167 km/h
Range with full tanks (with 2x45 l tanks, 30 min. reserve) at
1000 ft, ISA conditions, 4000 RPM (with wheels landing gear)
609 mi
981 km
Best angle of climb speed (VX), IAS
56 mph
90 km/h
Best rate of climb speed (VY), IAS
62 mph
100 km/h
Stalling speed at MTOW, flaps up (VS), IAS
48 mph
77 km/h
Stalling speed at MTOW, full flaps (VS0), IAS
37 mph
60 km/h
Maximum engine power at 5800 RPM (5 minutes limit)
100 hp
73.5 kW
Total fuel capacity (standard tanks)
23.8 US gal
90 l
Usable fuel (standard tanks)
23.3 US gal
88 l
Total fuel capacity (optional tanks)
30.1 US gal
114 l
Usable fuel (optional tanks)
29.6 US gal
112 l
Approved fuel types: see paragraph 3.6

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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3 Limitations
3.1 Airspeeds and Airspeed Indicator markings
Scheme of color markings of airspeed indicator is shown on Fig. 1. Explanations are given
in the table below:
Marking
IAS value or range
Significance
km/h
mph
kts
White arc start
60
37
32
Stalling speed at maximum takeoff weight
with full flaps (VS0)
Green arc start
77
48
42
Stalling speed at maximum takeoff weight
with flaps up (VS)
White arc
60-148
37-92
32-80
Flap extended speed range (VS0 to VFE)
Green arc
77-168
48-104
42-90
Normal operating range (VSto VO)
Green arc end -
Yellow arc start
168
104
90
Operating maneuvering speed (VO) at gross
weight and minimum weight
Yellow arc
168-229
104-142
90-124
Maneuvers must be conducted with caution
and only in smooth air (VOto VNE)
Red line
229
142
124
Maximum speed for all operations (VNE)
Fig. 1

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3.2 Service ceiling
Service ceiling of A-22LS depends on the engine type and is equal to at least:
Rotax-912UL: 4000 m (13 115 ft)
Rotax-912ULS: 5000 m (16 393 ft)
However A-22LS has neither pressurized cockpit, no oxygen equipment and therefore may
not be used for high-altitude flight.
3.3 Maneuvering load factors
Limit load factors for the airplane at gross weight of 600 kg (1320 lb.) are as follows:
Maximum positive limit load factor +4.0
Maximum negative limit load factor -2.0
3.4 Approved maneuvers
A-22LS airplane belongs to a non-aerobatic category. All maneuvers shall be done within
its airspeed and maneuvering load factor limits (G limits). Approved maneuvers include:
- turns with bank angles up to 60°,
- side-slipping with angles up to 15°,
- level and accelerated stalls without spinning,
- diving at a speed below VNE of 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts) IAS.
Any aerobatics including intentional spinning is prohibited!
3.5 Fuel capacity and type
standard
optional
Capacity of tanks:
2×45 l
(2×11.9 US gal)
2×57 l
(2×15.05 US gal)
Total fuel capacity:
90 l
(23.8 US gal)
114 l
(30.1 US gal)
Total usable fuel:
88 l
(23.3 US gal)
112 l
(29.6 US gal)
Non-usable fuel:
2 l
(0.5 US gal)
2 l
(0.5 US gal)
Approved fuel types: see table in paragraph 3.6 Engine.
NOTE: The readings of the fuel level indicators have to be read as follows (for both
standard and optional fuel tanks):
«F» —42 l (11.1 US gal);
«3/4» —32 l (8.4 US gal);
«1/2» —21 l (5.5 US gal);
«1/4» —14 l (3.7 US gal);
«E» —4.5 l (1.2 US gal);
«LOW FUEL» lamp is ON —less than 4.5 l (1.2 US gal).

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3.6 Engine
Engine data and operational limitations are given in the table below:
Engine manufacturer
BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co KG (Austria)
Engine model
Rotax-912UL
Rotax-912ULS
Engine type
Flat-four, four-stroke
Take-off performance
59.6 kW (80 h.p.)
73.5 kW (100 h.p.)
Max. continuous performance
58 kW (77.8 h.p.)
69 kW (92.5 h.p.)
Take-off speed
5800 rpm (max. 5 minutes)
Max. continuous speed
5500 rpm
Idle speed
min. 1400 rpm
Oil pressure, maximum
minimum
normal
7 bar (102 psi) (for a short period at cold start)
0,8 bar (12 psi) (below 3500 RPM)
2,0 to 5,0 bar (29-73 psi) (above 3500 RPM)
Oil temperature, maximum
minimum
normal
140 °C (285 °F)
50 °C (120 °F)
90-110 °C (190-230 °F)
130 °C (266 °F)
50 °C (120 °F)
90-110 °C (190-230 °F)
Exhaust gas temperature
max. 880 °C (1616 °F)
Coolant temperature
(coolant exit temperature)
max. 120 °C (248 °F)
Cylinder head temperature
max. 150 °C (300 °F)
max.135 °C (275 °F)
Engine start, operating
temperature
max. 50 °C (120 °F) (ambient temperature)
min. -25 °C (-13 °F) (oil temperature)
Fuel pressure, maximum
minimum
0.4 bar (5.8 psi)
0.15 bar (2.2 psi)
Fuel antiknock properties
min. RON 90 (min. AKI191)
min. RON 95 (min. AKI 91)
European standard of fuel
EN 228 normal, EN 228
super, EN 228 super plus
EN 228 super, EN 228
super plus
Aviation Standard of fuel
AVGAS 100 LL (ASTM D910)
Oil specification
Use only oil with Rotax norm RON 424 classification
NOTE: On all issues of engine operation see Rotax engine Operator's Manual.
Follow its instructions to ensure safe and efficient operation of the engine.
3.7 Kinds of operation limits
This aircraft is approved for flying day and night, VFR, simple meteorological conditions.
Flight into icing conditions is prohibited.
3.8 Crosswind limitation
Maximum crosswind component for A-22LS airplane is 7 m/s (14 kts).
It is highly recommended to choose upwind direction for takeoff and landing with the least
crosswind. It will significantly shorten takeoff and landing distances and increase degree of
safety.
1
Anti-Knock Index (RON+MON)/2

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4 Emergency procedures
4.1 General
This section contains recommendations to the pilots in case of emergency in flight. However
such situations, caused by airframe or engine malfunction are extremely rare provided that
pre-flight inspections and checks are performed regularly.
4.2 Emergency checklists
4.2.1 Engine fire during start
1. Throttle –IDLE
2. Ignition –OFF.
3. Fuel valves –CLOSE.
4. Unfasten seat belts, abandon cockpit.
5. Take measures to extinguish the fire.
4.2.2 Engine failure during take-off
4.2.2.1 during takeoff roll
1. Throttle –IDLE.
2. Ignition –OFF.
3. Brakes –APPLY as necessary.
4.2.2.2 immediately after takeoff
1. Direction –NO TURN BACK.
2. Airspeed –100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide.
3. Throttle –IDLE.
4. Ignition –OFF.
5. Master switch –OFF.
6. Fuel valves –CLOSE.
7. Landing –STRAIGHT AHEAD, avoid colliding with obstacles.
4.2.3 Loss of engine power in flight
4.2.3.1 during climb
1. Airspeed –100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide.
2. Throttle –IDLE.
3. Ignition –OFF.
4. Fuel valves –CLOSE.
5. Direction –TURN to the airfield (if altitude permits).
6. Landing –STRAIGHT AHEAD, avoid colliding with obstacles.

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4.2.3.2 in level flight
1. Airspeed –100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide.
2. Landing area –SELECT (consider altitude and wind).
3. Engine –RESTART (if time and altitude permit), see section 4.2.4.
4. Unable to restart –follow emergency landing procedure, see section 4.2.5.
4.2.4 Restarting engine in flight
1. Throttle –IDLE.
2. Fuel valves –check OPEN.
3. Fuel level –CHECK.
4. Ignition –ON.
5. Master key –turn to START.
4.2.5 Emergency landing without engine power
1. Airspeed –100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide.
2. Flaps –position 1.
3. Ignition –OFF.
4. Fuel valves –CLOSE.
5. Landing area –SELECT, consider altitude and wind. (No place suitable for landing –use
recovery system.)
6. Emergency call –TRANSMIT (121.5 MHz or nearest airfield frequency).
7. Flaps –EXTEND FULLY on final.
8. Landing –in the SELECTED place, avoid colliding with obstacles.
9. Touchdown –at minimum speed.
4.2.6 Precautionary landing with engine power
(In case of decision to discontinue the flight with engine running)
1. Airspeed –SELECT SAFE for the particular situation.
2. Throttle –SET to maintain selected airspeed.
3. Fuel –CHECK level and valves.
4. Map –CHECK for nearest airfields/area suitable for landing.
5. Landing area –SELECT.
6. Radio –REPORT decision to land on the selected place if necessary.
7. Landing –follow NORMAL or SHORT-FIELD landing procedure as appropriate.

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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4.2.7 Fire in flight
1. Ignition –OFF.
2. Fuel valves –CLOSE.
3. Yoke (Stick) –PUSH to descend.
4. Airspeed –BELOW 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts).
5. Landing area –SELECT (consider altitude and wind).
6. Landing –in the SELECTED place, avoid colliding with obstacles.
7. Unfasten seat belts, abandon cockpit.
8. Take measures to extinguish the fire.
4.2.8 Loss of oil pressure
1. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6.
2. Engine overheating or stopped –follow EMERGENCY LANDING procedure, see section
4.2.5.
4.2.9 High oil pressure
1. Throttle –REDUCE rpm, IDLE if necessary.
2. Airspeed –100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide.
3. Oil pressure –CONTROL.
4. Oil pressure normal –follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6.
5. Oil pressure high –follow EMERGENCY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.5.
4.2.10 Emergency descent
1. Yoke (Stick) –PUSH to descend.
2. Throttle –IDLE.
3. Airspeed –BELOW 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts).
4. Engine speed –BELOW 5800 rpm.
5. Air traffic –CONTROL to avoid collisions.
6. Altitude –CONTROL.
7. Terrain –CONTROL.
8. At safe altitude –PULL YOKE (STICK) GENTLY to level off.
9. G loads –DO NOT EXCEED +4g.
4.2.11 Alternator failure
Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6.
4.2.12 Overvoltage
1. Additional electrical consumers (landing light, strobes, etc.) –switch ON.
2. Voltage –CHECK.
3. Voltage normal –CONTINUE normal flight.
4. Voltage high –REMOVE battery charge fuse and FOLLOW PRECAUTIONARY
LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6.

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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4.2.13 Inadvertent spin
1. Rudder pedals –FULLY AGAINST ROTATION.
2. Yoke (Stick) –PUSH to stops.
3. Rotation stopped –rudder pedals NEUTRAL.
4. Speed reached 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) –PULL YOKE (STICK) GENTLY to recover
from diving.
Do not exceed +4g and 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts)!
WARNING: Intentional spinning in A-22LS is prohibited!
NOTE: In level flight and during turn stall warning is assured by the aerodynamic
characteristics of A-22LS –gentle shaking of the airplane and yoke (stick) due to
the starting airflow separation.
4.2.14 Inadvertent icing encounter
1. Abandon icing build-up area.
2. Icing build-up not stopped –FOLLOW PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see
section 4.2.6.
4.2.15 Loss of primary instruments
4.2.15.1 ASI failure due to full pressure line blockage
Signs of the blockage –airspeed indicator reading either:
- does not change with changing airspeed in level flight or,
- reduces during a steady descent or,
- increases during a steady climb.
1. Airspeed indicator readings –IGNORE.
2. In level flight –SET THROTTLE to 4000-4500 rpm.
3. Altitude –MAINTAIN.
4. In descent –SET THROTTLE to IDLE.
5. Sink rate –SET to 3 m/s (600 ft/min).
6. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6.
4.2.15.2 Altimeter, VSI and ASI failure due to static pressure line blockage
Signs of the blockage:
- altimeter and vertical speed indicator readings do not change with changing altitude or,
- airspeed indicator reading increases during a steady descent or,
- airspeed indicator reading reduces during a steady climb.
1. IGNORE altimeter, VSI and ASI readings.
2. Airplane attitude –CONTROL by the position of the horizon line with relation to the wings
and engine cowling.
3. Airspeed and vertical speed –CONTROL using throttle.
4. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6.

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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4.2.15.3 Powerplant instruments failure
(Tachometer, oil, water and exhaust temperature indicators, fuel quantity indicator)
1. IGNORE powerplant instruments readings.
2. Engine rpm –CONTROL by engine noise.
3. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6.
4.2.16 Loss of flight controls
1. Elevator control fails –use elevator TRIM TAB control.
2. Rudder control fails –use AILERONS to control direction.
3. Aileron control fails –use RUDDER to control bank.

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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5 Normal Procedures
5.1 General
This section describes normal procedures recommended for safe operation of the A-22LS.
5.2 Preflight check
Pilots must inspect the general condition of the airplane during its preflight check. The
airplane must have no damage or maladjustments that may be critical for the flight safety.
The cockpit glass, propeller, wing and empennage must be clean of rainwater, snow, frost,
ice, and dirt as they impair visibility and aerodynamics and increase weight.
Preflight check must be performed according to the following order and requirements:
5.2.1 Entire airplane
1. Covers and clamps –REMOVED.
2. Airplane –CLEAN of rainwater, snow, frost, ice and dirt.
3. Rigging –CHECK visually.
4. External damage –NONE.
5.2.2 Power plant
1. Propeller and spinner –CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE.
2. Top cowling –REMOVE for engine inspection.
3. Oil, coolant and braking fluid –CHECK level.
4. Engine mount and vibration dampers –NO CRACKS and INTACT.
5. Cables and hoses –INTACT and SECURE.
6. Fuel, oil, coolant leaks –NONE.
7. Exhaust system, its attachments, joints and springs –NO CRACKS and INTACT.
8. Top cowling –INSTALL back.
9. Cowling and its locks –INTACT and LOCKED.
5.2.3 Landing gear
1. Wheel fairings –CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE.
2. Wheel pressure –OK.
3. Tires –NO CRACKS, WEAR OK.
4. Main wheel brakes –CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE.
5. Braking fluid –NO LEAKS.
6. Nose and main legs –NO CRACK and INTACT.
7. Nose leg shock absorber –INTACT.

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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5.2.4 Right wing
1. Wing and strut surface –CLEAN and INTACT.
2. Wing and strut attachment fittings and bolts –IN PLACE, INTACT and SECURE.
3. Wing fuel tank cap –IN PLACE and SECURE.
4. Fuel leaks –NONE.
5. Fuel tank vent outlet –CLEAN and INTACT.
6. Wing tip and navigation/strobe light –INTACT.
7. Flaperon clamp –REMOVED.
8. Tie-down ring –REMOVED.
9. Flaperon –CLEAN and INTACT.
10. Flaperon hinge brackets –INTACT, BOLTS SECURE, HINGES GREASED.
11.Flaperon control linkage attachment –INTACT and SECURE.
5.2.5 Right side of fuselage
1. Fuselage surface –CLEAN and INTACT.
2. Cockpit glass –CLEAN, INTACT and NO CRACKS.
3. Door hinges and lock –INTACT.
4. Recovery system condition –CHECK visually.
5. Drain valve –CLOSED, NO FUEL LEAKS.
6. Fuel residue –DRAIN and CHECK.
5.2.6 Empennage
1. Empennage surface –CLEAN and INTACT.
2. Horizontal stabilizer attachment fittings and bolts –INTACT and SECURE.
3. Rudder, elevator and trim tab –CLEAN and INTACT.
4. Rudder, elevator and trim tab hinge brackets –INTACT, SECURE and GREASED.
5. Rudder, elevator and trim tab control linkage attachment –INTACT and SECURE.
5.2.7 Left side of fuselage
1. Fuselage surface –CLEAN and INTACT.
2. Cockpit glass –CLEAN, INTACT and NO CRACKS.
3. Door hinges and lock –INTACT.
4. Battery and power cables' attachment –SECURE, CONDITION OK.
5. Control system linkages inside the rear fuselage –CHECK visually.
6. Baggage container condition –CHECK visually.

AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04
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5.2.8 Left wing
1. Flaperon control linkage attachment –INTACT and SECURE.
2. Flaperon hinge brackets –INTACT, BOLTS SECURE, HINGES GREASED.
3. Flaperon –CLEAN and INTACT.
4. Tie-down ring –REMOVED.
5. Fuel tank vent outlet –CLEAN and INTACT.
6. Fuel leaks –NONE.
7. Wing fuel tank cap –IN PLACE and SECURE.
8. Wing tip and navigation/strobe light –INTACT.
9. Wing and strut attachment fittings and bolts –IN PLACE, INTACT and SECURE.
10.Wing and strut surface –CLEAN and INTACT.
11.Pitot/static pressure probe –COVER REMOVED, CLEAN and INTACT.
5.2.9 Cockpit
1. Cockpit interior –CLEAN, INTACT, NO FOREIGN OBJECTS.
2. Seats –INTACT, ADJUSTED and SECURE.
3. Harness belts –INTACT, ADJUSTED and LOCKED (with pilots in the seats).
4. Doors –CLOSED and LOCKED.
5. Flight planning including weight and CG check –PERFORMED.
6. Onboard documentation/maps required for the flight –AVAILABLE.
7. Baggage container –BAGGAGE SECURED, CONTAINER CLOSED.
8. Starter key –REMOVED
9. All electrical switches –OFF.
10.Flight instruments –INTACT, CHECK READINGS.
11.Yoke (Stick) fixing pin –REMOVE.
12.Movements of controls –check FREE and FULL.
13.Yokes (Stick), rudder pedals, elevator trim tab lever –NEUTRAL.
14.Flaps –RETRACTED.
15.Parking brake –ON.
16.Recovery system (if installed) safety pin –REMOVE.
5.3 Fuel levels, fuel valve settings and respective actions
1. BOTH TANKS ARE FULL –CLOSE ONE OF THE FUEL VALVES (to prevent fuel
escaping from the tanks through the air vent).
2. FUEL LEVEL IS BETWEEN 3/4 AND 1/4 IN ONE OF THE TANKS –OPEN BOTH FUEL
VALVES. It is recommended to keep the fuel level equal in both tanks by using the fuel
valves.
WARNING: Before closing one of the fuel valves in flight make sure that the other
valve is open!

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3. FUEL LEVEL IS BELOW 1/4 IN ONE OF THE TANKS –BOTH FUEL VALVES MUST
BE ALWAYS OPEN.
5.4 Engine starting
4. Starter key –INSERT, set to ON.
5. Fuel level –CHECK (see 5.3).
6. Fuel valves –CHECK (see 5.3).
7. Throttle –IDLE.
8. Doors –check CLOSED.
9. Choke lever (cold engine only) –set FULLY FORWARD.
10. Propeller –CHECK CLEAR.
11. Starter key (cold engine only) –set to START for 5 seconds with ignition OFF.
12.Ignition –ON.
13.Starter key –set to START until engine starts (10 seconds maximum).
14.Throttle –set MINIMUM STABLE REVOLUTIONS (approx. 1900-2100 RPM).
15.Choke lever –FULLY BACK (gradually, when engine runs smoothly).
16.Engine –WARM UP at 2000-2500 RPM.
17.Required electric equipment/instruments –switch ON and ADJUST.
18.Ignition –TEST at 4000 RPM holding brakes.
19.Oil pressure –check 2.0-5.0 bar (29-73 psi) at above 3500 RPM.
5.5 Taxiing
1. Throttle –IDLE.
2. Parking brake –OFF.
3. Coolant and oil temperature –CHECK
4. Taxiway –CHECK CLEAR.
5. Throttle –SET REQUIRED TAXI SPEED.
6. Yoke (Stick) –elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST crosswind.
7. Brakes –use as required, set throttle to IDLE when stopping.
8. To stop immediately –IGNITION OFF and ENGAGE BRAKES.
5.6 Before takeoff
1. Hold position –OCCUPY.
2. Brakes –ENGAGE.
3. Coolant temperature –CHECK minimum 60°C (140°F).
4. Oil temperature –CHECK minimum 50°C (122°F).
5. Fuel level –CHECK (see 5.3).
6. Fuel valves –CHECK (see 5.3).
7. Flaps –EXTEND position 1. Wind stronger 8 m/s (16 kts) –FLAPS UP.

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5.7 Normal takeoff
1. Hold position –OCCUPY.
2. Rudder pedals –NEUTRAL.
3. Brakes –RELEASE.
4. Throttle –gradually FULL POWER.
5. Yoke (Stick) –elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST CROSSWIND.
6. Rudder pedals –maintain takeoff direction.
7. Yoke (Stick) –PULL gently to lift the nose wheel at 40 km/h (25 mph, 22 kts).
8. Liftoff –at 80 km/h.
9. Accelerate to at least 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) at 1-2 m (3-7 ft) and start to climb.
5.8 Short/soft field takeoff
1. Flaps –EXTEND FULLY.
2. Hold position –OCCUPY.
3. Takeoff distance –CHECK if sufficient.
4. Rudder pedals –NEUTRAL.
5. Throttle –gradually FULL POWER.
6. Brakes –RELEASE.
7. Yoke (Stick) –elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST CROSSWIND.
8. Rudder pedals –maintain takeoff direction.
9. Yoke (Stick) –PULL gently to lift the nose wheel at 40 km/h (25 mph, 22 kts).
10.Liftoff –at 65 km/h (40 mph, 35 kts).
11.Accelerate to at least 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) at 1-2 m (3-7 ft) and start to climb.
12.Speed –SET best angle of climb speed VX= 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts).
5.9 Climb
1. Speed –SET: best angle of climb speed VX= 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) or
best rate of climb speed VY= 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts)
in strong turbulence +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts).
2. Flaps –RETRACT SLOWLY at safe altitude.
3. EGT –max. 850°C (1562°F).
4. CHT –max. 135°C (275°F).
5. Oil pressure –max. 5.0 bar (73 psi).
6. Oil temperature –max. 130°C (266°F)

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5.10 Cruise
1. Flight altitude –OCCUPY and monitor, in strong turbulence –at least 100 m (300 ft).
2. Cruise speed –SET, in strong turbulence –minimum 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts),
maximum 168 km/h (104 mph, 90 kts).
3. Elevator trim tab –ADJUST as required.
4. Fuel level –CHECK (see 5.3).
5. Fuel valves –CHECK (see 5.3).
6. Turns –perform with caution in strong turbulence and at low altitudes.
5.11 Approach
1. Speed –REDUCE below 148 km/h (92 mph, 80 kts), minimum 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts).
2. Flaps –EXTEND position 1. Wind stronger 8 m/s (16 kts) –FLAPS UP.
3. Elevator trim tab –ADJUST as required.
4. Approach speed on final –100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts), +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts) in rain or
strong turbulence.
5. Too high on final –REDUCE RPM to idle, SLIP if necessary.
6. Too low on final –INCREASE RPM. DO NOT RETRACT FLAPS when flying low over
high obstacles or close to the ground!
5.12 Normal landing
1. Direction –ALIGN the airplane WITH THE RUNWAY using rudder pedals.
2. Side drift –ELIMINATE by banking against the drift (crosswind, if any).
3. Flare –start at 5 m (15 ft), level off at approximately 0.3 m (1 ft).
Gradually reduce bank and side drift while flaring and leveling off.
4. Throttle –IDLE.
5. Touchdown –at minimum speed. In cross-wind conditions –maintain banking into wind
till touching the runway with one of the wheels. Avoid touching ground with the tail.
6. Yoke (Stick) –HOLD to reduce the speed and PUSH gently to lower the nose wheel
slowly.
Pedals –set NEUTRAL before touching ground with the nose wheel (in cross-wind
conditions).
7. Brakes –ENGAGE as required. Avoid braking at a high speed or with nose wheel up!
8. Flaps –RETRACT.