Amprobe ACD-45PQ User manual

CONSULTORÍA ENERGÉTICA
ItresE
LATAM - USA
PINZA AMPERÓMETRICA
AMPROBE ACD-45PQ
Manual Técnico
+5411.2115.9585
[e-mail]
www.itresenergia.com

Users Manual
UÊÊ`iÊ`½i«
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ACD-45PQ
600A Power Quality Clamp

ACD-45PQ
600A Power Quality Clamp
Users Manual
May 2010, Rev.1
©2010 Amprobe Test Tools.
All rights reserved. Printed in Taiwan
English

Ìi`Ê7>ÀÀ>ÌÞÊ>`ÊÌ>ÌÊvÊ>LÌÞ
Your Amprobe product will be free from defects in material and workmanship for 1 year from the
date of purchase. This warranty does not cover fuses, disposable batteries or damage from accident,
neglect, misuse, alteration, contamination, or abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Resellers
are not authorized to extend any other warranty on Amprobe’s behalf. To obtain service during the
warranty period, return the product with proof of purchase to an authorized Amprobe Test Tools
Service Center or to an Amprobe dealer or distributor. See Repair Section for details. THIS WARRANTY
IS YOUR ONLY REMEDY. ALL OTHER WARRANTIES - WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STAUTORY -
INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY,
ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED. MANUFACTURER SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OR THEORY.
Since some states or countries do not allow the exclusion or limitation of an implied warranty or of
incidental or consequential damages, this limitation of liability may not apply to you.
,i«>À
All test tools returned for warranty or non-warranty repair or for calibration should be accompanied
by the following: your name, company’s name, address, telephone number, and proof of purchase.
Additionally, please include a brief description of the problem or the service requested and include
the test leads with the meter. Non-warranty repair or replacement charges should be remitted in the
form of a check, a money order, credit card with expiration date, or a purchase order made payable to
Amprobe® Test Tools.
7>ÀÀ>ÌÞÊ,i«>ÀÃÊ>`Ê,i«>ViiÌÊqÊÊÕÌÀiÃ
Please read the warranty statement and check your battery before requesting repair. During the
warranty period any defective test tool can be returned to your Amprobe® Test Tools distributor for
an exchange for the same or like product. Please check the “Where to Buy” section on www.amprobe.
com for a list of distributors near you. Additionally, in the United States and Canada In-Warranty repair
and replacement units can also be sent to a Amprobe® Test Tools Service Center (see next page for
address).
7>ÀÀ>ÌÞÊ,i«>ÀÃÊ>`Ê,i«>ViiÌÊqÊ1-Ê>`Ê>>`>
Non-warranty repairs in the United States and Canada should be sent to a Amprobe® Test Tools
Service Center. Call Amprobe® Test Tools or inquire at your point of purchase for current repair and
replacement rates.
In USA In Canada
Amprobe Test Tools Amprobe Test Tools
Everett, WA 98203 Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X9
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
7>ÀÀ>ÌÞÊ,i«>ÀÃÊ>`Ê,i«>ViiÌÊqÊÕÀ«i
European non-warranty units can be replaced by your Amprobe® Test Tools distributor for a nominal
charge. Please check the “Where to Buy” section on www.amprobe.com for a list of distributors near
you.
Amprobe® Test Tools Europe
In den Engematten 14
79286 Glottertal, Germany
tel: [phone] - 0
*(Correspondence only – no repair or replacement available from this address. European customers
please contact your distributor.)customers please contact your distributor.)

ACD-45PQ 600A Power Quality Clamp
1Transformer Clamp Jaws for AC
current magnetic field pick up
2Jaw marking lines for ACA (&
thus Power) position error
indication
3Hand/Finger Barrier to indicate
the limits of safe access to
the jaws during current
measurements
4Push-buttons for special
functions & features
5Input Jack for all functions
EXCEPT non-invasive ACA
current (& thus Power) function
6Common (Ground reference)
Input Jack for all functions
EXCEPT non-invasive ACA
current (& thus Power) function
7Slide-switch Selector to turn
the power ON/OFF and Select
a function
8LCD display
9Jaw trigger for opening the
transformer clamp jaws
10 Jaw center Indicators, at where
best ACA (& thus Power)
accuracy is specified
1
22
3
4
4
56
7
8
9
10

ACD-45PQ 600A Power Quality Clamp
" / /-
-9"-...............................................................................................................1
1 * Ê Ê -*/" .............................................................................3
"*,/" ............................................................................................................3
AutoVATM Function ..........................................................................................4
Peak-rmsÊ ÊMode ............................................................................................5
Line-level Frequency (Hz) Function..................................................................5
HOLDÊ ÊMode..................................................................................................6
Single-Phase Power & 3-Phase Balanced-Load Power Functions ...................8
kWHr (kilo-Watt-Hour) Recording Function....................................................9
3-Phase 3-WireÊ(3 3W)ÊUnbalanced-Load Power Function ........................11
3-Phase 4-WireÊ(3 4W) Unbalanced-Load Power Function ........................12
/Functions.................................................................................................14
Backlighted Display...........................................................................................14
Auto Power Off (APO) ......................................................................................14
Auto Power Off Quick Test...............................................................................15
Disabling Auto-Power-Off (APO) .....................................................................15
Line Frequency Setup........................................................................................15
PC Computer Interface Capabilities)................................................................15
-*/" -.....................................................................................................16
 / Ê Ê,*, ...................................................................................22
Trouble Shooting...............................................................................................22
Cleaning and Storage .......................................................................................22
Battery Replacement ........................................................................................23
Ê

1
-9"-
Caution! Risk of electric shock
Caution! Refer to the explanation in this Manual
Double Insulation or Reinforced insulation
Alternating Current (AC).
Direct Current (DC).
Fuse
Earth (Ground)
Please remove all the test leads before preforming maintenance,
cleaning, battery replacement, fuse replacement, etc
Complies with European Directives
Conforms to relevant Australian standards
Do not dispose of this product as unsorted municipal waste.
Contact a qualified recycler for disposal
->viÌÞÊvÀ>Ì
This manual contains information and warnings that must be followed for
operating the instrument safely and maintaining the instrument in a safe
operating condition. If the instrument is used in a manner not specified by the
manufacturer, the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.
The meter is intended only for indoor use.
The meter protection rating, against the users, is double insulation per
IEC61010-1 2nd Ed., EN61010-1 2nd Ed., UL61010-1 2nd Ed. and CAN/CSA C22.2
No. 61010.1-0.92 to Category III 1000 Volts AC & DC and Category IV 600 Volts
AC & DC.
Per IEC61010-1 2nd Ed. (2001) Measurement Category
i>ÃÕÀiiÌÊ>Ìi}ÀÞÊ6Ê/Ê6® is for measurements performed at the source
of the low-voltage installation. Examples are electricity meters and measurements
on primary overcurrent protection devices and ripple control units.

2
i>ÃÕÀiiÌÊ>Ìi}ÀÞÊÊ/Ê® is for measurements performed in the
building installation. Examples are measurements on distribution boards,
circuit- breakers, wiring, including cables, bus-bars, junction boxes, switches,
socket-outlets in the fixed installation, and equipment for industrial use
and some other equipment, for example, stationary motors with permanent
connection to the fixed installation.
i>ÃÕÀiiÌÊ>Ìi}ÀÞÊÊ/Ê® is for measurements performed on circuits
directly connected to the low voltage installation. Examples are measurements
on household appliances, portable tools and similar equipment.
/iÀÃÊÊ/ÃÊ>Õ>
WARNING - identifies conditions and actions that could result in
serious injury or even death to the user.
CAUTION - identifies conditions and actions that could cause damage
or malfunction in the instrument.
WARNING - To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, do not expose
this product to rain or moisture.
To avoid electrical shock hazard, observe the proper safety precautions
when working with voltages above 60 VDC or 30 VAC rms. These voltage
levels pose a potential shock hazard to the user.
Keep your fingers behind the finger guards of the test leads during
measurement. Inspect test leads, connectors, and probes for damaged
insulation or exposed metal before using the instrument. If any defects
are found, replace them immediately.
This Clamp-on meter is designed to apply around or remove from
uninsulated hazardous live conductors. But still, individual protective
equipment must be used if hazardous live parts in the installation where
measurement is to be carried out could be accessible.
CAUTION - Disconnect the test leads from the test points before
changing meter functions. Only use the accompanied test leads, or
replace with the same rating or better.
 ÊÀiVÌÛiÃÊ
The instruments conform to CENELEC Low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC and
Electromagnetic compatibility directive 2004/108/EC

3
1 * Ê Ê -*/"
Your shipping carton should include:
1 ACD-45PQ 600A Power Quality Clamp
1 Test Leads (Black x 1; Red x 1)
1 Bag
1 Users Manual
2 1.5V AAA LR03/NEDA 24A Batteries (Installed)
If any of the items are damaged or missing, return the complete package to
the place of purchase for an exchange.
"*,/" Ê
CAUTIONÊ
Before and after hazardous voltage measurements, test the voltage
function on a known source such as line voltage to determine proper
meter functioning.

4
ÕÌ6TMÊÕVÌÊ
Set the slide-switch function-selector to the position.
UÊÊ7ÌÊÊ«ÕÌ]ÊÌiÊiÌiÀÊ`ë>ÞÃÊºÊ ” when it is ready.
UÊÊ7ÌÊÊÊVÕÀÀiÌÊ«ÕÌÊÛ>ÊÌiÊ>ÜÃÊLÕÌÊ>ÊÛÌ>}iÊÃ}>Ê>LÛiÊÌiÊ
nominal threshold of DC 2.4V or AC 30V (40Hz ~ 500Hz) up to the rated
600V is present on V-COM terminals, the meter displays the voltage
value in appropriate DC or AC, whichever larger in peak magnitude.
Annunciators “ÕÌ” “`V” and “ÕÌ” “ ” turn on respectively.
UÊÊ"ÊÌiÊVÌÀ>ÀÞ]ÊÜÌÊÊÛÌ>}iÊÃ}>Ê«ÀiÃiÌÊÊ6"ÊÌiÀ>ÃÊ
but a ACA current signal above the nominal threshold of AC 1A (40Hz ~
500Hz) up to the rated 600A is input via the jaws, the meter displays the
ACA current value. Annunciators “ ” and “ÕÌ” turn on accordingly.
UÊÊ/iÊÕÌ6Êvi>ÌÕÀiÊÃÌ>ÞÃÊ>ÌÊÌiÊ>ÕÌÃiiVÌi`ÊvÕVÌÊ>ÃÊ}Ê>ÃÊ
its signal remains above the specified threshold. Press SELECT button
momentarily to manually select and lock (annunciator “ÕÌ” turns off)
thru the functions ACA, ACV, DCV and then goes back to Auto-VA.
CAUTION
UÊÊFor non-invasive ACA current measurements, press the jaw trigger
and clamp the jaws around only one single conductor of a circuit
for load current measurement. Make sure the jaws are completely
closed, or else it will introduce measurement errors. Enclosing more
than one conductor of a circuit will result in differential current (like
identifying leakage current) measurement. Locate the conductor(s) at
the Jaws center as much as possible to get the best measuring accuracy.
For removal, press the jaw trigger and remove the jaws from the
conductor(s).
UÊÊAdjacent current-carrying devices such as transformers, motors and
conductor wires will affect measurement accuracy. Keep the jaws away
from them as much as possible to minimize influence.

5
*i>ÀÃÊ Ê`i
Peak-rms compares and displays the maximum RMS value of surge voltage
or current with durations as short as 65ms. When ACV or ACA function is auto-
selected or manual-selected, press and hold Peak-rms button for one second
or more toggles to this mode. The annunciators “*” “>Ý” turn on. APO
(Auto Power Off) feature is disabled automatically accordingly.
In ACA function, the Peak-rms mode starts at the highest 600A range to
maximize measuring dynamic range. Before making measurement, press
the Peak-rms button momentarily again can manually select thru lower
measuring dynamic range 400.0A or 40.00A for higher measuring resolutions.
iiÛiÊÀiµÕiVÞÊâ®ÊÕVÌ
When ACV or ACA function is auto-selected or manual-selected, press Hz
button momentarily toggles to Line-level Frequency (Hz) function. The Hz
trigger level is determined by the selected function-range from where the Hz
function is activated.

6
In ACA function, activating the Hz function during significant measurements
can get the most appropriate trigger level to avoid electrical noises in
most cases. Activating the Hz function at AC 40.00A range (before making
significant measurements) can get the lowest trigger level (highest sensitivity).
"Ê Ê`i
When any function is auto-selected or manual-selected, press HOLD button
momentarily toggles to Hold mode. The annunciator “ ” turns on. Hold
mode freezes the display for later viewing.
Notes on Displacement Power Factor & Total Power Factor
UÊÌÀ`ÕVÌ\ Power is the rate of change of energy with respect to time
(in terms of voltage V and current A). Instantaneous (real) power w = vi
where v is the instantaneous voltage and i the instantaneous current.
The average (real) power is the mean of vi and is given by:
W = ω/2ϖ∫vi dt , over the interval from 0 to 2ϖ/ω
UÊë>ViiÌÊ*ÜiÀÊ>VÌÀÊÀiÊÌÀ>`Ì>®\ÊAssuming V and A are
pure sinusoidal waveforms without harmonics (as in most traditional
cases), that is, v = V sinωt and i = I sin (ωt -θ), the expression can be
simplified to:
W = 1/2 x V x I x Cosθwhere V and I are the peak values, θis the
displacement power factor angle, and Cosθis the displacement power
factor. Using RMS values, it is written as:
W = Vrms x Arms x Cosθ
Practically, in such cases without harmonics, θis also called the phase-
shift angle of the current A to the voltage V. An inductive circuit is said
to have a lagging power factor since current A lags voltage V (phase-
shift angle θand thus Sinθare both “+”), and a capacitive circuit is said
to have a leading power factor since current A leads voltage V (phase-
shift angle θand thus Sinθare both “”).
UÊ/Ì>Ê*ÜiÀÊ>VÌÀÊiVÕÌiÀ}Ê>ÀVî\ÊWhen encountering
distorted waveforms with the presence of harmonics, however, the
simplified power expression should not be used since substituting the
above mentioned pure sinusoidal V and A functions cannot fulfill the
actual conditions. Cosine of phase-shift angle (Cosθ), or the displacement

7
power factor, is no longer the only component constituting the overall
power factor. Harmonics do increase apparent power and thus decrease
the overall power factor.
That is the Total Power Factor is actually affected by both phase-shift
angle and harmonics, and is given by the expression:
/Ì>Ê*ÜiÀÊ>VÌÀÊ*®ÊrÊ,i>Ê*ÜiÀÊ7®ÊÉÊ««>ÀiÌÊ*ÜiÀÊ6®
In order to improve overall system power factor, nowadays power-system
engineer needs to address both phase-shift and harmonics problems.
Practically, harmonics should be dealt with (e.g. filtering out) before
phase-shift to be corrected (e.g. installing capacitors in parallel with
inductive loads).
Ê

8
-}i*>ÃiÊ*ÜiÀÊEÊÎ*>ÃiÊ>>Vi`>`Ê*ÜiÀÊÕVÌÃ
Set the slide-switch function-selector to the “ÎH>ÊUÊ£H” Power position.
UÊiv>ÕÌÊ>ÌÊ>ÃÌÊÃiiVÌi`ÊvÕVÌ°Ê
UÊ*ÀiÃÃʺÎH>ÊUÊ£H” button momentarily to toggle between “-}i
*>Ãi” and “Î*>ÃiÊ>>Vi`Ê>`” Power functions. Annunciators “
” and “ÎH” turn on respectively.
UÊ*ÀiÃÃÊ-/ÊLÕÌÌÊiÌ>ÀÞÊÃiiVÌÃÊLiÌÜiiÊ7ÊÀi>Ê«ÜiÀ®]Ê6,Ê
(reactive power), VA (apparent power) & kWHr (real-time readings or
stored result) functions. In W (real power), VAR (reactive power), or VA
(apparent power) function:
1. PF (Total Power Factor) is displayed automatically in the secondary mini
display.
2. Annunciator “>}Ã6” turns on to indicate an inductive circuit is
being measured. That is, the Current waveform is lagging the Voltage
waveform, and the phase-shift angle θis “+”.
3. On the contrary, together with significant PF values, WITHOUT
“>}Ã6” being turned on indicates that a capacitive circuit is being
measured. That is, the Current waveform is leading the Voltage
waveform, and the phase-shift angle θis “”.

9
Ìi\
1. Under proper measurement setups for load circuits, the W (real power)
readings are always positive. Negative W readings indicate reversed
clamp-on jaws direction or test leads polarities, or even incorrect voltage
lines are being measured as in 3-phase measurement setups. Correct
them for proper “A-lags-V” indications.
2. When encountering largely distorted waveforms, “A-lags-V” detection
might be affected due to the influence of harmonics. It is recommended
to manage (e.g. filter out) harmonics problems before measuring/
dealing with phase-shift problems.
7ÀÊ7>ÌÌÕÀ®Ê,iVÀ`}ÊvÕVÌÊ

10
Set the slide-switch function-selector to the “ÎH>ÊUÊ£H” Power position. Setup
power measurements as mentioned in the previous “-}i*>ÃiÊ*ÜiÀÊEÊ
Î*>ÃiÊ>>Vi`>`Ê*ÜiÀÊvÕVÌÔ section
UÊ/ÊÃÌ>ÀÌÊº ”) kWHr Recording, press “ÎH>ÊUÊ£H” and “"”
buttons at the same time. Annunciator “ ” turns on & flashes. kWHr
accumulated time (in Hour) is displayed automatically in the secondary
mini display.
UÊ/Ê«>ÕÃiÊº ”), press “"” button momentarily. Annunciator “ ”
stops flashing and is always on.
UÊ/ÊVÌÕiÊº ”), press the “"” button momentarily again.
Annunciator “ ” resumes flashing.
ÊUÊ/ÊÃÌ«Êº ”), press the “ÎH>ÊUÊ£H” and “"” buttons at the
same time again. Annunciator “ ” turns off. The kWHr Recording result
is then displayed on the LCD for immediate viewing. Annunciator “ ”
turns on & flashes.
UÊ7iÊÌiÊÜÊL>ÌÌiÀÞÊ>ÕV>ÌÀʺ ” turns on, the meter will
stop (“ ”) kWHr recording session automatically and display kWHr
Recording result as in above.
Ìi\
UÊÕÀ}Ê7ÀÊ,iVÀ`}ÊÃiÃÃ]ÊÀi>ÌiÊ7]Ê6,]Ê6Ê>ÃÊÜiÊ>ÃÊ7ÀÊ
accumulated readings can be selected by pressing the SELECT button
momentarily. A flashing “ ” denotes that kWHr Recording is still under-
going. An always on “ ” denotes that kWHr Recording is being paused.
UÊ7iÊ7ÀÊ,iVÀ`}ÊÃÊÌÊ>VÌÛ>Ìi`]Ê7ÀÊÃÌÀi`ÊÀiÃÕÌÊÃÌi>`Ê
of accumulated readings is displayed when selected as in above.
Annunciator “ ” turns on & flashes.
UÊ/iÊiÌiÀÊÃi«>À>ÌiÞÊÃÌÀiÃÊiÊ-}i*>ÃiÊ>`ÊiÊÎ*>Ãi>>Vi`
Load kWHr result for later viewing. When they are being viewed, press
“ÎH>ÊUÊ£H” button momentarily to toggle between them.
UÊ7iÊÌiÊ`ë>ÞÊÀi>`}ÃÊiÝVii`Ê7ÀÉÕÀÃ]ÊiÝ«iÌ>Ê
readings are displayed. “Ó°Î{” kWHr represents 2.3 x 104 kWHr, or
23000 kWHr for example,.

11
UÊvÌiÀÊÌiÊ7ÀÊ,iVÀ`}ÊÃiÃÃÊÃÊÃÌ««i`Êº ”) properly, the new
result will supersede the previous one stored in the non-volatile memory.
You can then switch off the meter for transportation, storage, or even
battery changing with memory remained.
UÊ/Ê>Û`ÊÃÃÌÀ>}iÊÌÊiÀÞ]ÊÌÊÃÊ«ÀÌ>ÌÊÌÊ«À«iÀÞÊÃÌ«Êº ”)
kWHr Recording session before sliding the slide-switch function-selector
to any other function positions.
Î*>ÃiÊÎ7ÀiÊÎ Î7®Ê1L>>Vi`>`Ê*ÜiÀÊÕVÌ
UÊ-iÌÊÌiÊÃ`iÃÜÌVÊvÕVÌÃiiVÌÀÊÌÊÌiʺÎH1>” Power position.
Press “Î7U{7” button momentarily to select 3-Wire measurements.
Annunciator “Î7” turns on.
UÊ>«ÊÌiÊ>ÜÃÊ>ÀÕ`ʺiÊ£” as reminded by annunciators “ £”,
and connect Black test probe (COM terminal) to “iÊΔ and Red test
probe (+ terminal) to “iÊ£” as reminded by annunciators “ ” on
mini-display.
UÊ7iÊÌiÊÀi>`}ÊÃÊÃÌ>Li]Ê«ÀiÃÃʺ ” button momentarily to enter the
first measuring value.
UÊ/iÊV>«ÊÌiÊ>ÜÃÊ>ÀÕ`ʺiÊÓ” as reminded by annunciators “
L2”, and connect Black test probe (COM terminal) to “iÊΔ and Red
test probe (+ terminal) to “iÊÓ” as reminded by annunciators “
” on mini-display.
UÊ7iÊÌiÊÀi>`}ÊÃÊÃÌ>Li]Ê«ÀiÃÃʺ ” button momentarily to enter the
second measuring value. The meter will then calculate, store and display
the total 3-Phase Power result automatically. Annunciators “ L1 L2 L3”
turn on.
UÊ*ÀiÃÃʺ ” button momentarily again for new measurements.
UÊ*ÀiÃÃʺ-/” button momentarily to view (“ ”) the last stored
result. Annunciator “ ” turns on & flashes. Press “-/” button
momentarily again to continue (“ ”).

12
Î*>ÃiÊ{7ÀiÊÎ {7®Ê1L>>Vi`>`Ê*ÜiÀÊÕVÌ
UÊ-iÌÊÌiÊÃ`iÃÜÌVÊvÕVÌÃiiVÌÀÊÌÊÌiʺÎH1>” Power position.
Press “Î7U{7” button momentarily to select 4-Wire measurements.
Annunciator “{7” turns on.
UÊ>«ÊÌiÊ>ÜÃÊ>ÀÕ`ʺiÊ£” as reminded by annunciators “ £”,
and connect Black test probe (COM terminal) to “iÊÊiÕÌÀ>®” and
Red test probe (+ terminal) to “iÊ£” as reminded by annunciators “
” on mini-display.
UÊ7iÊÌiÊÀi>`}ÊÃÊÃÌ>Li]Ê«ÀiÃÃʺ ” button momentarily to enter the
first measuring value.
UÊ/iÊV>«ÊÌiÊ>ÜÃÊ>ÀÕ`ʺiÊÓ” as reminded by annunciators “
L2”, and connect Black test probe (COM terminal) to “iÊÊiÕÌÀ>®”
and Red test probe (+ terminal) to “iÊÓ” as reminded by annunciators
“” on mini-display.
ÊUÊ7iÊÌiÊÀi>`}ÊÃÊÃÌ>Li]Ê«ÀiÃÃʺ ” button momentarily to enter the
second measuring value.

13
UÊ/iÊV>«ÊÌiÊ>ÜÃÊ>ÀÕ`ʺiÊΔ as reminded by annunciators “
Δ, and connect Black test probe (COM terminal) to “iÊÊiÕÌÀ>®”
and Red test probe (+ terminal) to “Line 3” as reminded by annunciators
“” on mini-display.
UÊ7iÊÌiÊÀi>`}ÊÃÊÃÌ>Li]Ê«ÀiÃÃʺ ” button momentarily to enter the
third measuring value. The meter will then calculate, store and display
the total 3-Phase Power result automatically. Annunciators “ Ê£ÊÓÊΔ
turn on.
UÊÊ*ÀiÃÃʺ ” button momentarily again for new measurements.
UÊ*ÀiÃÃʺ-/” button momentarily to view (“ ”) the last stored
result. Annunciator “ ” turns on & flashes. Press “-/” button
momentarily again to continue (“ ”).