Black Box SW111A User manual

1000 Park Drive • Lawrence, PA 15055-1018 • 724-746-5500 • Fax [phone]
© Copyright 1999. Black Box Corporation. All rights reserved.

CUSTOMER
SUPPORT
INFORMATION
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FEBRUARY 2000
SW111A
SW111AE
SW112A
SW112AE
SW115A
SW115AE
SW116A
SW116AE
Fallback Switch
(RS-232, V.35, or RS-530)
Loopback Switch (RS-232)
RS-232 FALLBACK SWITCH II
AB
SD RD RTS DCD DTR
RS-232 LOOPBACK SWITCH
PWR LB
SD RD RTS DCD DTR

1
FCC INFORMATION
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
AND
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS
RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE STATEMENTS
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not
installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions, may cause interference to radio communication. It has been tested
and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device in accordance
with the specifications in Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC rules, which are designed to
provide reasonable protection against such interference when the equipment is
operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment in a
residential area is likely to cause interference, in which case the user at his own
expense will be required to take whatever measures may be necessary to correct the
interference.
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for
compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emission from digital
apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulation of the Canadian Department of
Communications.
Le présent appareil numérique n’émet pas de bruits radioélectriques dépassant les limites
applicables aux appareils numériques de la classe A prescrites dans le Règlement sur le
brouillage radioélectrique publié par le ministère des Communications du Canada.
The Fallback Switch and the Loopback Switch are CE certified.

2
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
NORMAS OFICIALES MEXICANAS (NOM)
ELECTRICAL SAFETY STATEMENT
INSTRUCCIONES DE SEGURIDAD
1. Todas las instrucciones de seguridad y operación deberán ser leídas antes de
que el aparato eléctrico sea operado.
2. Las instrucciones de seguridad y operación deberán ser guardadas para
referencia futura.
3. Todas las advertencias en el aparato eléctrico y en sus instrucciones de
operación deben ser respetadas.
4. Todas las instrucciones de operación y uso deben ser seguidas.
5. El aparato eléctrico no deberá ser usado cerca del agua—por ejemplo, cerca
de la tina de baño, lavabo, sótano mojado o cerca de una alberca, etc..
6. El aparato eléctrico debe ser usado únicamente con carritos o pedestales que
sean recomendados por el fabricante.
7. El parato eléctrico debe ser montado a la pared o al techo sólo como sea
recomendado por el fabricante.
8. Servicio—El usuario no debe intentar dar servicio al equipo eléctrico más allá
a lo descrito en las instrucciones de operación. Todo otro servicio deberá ser
referido a personal de servicio calificado.
9. El aparato eléctrico debe ser situado de tal manera que su posición no
interfiera su uso. La colocación del aparato eléctrico sobre una cama, sofá,
alfombra o superficie similar puede bloquea la ventilación, no se debe colocar
en libreros o gabinetes que impidan el flujo de aire por los orificios de
ventilación.
10. El equipo eléctrico deber ser situado fuera del alcance de fuentes de calor
como radiadores, registros de calor, estufas u otros aparatos (incluyendo
amplificadores) que producen calor.
11. El aparato eléctrico deberá ser connectado a una fuente de poder sólo del
tipo descrito en el instructivo de operación, o como se indique en el aparato.

3
NOM STATEMENT
12. Precaución debe ser tomada de tal manera que la tierra fisica y la polarización
del equipo no sea eliminada.
13. Los cables de la fuente de poder deben ser guiados de tal manera que no
sean pisados ni pellizcados por objetos colocados sobre o contra ellos,
poniendo particular atención a los contactos y receptáculos donde salen del
aparato.
14. El equipo eléctrico debe ser limpiado únicamente de acuerdo a las
recomendaciones del fabricante.
15. En caso de existir, una antena externa deberá ser localizada lejos de las lineas
de energia.
16. El cable de corriente deberá ser desconectado del cuando el equipo no sea
usado por un largo periodo de tiempo.
17. Cuidado debe ser tomado de tal manera que objectos liquidos no sean
derramados sobre la cubierta u orificios de ventilación.
18. Servicio por personal calificado deberá ser provisto cuando:
A: El cable de poder o el contacto ha sido dañado; u
B: Objectos han caído o líquido ha sido derramado dentro del aparato; o
C: El aparato ha sido expuesto a la lluvia; o
D: El aparato parece no operar normalmente o muestra un cambio en su
desempeño; o
E: El aparato ha sido tirado o su cubierta ha sido dañada.

4
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
TRADEMARKS
All trademarks mentioned in this manual are acknowledged to be the property of
the trademark owners.
CONTENTS
1. Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Switch Capability Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Switches and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Alarming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 “Smart” Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.7 Manual Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.8 In-Band Switching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Power Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Disconnect Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Connecting the ASCII Control Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 Connecting User Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Switches 1, 2, and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Switch 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 Switches 5 and 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Switches 7 and 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Console Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1 Terminal Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 Main Command Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5
CHAPTER 1: Specifications
1. Specifications
Interface—SW111A(E), SW112A(E): RS-232; SW115A(E): V.35;
SW116A(E): RS-530
Connectors—All: (1) 8-pin RJ-45; RS-232 and RS-530: (3) DB25 female;
V.35: (3) M/34 female
Leads Supported—1 through 25
Maximum Data Rate—Depends upon cabling
Switches—(1) 2-position mode selector
Indicators—All models: (1) SD, (1) RD, (1) CD, (1) DTR, (1) RTS; SW111A(E),
SW112A(E), SW116A(E): (1) pushbutton for A/B; SW115A(E): (1) pushbutton
for Loop/Normal
CE Approval—Yes
Energy Rate—6 VA
Receptacle—3-prong grounding
Power—A models: 100-120 V, 60 Hz; AE models: 200-240 V, 50 Hz
Size—1.6"H x 8.4"W x 10.8"D (4.1 x 21.3 x 27.4 cm)
Weight—4.8 lb. (2.2 kg)

6
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
2. Description
2.1 Introduction
The Fallback Switch is a standalone remotely controllable A/B switch for EIA
RS-232/V.24, V.35, or RS-530/422 circuits. You can switch via console command,
manual pushbutton, or automatically upon alarm. The Loopback Switch (SW112A
or SW112AE) is identical to the RS-232 Fallback Switch (SW111A or SW111AE)
except that the “B” switch connector has been replaced by an internal loopback
plug.
Both Switches include control-interface firmware that functions as the logical
bridge between a management console (any ASCII terminal) and the Fallback or
Loopback Switch module. The console connects to the Switch via 4-wire modular
cabling.
2.2 Switch Capability Summary
From the console, you can:
1. Determine A/B switch status of any interface.
2. Define alarms per interface.
3. Switch the circuit (Fallback Switch) or invoke loopback (Loopback Switch).
4. Configure autoswitch on alarm.
5. Disable front-panel control.
6. Establish or change the password (optional).
7. Access the HELP screen for all functions.
8. Access or set time and date.
You can also control address selection and A/B switching pushbutton control
manually at each Switch.

7
CHAPTER 2: Description
2.3 Connectors
Located on the rear of the Fallback Switch are three user data connectors
(“common,” “A,” and “B”) and one 8-pin modular jack for console control. The
user data connectors are DB25 female for RS-232 or RS-530, or M/34 female for
V.35.
The RS-232 Loopback Switch is identical to the RS-232 Fallback Switch, except
that it has an internal loopback plug instead of a “B” switch connector.
2.4 Switches and Indicators
A pushbutton is used to manually set the Fallback Switch to the desired position
(A or B). To prevent accidental switching, you must push the button and hold it
for several seconds for switching to take effect. An LED indicates the current
Fallback Switch position (regardless of whether you switch with the button or from
the console).
A pushbutton manually sets the Loopback Switch to the desired position (loop
or normal). To prevent accidental switching, you must push the button and hold it
for several seconds for switching to take effect. An LED lights when the Loopback
Switch has been set to loop back. The Loopback Switch will automatically switch to
normal upon power-up.
In both cases, five LEDs indicate lead status activity. For RS-232 switching, the
monitored leads are SD, RD, DCD, DTR, and RTS.
2.5 Alarming
The Fallback Switch supports console-controlled data circuit alarming on both the
“A” connector and the “B” connector (independent of switch position), while the
Loopback Switch supports alarming only on the “A” side. Each data line can be
programmed, through the console, to alarm on the following interface leads:
• SD, Send Data, present/absent
• RD, Receive Data, present/absent
• SCT, Serial Clock Transmit, present/absent
• SCR, Serial Clock Receive, present/absent
• RTS, Request to Send, high/low
• CTS, Clear to Send, high/low

8
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
• DCD, Data Carrier Detect, high/low
• DTR, Data Terminal Ready, high/low
The alarming can be used to alert the operator and, optionally, to automatically
switch to a backup link (Fallback Switch) or to a loopback or normal condition
(Loopback Switch). For example, loss of Carrier Detect on a Fallback Switch “A”
connector can trigger automatic switching to the “B” side, and return of Carrier
Detect on “A” can trigger automatic switching back to “A.”
In order for an alarm to be reported to the console, the condition causing the
alarm must be present for a user-definable period of time, the “Time to Alarm.”
After an alarm has been reported to the console, the clearing of that alarm is also
reported. The “clear” report is issued after the original alarm condition has been
clear for a user-definable period of time, the “Time to Clear.”
2.6 “Smart” Switching
The control firmware accepts switching commands from the console and relays
these commands to the Switch within the switch housing.
When switching has automatically occurred as a result of an alarm, the “Time to
Clear” becomes functionally a “Time to Ignore” (although the console
nomenclature does not change). This “Ignore” function takes effect immediately
upon initial alarm detection and switching. The alarm for the time in question is
artificially cleared (regardless of its actual status) and, for the “Time to Clear”
duration, all activity on that line is ignored. If any alarm conditions are present
when the timer times out, they are treated as if they had just occurred (and the
“Time to Alarm” begins its function).
2.7 Manual Switching
A front-panel push button lets you manually toggle the Fallback Switch between
the
“A” position and the “B” position. To prevent accidental switching, you must press
the button for several seconds to enable the switching.
A front-panel push button lets you manually toggle the Loopback Switch between
the “normal” position and the “loopback” position. To prevent inadvertent operation,
you must press the button for several seconds to enable the switching.

9
CHAPTER 2: Description
2.8 In-Band Switching
The Loopback Switch accepts in-band loop/normal switching commands. Using
an over-sampling technique, the async 1200-bps commands are carried over any
customer link. The in-band loop command also includes a timer value for an
automatic “return to normal.”

10
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
3. Installation
3.1 Inspection
Check the unit for possible shipping damage. Notify Black Box immediately if the
unit is damaged, and save the packing material and shipping container for
equipment return.
Located on the rear of each unit is a power connector and an 8-pin modular
jack. The Fallback Switch has three data connectors (“A,” “B,” and “Common”)
while the Loopback Switch has only two data connectors (“A” and “Common”).
RS-232/V.24 and RS-530 signaling use DB25 connectors, and V.35 signaling uses
34-pin M-series connectors.
3.2 Power Requirements
These Switches are intended for use when powered by an internal power supply.
Other use may invalidate any approvals given to the system. Standard AC voltage is
100-120 V for A models, and 200-240 V for AE models.
CAUTION
For continued protection against risk of fire, replace the fuse with one of
the exact same type and rating. The 100-120 V fuse is 0.100 A, 250 VAC,
slow-blow, and the 200-240 V fuse is 0.200 A, 250 VAC, slow-blow.
NOTE
Since the colors of the cores in the mains lead of this equipment may
not correspond with the colored markings identifying the terminals in
your plug, proceed as follows if you need to replace the plug:
• The core that is colored green and yellow must be connected to the
terminal in the plug that is marked with the letter “E” or by the earth
symbol, or colored green and yellow.
• The core that is colored blue must be connected to the terminal that is
marked with the letter “N” or colored black.
• The core that is colored brown must be connected to the terminal that
is marked with the letter “L” or colored red.
3.3 Disconnect Device
To disconnect the switch, pull out the plug on the power supply.

11
CHAPTER 3: Installation
WARNING: IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR USERS IN THE UNITED
KINGDOM
The socket outlet should be installed near the equipment and should be
easily accessible.
Before connecting ports marked with an “X” as shown in Figure 3-1,
seek advice from a competent engineer. Such connections might
produce hazardous conditions on the network.
Identified rear-mounted connectors on the Switches do not provide
isolation sufficient to satisfy the requirements of BS 6301. The Fallback
Switch rear is shown in Figure 3-1. The “B” connector does not exist on
the Loopback Switch.
All apparatus attached to such ports should either have been approved
to BS 6301 or have previously been evaluated against British
Telecommunications PLC (Post Office) technical guide 2 or 26 and given
permission to attach. Other use will invalidate any approval given to the
apparatus.
Figure 3-1. Connectors on the rear of the Fallback Switch that do not
provide isolation.
3.4 Connecting the ASCII Terminal
Fallback or Loopback Switch units can be connected to the management terminal
via direct cabling or via modem link. A single management console can manage
multiple Switches. The Switch addressing allows support of up to eight units.
However, because of signal loading, the practical limit may be as few as three or
four units, depending on the terminal (or modem) driver circuitry.
The rear “Control” port is an 8-wire modular jack that supports 4-wire cabling.
Each Switch requires a modular 25-pin adapter and a six-foot-long 4-wire
straight-through modular cable. These items are used for direct cabling from a
DCDSD RTSRD DTRBA
B A COMMON
CONTROL

12
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
DB25 terminal/PC connector to a single Switch. See Figure 3-2. If a PC is being
used with a 9-pin connector, a special adapter must be constructed. Call Technical
Support at 724-746-5500 for more information on cables and adapters.
Figure 3-2. Direct cabling from a DB25 terminal/PC to a single Switch.
If a terminal/PC is cabled directly to a group of Switch units, you must use a
DB25 ribbon cable. The terminal/PC attaches to one connector on the ribbon
cable, and the Switch units connect to the rest of the connectors via adapters. See
Figure 3-3. For more information, call for technical support.
Figure 3-3. Connections between the adapters and Switch units.
Management
Console
Modular
Adapter 4-Wire Straight-
Through Modular
Cable
Fallback or
Loopback
Switch
Switch #00 Switch #01 Switch #02
Management
Console
DB25 Ribbon
Cable
Modular Adapters with 4-
Wire Straight-Through
Modular Cables

13
CHAPTER 3: Installation
3.5 Connecting User Cables
Obtain the correct cable for the supported interface. The Switch connectors are
female, and the cable connectors should therefore be male. Alarming and
monitoring functions are based on the following pin assignments:
Signal Name RS-232/V.24 RS-530 V.35
DB25 Pin DB25 Pin M/34 pin
SD 2 2 and 14 P and S
RD 3 3 and 16 R and T
RTS 4 4 and 19 C
CTS 5 5 and 13 D
SG 7 7 B
DCD 8 8 and 10 F
SCT 15 15 and 12 Y and AA
SCR 17 17 and 9 V and X
DTR 20 20 and 23 H

14
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
4. Configuration
All Fallback and Loopback Switch parameters are set via DIP-switch SW1 on the
main circuit board.
You can only change the DIP-switch settings when power is removed from the
Fallback Switch or Loopback Switch.
4.1 Switches 1, 2, and 3
Switches 1, 2, and 3 determine the Switch address. A unique address must be
assigned to each unit at a location. If only one unit exists at a location, it must be
address 0. If multiple units exist, one unit must be address 0.
Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Unit Address
OFF OFF OFF 0
OFF OFF ON 1
OFF ON OFF 2
OFF ON ON 3
ON OFF OFF 4
ON OFF ON 5
ON ON OFF 6
ON ON ON 7
4.2 Switch 4
Switch 4 determines if multiple units will be supported.
Switch 4
OFF This is the only unit at this location. Password entry is enabled.
Switch echo will function per the “O” setting.
ON Other units exist at this location. Password entry is disabled.
Addressing is enabled. S(address)<space> must precede every
command. Switch will not echo commands. Terminal must use
local echo.
Example: BA<CR> switches unit 0 to the “A” position. S1<SP>BA<CR> switches
unit 1 to the “A” position.

15
CHAPTER 4: Configuration
4.3 Switches 5 and 6
Switches 5 and 6 determine the “Control” port command-signaling rate.
Switch 5 Switch 6 Command Rate
OFF OFF 1200 bps
OFF ON 2400 bps
ON OFF 9600 bps (factory default)
ON ON 19,200 bps
4.4 Switches 7 and 8
Switches 7 and 8 are set at the factory to match the installed interface type and
must NOT be changed.
Switch 7 Switch 8 Interface Type
OFF OFF RS-232/V.24
OFF ON V.35
ON ON RS-530

16
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
5. Console Operation
Read this section of the user manual while sitting at the management terminal.
Follow the manual by examining the “Help” screen for each command and then
entering some test commands.
5.1 Terminal Setup
Configure the ASCII management terminal as follows:
1. No Auto Line Feed after receiving a Carriage Return.
2. A bps rate of 1200, 2400, 9600, or 19,200 (to match the CONTROL bps rate of
the Switch).
3. Seven data bits plus a “don’t care” parity bit and one stop bit.
NOTE
Some terminal manufacturers might identify this configuration as 7-N-1
(seven data bits plus a “not used” parity bit), while other manufacturers
might identify the same configuration as 8-N-1 (eight bits, including a
“not used” parity bit). Check the terminal’s user manual.
4. Local echo on or off as required to be opposite the echo setting of the
attached Switch units (see the “O” command on page 24).
NOTE
Local echo must be ON if the Switch’s DIP-switch-position #4 is ON.
The Switch will respond to XON/XOFF (DC1/DC3) flow control. If possible,
configure the terminal to generate those characters when appropriate.
NOTE
The Switch expects a true XON; transmission will not resume when it
receives any other character.
The “BELL” character is sent to the ASCII terminal whenever important or
invalid messages are displayed. This character commonly triggers an audible alarm
on the terminal. To activate or deactivate the audible alarm, simply press <Ctrl-G>
on the terminal keyboard while in the main menu.

17
CHAPTER 5: Console Operation
5.2 Main Command Menu
The Main Menu will appear as soon as power is applied to the Switch. If the
terminal was the last item to be powered up, hit ESC to display the Main Menu.
You can also use the ESC key to return to the Main Menu from other menus.
C OMMAND S TRUCTURE
Every command consists of a command identifier (one, two, or three characters)
followed by a <CR>. If DIP-switch-position #4 is ON, S(address)<space> must
precede every command.
P ASSWORD
The Switch incorporates password protection. If this protection is not required,
retain the default password <CR>.
NOTE
If DIP-switch-position #4 is ON, the password function is disabled.
You must enter the correct password before you can access any of the
commands. When the system is in the logged-off state, the words ENTER
PASSWORD replace a default path indicator at the bottom of the screen.
When a system is powered up for the first time, the default password is <CR>.
Simply enter <CR> to access the functional main menu.
T HE H ELP S CREENS
To enter the Help screen, type H<CR>. The system will display a message
containing information about how to obtain help for any of the Main Menu
commands. If you need help with a particular function, type Hplus the first
character of that function. For example, HA<CR> will display a help screen for the
“A” commands.
Each available help screen contains information about the use and appropriate
entry of all of the alternatives for the command.
F UNCTIONAL C OMMANDS
Listed on the following pages are the functional commands associated with the
Switch. Except for password commands, the commands are in the sequence listed
in the Main Menu. The password commands are described first to ensure that the
primary system password is not inadvertently changed to an unknown value.

18
FALLBACK SWITCH AND LOOPBACK SWITCH
All configuration-related commands (including switch settings) are stored in
battery-backed RAM. The battery is continually being charged during normal
operation and will maintain RAM for two months in the absence of power.
“E” C OMMAND :P ASSWORD /L OGOFF
A Switch uses two passwords: Primary and Operational. Functionally, the only
difference is that an operator with knowledge of only the Primary password can
change both passwords, but an operator with knowledge of only the Operational
password can only change the Operational password.
If both passwords are set identically, a correct response to “ENTER LOGON”
provides a logon under the Primary password. Both passwords are set as <CR> at
the factory. Therefore, when the system was first powered up, the initial logon (via
<CR>) provided system access under the Primary password.
Passwords can be any ASCII character string (including spaces) up to ten
characters long. Capital letters and lower-case letters are NOT the same.
NOTE
If you’re configuring the system for the first time, you cannot change the
operational password from <CR> until after you change the primary
password. Write the desired primary password down on paper and enter
the change accordingly. Afterward, store the Primary password in a safe
location and never use it again except as described below.
After you’ve changed and properly stored the Primary password, log off from
the Switch system and log on using the default <CR> Operational password. Then,
change the Operational password and use that for normal operation.
You can change the Operational password back to <CR> (without affecting the
Primary) simply by indicating <CR> as the “new password.” If, for any reason, the
Operational password has been lost or forgotten, log on under the Primary
password and issue the password change command. Then, indicate <CR> as the
“new password.” This will change BOTH passwords to <CR>. That’s the only
difference between the capabilities of the two passwords.
NOTE
If both passwords has been lost or forgotten, you must temporarily
remove the RAM chip from the Switch. All configuration parameters will
be lost; you must reprogram the entire system.