Blue Mark DroneScout 230 Series User manual
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Disclaimer: we are not responsible or liable for errors or incomplete information in this
document.
Version history
version
date
description
1.0
May 2022
Initial release
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Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Audience.......................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Receiver.........................................................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Installation....................................................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Login............................................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.5 Read-only file system............................................................................................................................................10
1.6 Open Drone ID.........................................................................................................................................................10
1.7 Global architecture................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.8 Maximum detection range.................................................................................................................................11
2 Configuration.........................................................................................................................................................................13
2.1 root password.......................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 dronescout.conf......................................................................................................................................................13
2.3 remote SSH login....................................................................................................................................................15
2.4 wlan_channels.conf...............................................................................................................................................15
3 MQTT messages....................................................................................................................................................................19
4 MQTT subscriber (reference code)................................................................................................................................22
5 Firmware update..................................................................................................................................................................28
6 Warranty...................................................................................................................................................................................28
7 More information.................................................................................................................................................................28
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1 INTRODUCTION
Thank you for purchasing and using DroneScout products!
The latest version of this user manual may be downloaded at the following link, where the most
up-to-date version will be found:
https://download.bluemark.io/dronescout_sensor_manual_230.pdf
(Direct/Broadcast) Remote Identification (Remote ID) adds “beacon” capability to drones to
broadcast basic information of airborne drones, such as the operator's registration number, drone
serial number and current position. The EU and USA are planning new rules that make Remote ID
mandatory for drones over 250 grams weight. The beacon information can be used by general
public, law enforcement and drones to give better situation awareness of the airspace around them.
BlueMark Innovations BV offers Remote ID transponders and receivers. DroneBeacon is an add-on
(transponder) for drones which broadcasts Remote ID beacon signals. DroneScout is a receiver that
detects Remote ID signals of nearby drones up to several km distance (in open space). See
https://dronescout.co for more information about our products.
1.1 Audience
This document is intended for system integrators that want to use the
DroneScout 230
receiver in
their own product. This product is not intended for end users!
1.2 Receiver
The receiver consists of an embedded system and several radio-interfaces to collect remote ID
signals.
Key specifications:
Quad-Core Cortex-A53 ARM CPU 1.8 GHz
2 GByte RAM
8 GByte eMMC flash storage
10/100M/1000M Ethernet interface
Compliant with international standards
EU ASD-STAN DIN EN 4709-002
USA ASTM Remote ID Standard ASTM F3411-19-RID-B
1x Bluetooth (LE and BLE-Long Range) radio
Sensitivity:
BLE -97 dBm
BLE Long Range -105 dBm
2x triple-band WiFi radio: 2.4, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz
Sensitivity:
WiFi Beacon + WiFi NaN: -85 dBm
PoE (Power over Ethernet): 802.3af/at
connectivity and power
Power consumption: < 5 W
Outdoor enclosure IP67
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1x Bluetooth antenna connector (N-type)
2x WiFi antenna connector (N-type)
omni-directional antennas with 5 dBi gain
Size: 27.2 x 27.6 x 9.6 cm (without antennas).
Weight: around 1.4 kg (with mast mount 1.9 kg
Bluetooth scanning
The Bluetooth radio scans continuously for Bluetooth LE and Bluetooth LE Long-Range packets with
Remote ID payload.
WiFi scanning
Remote ID signals can be broadcast on several frequencies. This means that the WiFi radio interface
will hop every second to a new channel. If no Remote ID signals are detected, both radio interfaces
will keep sensing for Remote ID signals on all WiFi channels. If there is a Remote ID signal found,
radio 1 will keep hopping and scanning for new Remote ID signals. Radio 2 on the other hand will
permanently tune to the channel where a Remote ID signal has been found.
In case of multiple Remote ID signals and multiple WiFi channels, radio 2 will hop every second to
another channel where Remote ID signals have been found. If no Remote ID signals are found for 60
seconds, the channel will be removed from the list.
Remote ID can be broadcast in two WiFi formats: WiFi Beacon and WiFi NaN. WiFi NaN is also called
Wi-Fi Aware and those signals can only be found on WiFi channel 6 (2.4 GHz), 44 (5 GHz) and 149 (5
GHz). For this reason, these channels are more frequently scanned for Remote ID signals. WiFi
Beacon on the other hand is a format that is similar to the signals that a regular Access Point
transmits. Those Remote ID signals can be found on all WiFi channels.
There is a configuration file where you can specify which WiFi channels will be scanned. See the
next chapter for more details.
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Figure 1 - DroneScout 230-serie receiver
1.3 Installation
Summary
Install the receiver to a wall or pole mast using the included mast mount.
Connect/screw the 3 antennas to the antenna connectors on the enclosure.
Powering up the receiver without antennas may damage the Bluetooth and WiFi radios.
Removing or attaching antennas when the receiver is powered up, will damage the
Bluetooth and WiFi radios.
Connect the receiver to Ethernet and for outdoor installations make sure this connection is
waterproof (by using the included waterproof accessories). This Ethernet cable needs to have
power (PoE 802.3af/at) and also connectivity. The receiver acts as a DHCP client in the network.
Location
- The receiver detects remote ID signals from all directions, it is
omnidirectional
. For
installation, it is therefore important not to install receivers near the border of the detection area,
but instead in the center. It also depends a bit on the situation. If you have nearby WiFi networks,
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you don’t want the receiver nearby it, as (busy) WiFi networks will reduce the detection range.
Basically, install the receiver away from areas where there are signals in the 2.4/5 GHz band or large
nearby objects (house) that can block detection of signals/drones from that direction.
Figure 2 - install the receiver in the center of the detection area.
Detection area
Detection area
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Figure 3 - use multiple receivers to cover the detection area in case the detection area is not square, or circle shape.
Construction materials
- Construction materials (wood, concrete) attenuate wireless signals. This
means that the detection area is reduced, if a receiver is installed behind or in such an object. This is
especially true for the 5 GHz band. Also, it may introduce
blind spots
in the detection area where a
drone is not detected. Installing multiple receivers is a solution to avoid blind spots.
For optimal performance install the receiver in open space, not surrounded by nearby objects. As a
reference please find below a table describing the RF attenuation by various construction materials.
For instance, if a drone is detected in the 5 GHz band with a 114 mm wooden fence between
receiver and drone, the signal strength is 13 dB less compared to no fence.
Material and thickness
2.4 GHz
5 GHz
Red brick (hollow), 89 mm
5
15
Window glass (uncoated), 6 mm
1
1
Plasterboard, 13 mm
1
0
Wood dry, 114 mm
7
13
Plywood dry, 13 mm
1
0
Bricks (concrete, hollow), 203 mm
11
15
Concrete (C8 mix), 203 mm
35
56
Reinforcing steel mesh (19 mm Ø, 70-mm-grid)
10
3
Reinforced concrete (C8, 19 mm Ø, 70-mm-grid)
37
58
Table 1: RF attenuation by various construction materials. (source c't 9/2021, page 139 using data from William C. Stone,
Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in Construction Materials, 1997)
Height
- Preferred installation height is 2 to 40 meters. Installation lower, near the ground, will
reduce the detection area as objects in the detection area will block wireless signals more. Installing
the receiver higher on the other hand will increase the detection area, but may prevent detecting
remote ID signals very nearby.
Angle - The receiver has omnidirectional antennas. Install the receiver with zero angle (vertical
plane). This means that the receiver should looks straight ahead. Not down or up under an angle.
Detection area
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Power
- The receiver needs power and is powered via Power over Ethernet (PoE), 802.11af. Connect
the Ethernet port of the receiver to an PoE capable switch/router to have both power and
connectivity.
Connectivity
-Connect the Ethernet port of the receiver to your router. The receiver needs Ethernet
to upload data to the MQTT broker. It can also be used for management purposes. The network
name is the serial number that is printed on back of the receiver (dsxxxxxxxxxxxx) e.g.
ds220300000101.
Mast mount
For each receiver a mast mount is provided. It can be used to install the receiver to a mast or directly
to a wall. See details below.
Figure 4 - mast mount to install the receiver to a mast or directly to a wall.
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1.4 Login
The receiver runs on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux distribution (ARM64). It can be accessed via SSH on the
local network.
Login details
User name
: root
Password
: bluemark
Service
: SSH
Port
: 22
IP address
: DHCP client in local network
Note: please change the password in production deployments!
1.5 Read-only file system
The receiver uses a so-called
overlayroot
file system. The file system is mounted read-only and there
is a read-write file system in memory on top of it. This means that the system can be used normally,
but after a reboot all changes to the file system are lost. Using a read-only file system prevents for
instance corrupt file systems after an unexpected power loss.
To make changes permanent:
Enter in the SSH console: overlayroot-chroot
After this command you can make changes to the filesystem. Enter exit to exit this
mode.
Or mount the read-only partition as read-write instead. I.e enter mount -o remount,rw
/media/root-ro
Make the changes in the folder /media/root-ro
Remount as read-only: mount -o remount,rw /media/root-ro
Reboot afterwards.
1.6 Open Drone ID
DroneScout uses the Open Drone ID framework to encode Remote ID signals. The framework can
be found on this page:
https://www.opendroneid.org/
1.7 Global architecture
The receiver has a binary, dronescout, in the root-folder (/root) to sense for Remote ID signals. There
is also a configuration file
dronescout.conf
to configure MQTT and other settings. The file
wlan_channels.conf
is used to specify the WiFi channels that will be scanned. Finally, there are some
auxiliary files that are discussed in the next chapter.
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1.8 Maximum detection range
The maximum detection range depends on several factors:
Effective radiated power (ERP) of the transponder (transmit power, antenna design)
Antenna height of the receiver and transponder. Detection range increases with higher
height as it converges to free-space propagation.
Antenna gain and directivity of the receiver. The maximum ERP power of the transponder is
limited by the WiFi/Bluetooth technology standard.
Line of sight versus non-line of sight to the transponder due to buildings, trees, hills etc.
Weather: rain, fog or other “wet” weather will limit the range.
Moving drone: if the drones moves, it will impact negatively on the range. The average RSSI
will vary more (signals may be lost more easy). Also if the drones move fast, typically the drone
will tilt. In such a case, the drone may block partly the signals towards the receiver.
Probability threshold of detection1.
No guarantees can be made about the detection range, due to the complex nature
of wireless propagation, as shortly described above. Typically, the detection range is at
least multiple kilometers.
The detection range below is calculated based on internal measurements, that have been
extrapolated using the “best-case” Free space propagation model2.
In general, free-space is considered the most ideal situation. In real-life situation there is more
attenuation between the receiver and beacon. Typically, how higher the receiver is installed, how
more the propagation mimics free-space. Hence, the detection range increases. This is supported
for instance by publications like:
“Characterization of Radio Path Loss in Seaport Environment for
WiMAX Applications” - Ming-Tuo Zhou , Joe Jurianto , Jaya Shankar , M. Fujise3
The free-space path loss model is:
PL
= 20
10
0+
Where d is the distance, d0, a reference distance and c a constant value that among other depends
on the frequency. If the distance d doubles i.e.
= 2
, the path loss will increase by 6 dB and if d
would be 10 times larger, the path loss increases by 20 dB.
Measurement setup:
receiver antenna height 2.5 m
drone/transponder height 10 m
transponder ERP power 20 dBm.
RSSI measurements based on a
slow
moving drone equipped with the DroneBeacon
transponder.
flat agricultural land
nearby trees > 15 meter (behind antenna), nearby building > 25 meter (behind antenna)
nearby building can act as reflector, so results could be (slightly) too optimistic.
sunny weather
1The received signal varies both in time and location due to the reception of multiple radio signals (like direct
path and ground wave). In time, typically the average signal strength is used. With respect to locations, paths
can add up constructively or destructively, which depend on the path difference(s). As a result it means that at
distance N there is a variation in received signal strength depending on the location. If you are on the edge of
the detection range, you won’t always detect the transponder due this variation. In this document we use 50%
of the area locations at distance N.
2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss
3http://ap-s.ei.tuat.ac.jp/isapx/2006/pdf/3B1b-4.pdf (Table 1).
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BLE legacy
Average RSSI at 500 m: -78 dBm
Sensitivity radio -97 dBm
So 19 dB (-78 - -97) above sensitivity level. Assuming free space propagation (6 dB loss per doubling
of the distance), the maximum detection range is: 500*10^(19/20) = 4.4 km.
BLE Long Range
Average RSSI at 500 m: -78 dBm
Sensitivity radio -105 dBm
So 27 dB (-78 - -105) above sensitivity level. Assuming free space propagation (6 dB loss per
doubling of the distance), the maximum detection range is: 500*10^(27/20) = 11.2 km.
WiFi NaN 2.4 GHz
Average RSSI at 500 m: -61 dBm
Sensitivity radio -85 dBm
So 19 dB (-61 - -85) above sensitivity level. Assuming free space propagation (6 dB loss per doubling
of the distance), the maximum detection range is: 500*10^(19/20) = 7.9 km.
WiFi Beacon 2.4 GHz
Average RSSI at 500 m: -60 dBm
Sensitivity radio -85 dBm
So 25 dB (-60 - -85) above sensitivity level. Assuming free space propagation (6 dB loss per doubling
of the distance.) So maximum detection range is: 500*10^(25/20) = 8.9 km.
WiFi Beacon 5.2 GHz
Average RSSI at 500 m: -68 dBm
Sensitivity radio -85 dBm
Typically, the 5.2 and 5.8 GHz frequency band have lower detection range due to the higher
frequency.
So 17 dB (-68 - -85) above sensitivity level. Assuming free space propagation (6 dB loss per doubling
of the distance), the maximum detection range is: 500*10^(17/20) = 3.5 km.
Extending the detection range
The detection range can be extended in the following ways:
Install the receiver at a higher place. In this case the received signal will be stronger as
propagation is more similar to free-space propagation.
Replace the antennas with a higher antenna gain. On the market there are dual-band antennas
with 15 dBi antenna gain (or higher). Those antennas will more than double the detection
range compared to the existing 5 dBi antennas. Rule of thumb is that every 6 dB increase, will
result in doubling of the detection range. Hence, a 15 dBi antenna would triple (3x) the
maximum detection distance. High-gain antennas and/or high receiver location may prevent
detection of nearby drones. Experiments with the 5 dBi antennas and flying 50 m above the
receiver, did not give any problem detecting the transponder. (The signal was strong received.)
The same holds for a 50 m distance experiment, where the drone was moved from 3m to 50
meter height. In all cases the drones was received with a strong signal.
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2 CONFIGURATION
The firmware is protected by a license/device key. In case the receiver does not work
anymore due to license errors, please contact support.
2.1 root password
For production environments it is strongly advised to change the default password.
overlayroot-chroot
passwd #interactive tool to change the password
exit
reboot # new password will work after a reboot
2.2 dronescout.conf
The file /root/dronescout.conf is the main configuration file.
The default contents are shows below.
#
# Configuration file
# (c) Bluemark Innovations BV 2022
[global]
sensorID = ds220500000100 ; receiver ID up to 256 characters
[mqtt]
host = myserver ; MQTT host
port = 8883 ; MQTT port
topic = ; leave empty to use default topic based on receiverID
QoSlevel = 1 ; QoS level 0, 1 or 2
username = ; leave empty if not used
password = ; leave empty if not used
keepalive = 60 ; keep alive period in seconds.
clientID = ; set clientID, leave empty for default setting
ssl = 1 ; 0 disable SSL in MQTT connection 1, enable SSL
ssl_verify = 0 ; disable/enable SSL verification
CAfile = /root/certs/ca.crt ; location to CA file for SSL connection
CRTfile = /root/certs/client.crt ; location to CRT file for SSL connection
KEYfile = /root/certs/client.key ; locaton to KEY file for SSL connection
compression = lzma ; none or lzma. In case of lzma, payload is compressed.
retain = 0 ; set to 1 in order to retain messages on mqtt broker
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[interface]
WLAN_USB_1 = wlan1 ; interface for WLAN 1 adapter
WLAN_USB_2 = wlan2 ; interface for WLAN 2 adapter
BT_UART_1 = /dev/ttyUSB0 ; interface for USB UART adapter
[threshold]
WLAN_USB = -200 ; signals weaker as the threshold won't be processed.
BT_UART = -200 ; signals weakers as the threshold won't be processed.
Use the following commands to edit file /root/dronescout.conf:
overlayroot-chroot
nano /root/dronescout.conf # use nano (or vi) as editor
exit
reboot # to apply changes
sensorID
The sensorID is a string up to 256 characters. It is used to identify the DroneScout receiver and is
also used in the MQTT payload.
MQTT
The receiver uses internally the MQTT mosquitto library (https://mosquitto.org/). Settings in this
MQTT section relate to this library.
For non-encrypted MQTT brokers, only set the
host
and
port
. Make sure that
ssl
is set to 0. If no
topic
is specified, the receiver will use the topic:
/sensor/<sensorID>/upload
If
compression
is set to
none
, the receiver will publish JSON payload in plain text. If compression is
set to
lzma
the entire JSON payload will be compressed with LZMA. Typically, LZMA achieves over
80% compression ratio. In plain text mode, the payload is typically around 1400 bytes, with LZMA
compression, it is around 260 bytes.
For production deployments, it is strongly advised to enable SSL encrypted communication! In this
case set
ssl
to 1. Also, set the related file locations:
CAfile
,
CRTfile
and
KEYfile
to the files needed for
SSL-encrypted communication to the MQTT broker. If case of self-generated SSL keys, set
ssl_verify
to 0.
For more security also a
username
,
password
can be configured, if the MQTT broker requires this.
interfaces
This section configures the location of the Bluetooth and WiFi radios. Leave to default settings.
threshold
Advanced setting that you typically don’t need to change. All radios sense with maximum
sensitivity. In case you want to reduce the detection range, you can specify here a threshold. Signals
lower as the threshold won’t be processed.
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2.3 remote SSH login
When receivers are placed behind a router, they can't be accessed remotely. Reverse SSH is a
method to be able to login remotely without changing router or firewall settings. See
https://www.howtogeek.com/428413/what-is-reverse-ssh-tunneling-and-how-to-use-it/ for
background information.
Default remote SSH login is disabled.
If remote SSH is enabled (by setting
enabled to
“1” in
/root/remote.conf
), the receiver will try to
connect to the configured SSH server (using
server
,
port
and
user
in
remote.conf
). It will open a port
(
remote_port
in
remote.conf
) that can be used to remotely login. Each receiver needs an unique
port, otherwise those receivers will compete for the same port..
In addition, passwordless login by using SSH keys is assumed. This means that the receiver SSH key
(/root/.ssh/id_rsa) needs to be accepted by the remote SSH server. More information can be found
in the mentioned background article.
Use the following commands to edit file /root/remote.conf:
overlayroot-chroot
nano /root/remote.conf # use nano (or vi) as editor
exit
reboot # to apply changes
Login from the SSH server
The receiver can be accessed from the SSH server by entering the following command: ssh
root@localhost -p10230
The number 10230 is the
remote_port
in
remote.conf
.
2.4 wlan_channels.conf
The /root/wlan_channels.conf file specifies which WiFi channels are scanned by the receiver. The
default contents is show below:
0,1
1,2
2,3
3,4
4,5
5,6
6,44
7,149
8,7
9,8
10,9
11,10
12,11
13,13
14,6
15,149
16,44
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17,36
18,40
19,48
20,52
21,56
22,60
23,64
24,149
25,6
26,44
27,161
28,165
Use the following commands to edit file /root/remote.conf:
overlayroot-chroot
nano /root/wlan_channels.conf # use nano (or vi) as editor
exit
reboot # to apply changes
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The first number on the row is the sequence number. The second number is the channel number.
Up to 256 channels can be configured. If the WiFi radio reaches the end of the sequence it will start
with the first element. The second radio will scan the same channels, but with half period delay.
Typically leave this file to default settings.
WiFi NaN (also called Wi-Fi Aware) signal can only be found on WiFi channel 6 (2.4 GHz), 44 (5 GHz)
and 149 (5 GHz). WiFi Beacon signals can be found on all WiFi channels.
The following channels can be configured (capabilities of WiFi radio. The number in brackets [ ] is
the channel number:
2412 MHz [1]
2417 MHz [2]
2422 MHz [3]
2427 MHz [4]
2432 MHz [5]
2437 MHz [6]
2442 MHz [7]
2447 MHz [8]
2452 MHz [9]
2457 MHz [10]
2462 MHz [11]
2467 MHz [12]
2472 MHz [13]
2484 MHz [14]
5075 MHz [15]
5080 MHz [16]
5085 MHz [17]
5090 MHz [18]
5100 MHz [20]
5120 MHz [24]
5140 MHz [28]
5160 MHz [32]
5180 MHz [36]
5200 MHz [40]
5220 MHz [44]
5240 MHz [48]
5260 MHz [52]
5280 MHz [56]
5300 MHz [60]
5320 MHz [64]
5340 MHz [68]
5360 MHz [72]
5380 MHz [76]
5400 MHz [80]
5420 MHz [84]
5440 MHz [88]
5460 MHz [92]
5480 MHz [96]
5500 MHz [100]
5520 MHz [104]
5540 MHz [108]
5560 MHz [112]
5580 MHz [116]
5600 MHz [120]
5620 MHz [124]
5640 MHz [128]
5660 MHz [132]
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5680 MHz [136]
5700 MHz [140]
5720 MHz [144]
5745 MHz [149]
5765 MHz [153]
5785 MHz [157]
5805 MHz [161]
5825 MHz [165]
5845 MHz [169]
5865 MHz [173]
5885 MHz [177]
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3 MQTT MESSAGES
The receiver generates two types of MQTT messages (JSON format):
Status messages
- every minute, the receiver will send a status message
Data messages
- data messages with Remote ID data.
Status messages
The receiver will publish every minute a status message. An example message is shown below.
Figure 4 - Example receiver status message.
This message contains several sections:
protocol
- indicates the protocol version. Currently only protocol 1.0 exists.
status
- a status message contains a section status.
sensor ID
- the sensor ID set in dronescout.conf
timestamp
- the epoch time stamp (in milliseconds)
firmware version
- the current firmware version of the receiver
model
- the model of the receiver. This is model ds230.
status
- the status, can be “normal” or “invalid license”. If the license is invalid,
no data will be published.
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Figure 5 - Example remote ID data message.
This message contains several sections:
protocol
- indicates the protocol version. Currently only protocol 1.0 exists.
data
- a data message contains a section data.
sensor ID
- the sensor ID set in dronescout.conf
RSSI
- the RSSI of the received Remote ID packet.
channel
- the channel on which the Remote ID packet is received. It is zero for BLE
Remote ID signals, otherwise it is the WiFi channel number.
timestamp
- the epoch time stamp of the message in milliseconds.
MAC address
- the MAC address that broadcast the Remote ID packet
Other manuals for DroneScout 230 Series
1
Table of contents
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