Cabletron Systems CSX200 CyberSWITCH User manual

CSX200 CyberSWITCH
Installation Guide
9032753
2012 01

CSX200 Installation Guide i
Notice
Cabletron Systems reserves the right to make changes in specifications and other information contained in this document without prior
notice. The reader should in all cases consult Cabletron Systems to determine whether any such changes have been made.
The hardware, firmware, or software described in this manual is subject to change without notice.
IN NO EVENT SHALL CABLETRON SYSTEMS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGESWHATSOEVER (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS)ARISING OUT OF OR
RELATED TO THIS MANUAL OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN IT, EVEN IF CABLETRON SYSTEMS HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF, KNOWN, OR SHOULD HAVE KNOWN, THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
 1998 by Cabletron Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 5005, Rochester, NH 03866-5005
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Part Number: 9032753 August 1998
Cabletron Systems , LANVIEW , QuickSET , and SPECTRUM are registered trademarks, and QuickSTART , and CyberSWITCH
are trademarks of Cabletron Systems, Inc.
All other product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
FCC Notice
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause
harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired
operation.
NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the
FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a
commercial environment. This equipment uses, generates, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed in accordance
with the operator’s manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area
is likely to cause interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
WARNING: Changes or modifications made to this device which are not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
Industry Canada Notice
This digital apparatus does not exceed the ClassA limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus set out in the Radio
Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.
Le présent appareil numérique n’émet pas de bruits radioélectriques dépassant les limites applicables aux appareils numériques de la
class A prescrites dans le Règlement sur le brouillage radioélectrique édicté par le ministère des Communications du Canada.

Notice
ii CSX200 Installation Guide
VCCI Notice
This is a Class A product based on the standard of the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Information Technology
Equipment (VCCI). If this equipment is used in a domestic environment, radio disturbance may arise. When such trouble occurs, the
user may be required to take corrective actions.
Cabletron Systems, Inc. Program License Agreement
IMPORTANT: Before utilizing this product, carefully read this License Agreement.
This document is an agreement between you, the end user, and Cabletron Systems, Inc. (“Cabletron”) that sets forth your rights and
obligations with respect to the Cabletron software program (the “Program”) contained in this package. The Program may be contained
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conditions of this License Agreement.
You may not copy, reproduce or transmit any part of the Program except as permitted by the CopyrightAct of the United States or
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Notice
CSX200 Installation Guide iii
Exclusion of Warranty and Disclaimer of Liability
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CABLETRON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, OTHER THAN THOSE SUPPLIED TOYOU BY CABLETRON IN
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LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF
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Notice
iv CSX200 Installation Guide
Declaration of Conformity
Application of Council Directive(s): 89/336/EEC
73/23/EEC
91/263/EEC
Manufacturer’s Name: Cabletron Systems, Inc.
Manufacturer’s Address: 35 Industrial Way
PO Box 5005
Rochester, NH 03867
European Representative Name: Mr. J. Solari
European Representative Address: Cabletron Systems Limited
Nexus House, Newbury Business Park
London Road, Newbury
Berkshire RG13 2PZ, England
Conformance to Directive(s)/Product Standards: EC Directive 89/336/EEC
EC Directive 73/23/EEC
EC Directive 91/263/EEC
EN 55022
EN 50082-1
EN 60950
Equipment Type/Environment: Networking Equipment, for use in a Commercial or Light Industrial
Environment.
We the undersigned, hereby declare, under our sole responsibility, that the equipment packaged with this notice conforms to the
above directives.
Manufacturer Legal Representative in Europe
Mr. Ronald Fotino Mr. J. Solari
___________________________________ ___________________________________
Full Name Full Name
Principal Compliance Engineer Managing Director - E.M.E.A.
___________________________________ ___________________________________
Title Title
Rochester, NH, USA Newbury, Berkshire, England
___________________________________ ___________________________________
Location Location

CSX200 Installation Guide v
Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Related Documentation ...................................................................................1-1
How to Use This Guide ....................................................................................1-1
Document Conventions...................................................................................1-3
Getting Help......................................................................................................1-4
CHAPTER 2 ABOUT THE CSX200
CSX200 Hardware.............................................................................................2-1
WAN Connection........................................................................................2-1
Ethernet LAN Connection .........................................................................2-2
Remote Management Capabilities..................................................................2-3
Optional Features.............................................................................................2-3
CSX200 Firmware Support ..............................................................................2-4
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet ...................................................................................2-4
WAN Protocols...........................................................................................2-4
Firmware Data Compression ....................................................................2-5
HDLC...........................................................................................................2-5
DHCP and NAT...........................................................................................2-5
Frame Relay Protocol................................................................................2-6
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)...................................................................2-7
PAP and CHAP Security............................................................................2-7
LQM.............................................................................................................2-8
Multilink Protocol.......................................................................................2-8
ISDN ............................................................................................................2-8
HDSL ...........................................................................................................2-9
Bridging and Routing ................................................................................2-9
Bridging and Routing Protocol Filtering................................................2-11
System Passwords ..................................................................................2-12
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)....................................2-12
Software and Firmware Upgrades..........................................................2-15

Contents
vi CSX200 Installation Guide
CHAPTER 3 10BASE-T LAN REQUIREMENTS
Network Requirements ....................................................................................3-1
10BASE-T Twisted Pair Network ..............................................................3-1
Port Descriptions..............................................................................................3-2
10BASE-T LAN Configuration .........................................................................3-3
Connecting UTP Cables to Ports 1 Through 12......................................3-3
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION
Unpacking the CSX200 ....................................................................................4-1
Installation Guidelines .....................................................................................4-1
Removing the CSX200 Cover....................................................................4-2
Installing a WPIM........................................................................................4-3
COMP/ENCR Module Installation....................................................................4-5
Installing the CSX200.......................................................................................4-6
Tabletop and Shelf Installations...............................................................4-6
Rackmount Installation....................................................................................4-7
Attaching the Strain-Relief Bracket..........................................................4-8
Attaching the Rackmount Brackets .........................................................4-9
Installing the CSX200 in a 19-Inch Rack................................................4-10
Powering the CSX200.....................................................................................4-10
CHAPTER 5 TROUBLESHOOTING
Troubleshooting CSX200 Hardware ...............................................................5-4
Power (PWR) LED is OFF..........................................................................5-4
Processor (CPU) LED is OFF....................................................................5-4
Processor (CPU) LED is RED....................................................................5-4
Troubleshooting the LAN ................................................................................5-4
Collision (CLN) LED is RED ......................................................................5-4
Link (LNK) LED is OFF...............................................................................5-4
Troubleshooting the WAN ...............................................................................5-5
Link (LNK) LED is OFF...............................................................................5-5
Link (LNK) LED is RED..............................................................................5-5
Link (LNK) LED is AMBER.........................................................................5-5
Status 1 (STS1) LED is OFF ......................................................................5-5
Status 1 (STS1) LED is RED......................................................................5-6

Contents
CSX200 Installation Guide vii
Status 1 (STS1) LED is AMBER ................................................................5-7
Status 1 (STS1) LED is GREEN.................................................................5-7
Status 2 (STS2) LED is OFF ......................................................................5-8
Status 2 (STS 2) LED is RED WPIM-HDSL Installed in CSX200.............5-8
Status 2 (STS2) LED is AMBER ................................................................5-9
Status 2 (STS2) LED is GREEN.................................................................5-9
Test (TST) LED is AMBER (blinking)......................................................5-10
Investigating Software Configuration Problems .........................................5-10
Connection to Device Fails During Software Configuration................5-10
User Cannot Communicate with Remote Network Station..................5-10
APPENDIX A WPIM CABLE SPECIFICATIONS
WPIM-T1 ...........................................................................................................A-1
WPIM-SY........................................................................................................... A-3
EIA-449.......................................................................................................A-4
V.35.............................................................................................................A-5
EIA-232.......................................................................................................A-7
X.21.............................................................................................................A-8
EIA-530, EIA-530 ALT A, EIA-530 A, and EIA-530 A ALT A.................... A-9
WPIM-DDS...................................................................................................... A-11
WPIM-E1 .........................................................................................................A-12
WPIM-DI.......................................................................................................... A-14
WPIM-HDSL.................................................................................................... A-15
APPENDIX B SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS COMPLIANCE
CSX200 Regulatory Compliance.................................................................... B-2
Individual WPIM Regulatory Compliance......................................................B-2
WPIM-T1.....................................................................................................B-2
WPIM-SY ....................................................................................................B-3
WPIM-DDS..................................................................................................B-3
WPIM-E1.....................................................................................................B-4
WPIM-DI......................................................................................................B-4
WPIM-HDSL ...............................................................................................B-4

Contents
viii CSX200 Installation Guide
APPENDIX C FCC PART 68 - USER’S INFORMATION FOR CSX200
APPENDIX D GLOSSARY
INDEX

CSX200 Installation Guide 1-1
1
Introduction
Welcome to the Cabletron Systems CSX200 CyberSWITCH Installation Guide . This guide
provides configuration information, hardware specifications and troubleshooting tips for the
CSX200 CyberSWITCH. This guide also provides background information about 10BASE-T
Ethernet Local Area Networks (LANs) and guidelines for routing and bridging over Wide Area
Networks (WANs).
Related Documentation
Use the Cabletron Systems CSX200 QuickSTART Guide (the CD insert of the QuickSET CD
case) to install your CSX200.
Use the READ ME FIRST! document included with the CSX200 to set up your computer before
you begin configuration of your CSX200.
Use the Cabletron Systems CyberMONITOR User’s Guide and CyberMONITOR Utility and
graphic interface to monitor the Wide Area Network performance.
Consult appropriate WPIM (Wide Area Port Interface Module) user guides for information about
your Wide Area Network Interface type.
How to UseThis Guide
The READ ME FIRST! document, the CSX200 QuickSTART Guide, and this installation guide,
provide all the information you need to install the CSX200. Read all of these documents before
installing the CSX200.
This guide consists of the following sections:
Chapter 1 , Introduction , details document conventions and provides Getting Help information.
Chapter 2 , About the CSX200 , describes the hardware components and features, and software
protocols employed by this device.
Chapter 3 , 10BASE-T LAN Requirements , describes the cabling requirements for an Ethernet
Local Area Network (LAN).
Chapter 4 , Installation , shows how to install your CSX200 and connect it to a network.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1-2 CSX200 Installation Guide
Chapter 5 , Troubleshooting , shows how to use the LANVIEW LEDs on the CSX200 for
network troubleshooting.
Appendix A , WPIM Cable Specifications , provides part numbers and connector information for
WPIMs (Wide Area Port Interface Modules).
Appendix B , Specifications and Standards Compliance , contains hardware specifications and
safety and compliance standards for the CSX200.
Appendix C , FCC Part 68 - User’s Information for CSX200 , provides compliance
requirements for FCC Rules, Part 68.
Appendix D , Glossary , defines commonly used networking terms.

Document Conventions
CSX200 Installation Guide 1-3
Document Conventions
The following conventions are used throughout this guide:
NOTE
Note symbol. Calls the reader’s attention to any item of information that may be of
special importance.
TIP
Tip symbol. Conveys helpful hints concerning procedures or actions.
!
CAUTION
Caution symbol. Contains information essential to avoid damage to the equipment.
Warning symbol.Warns against an action that could result in the presence of an
electrical shock hazard.
WARNING
Warning symbol.Warns against an action that could result in personal injury or death.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1-4 CSX200 Installation Guide
Getting Help
If you need additional support related to this device, or if you have any questions, comments, or
suggestions concerning this manual, contact the Cabletron Systems Global Call Center:
Before calling the Cabletron Systems Global Call Center, have the following information ready:
• Your Cabletron Systems service contract number
• A description of the failure
• A description of any action(s) already taken to resolve the problem (e.g., changing mode
switches, rebooting the unit, etc.)
• The serial and revision numbers of all involved Cabletron Systems products in the network
• A description of your network environment (layout, cable type, etc.)
• Network load and frame size at the time of trouble (if known)
• The device history (i.e., have you returned the device before, is this a recurring problem, etc.)
• Any previous Return Material Authorization (RMA) numbers
Phone [phone]
Internet mail suppor[email protected]
FTP ctron.com (134.141.197.25)
Login anonymous
Password your email address
BBS [phone]
Modem setting 8N1: 8 data bits, No parity, 1 stop bit
For additional information about Cabletron Systems or our products,
visit our World Wide Web site: http://www.cabletron.com/
For technical support, select Service and Support .

CSX200 Installation Guide 2-1
2
About the CSX200
The CSX200 CyberSWITCH ( Figure 2-1 ) is an access device that provides Ethernet LocalArea
Network (LAN) connectivity (via twelve RJ45 ports) for the small office, and offers high-speed
Wide Area Network (WAN) access to a remote site, such as the Internet or an enterprise network.
The CSX200 supports IEEE 802.1d transparent bridging, IP, and IPX routing, ISDN, Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), and Network Address Translation (NAT) routing between
Ethernet LANs across a WAN.
Figure 2-1 The CSX200 CyberSWITCH
CSX200 Hardware
This section details hardware features of the CSX200 CyberSWITCH.
WAN Connection
The CSX200 supports Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) including: Link Control Protocol (LCP),
BNCP, IPCP, IPXCP, LQM, Multilink Protocol (MP), Frame Relay, and CHAP and PAP security
protocols, through one of the following WAN port interface modules (WPIMs):
• The WPIM-T1 provides a T1 interface through a front panel RJ45 port and includes a built-in
Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit (CSU/DSU) for direct connection to a T1 line. The
WPIM-T1 provides both Full T1 (twenty-four time slots) or Fractional T1 (less than
twenty-four time slots) using 56 Kbps-, or 64Kbps per time slot. The total throughput of the
CSX200 is 1.544 Mbps.
STS 1
STS 2

Chapter 2: About the CSX200
2-2 CSX200 Installation Guide
• The WPIM-SY provides a synchronous serial connection of up to 2.048 Mbps to external
communications equipment (e.g., a multiplexer or CSU/DSU). The WPIM-Sync uses a
subminiature 26-pin connector that supports the electrical signal interfaces listed below.
Appendix A , WPIM Cable Specifications , provides complete part number and cable pin
assignment information for the following electrical signal interfaces: EIA-RS449, V.35,
EIA-RS232D, X.21, EIA-RS530, EIA-530A, RS530 ALT A, and RS530A ALT A
• The WPIM-DDS provides a 56 Kbps or 64 Kbps Digital Data Service (DDS) connection. The
WPIM-DDS supports remote CSU diagnostic, or 64 Kbps clear channel loopback and
non-latching remote DSU diagnostic loopback.
• The WPIM-E1 provides an E1 interface through a front panel RJ45 port and includes a built-in
CSU/DSU for direct connection to an E1 line. The WPIM-E1 provides both Full E1(32 time
slots) or Fractional E1 (less than 32 time slots) using 56Kbps, or 64 Kbps per time slot with a
total throughput of up to 2.048 Mbps.
• The WPIM-DI provides a T1 interface through a front panel RJ45 port and includes a built-in
CSU/DSU for direct connection to a T1 line. The WPIM-DI provides both Full T1 (24 time
slots) or Fractional T1 (less than 24 time slots) using 56Kbps-, or 64 Kbps per time slot. The
WPIM-D1 also provides a second Drop-and-Insert interface, which allows more than one
device, such as a PBX, to share a single T1 connection.
•The WPIM-S/T provides an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 128 Kbps Basic Rate
Interface for the CSX200. An NT-1 adapter is necessary for this interface in the United States.
•The WPIM-HDSL provides a 1.544 Mbps connection for: users in a campus environment, or
for access to local subscriber loops. The WPIM-HDSL uses existing telephone lines between
floors,buildings, orotherphysicalstructures.HDSL supports line lengths of up to 3, 657 meters
(12,000 feet) over 24 AWG Unshielded Twisted Pair cabling.
Ethernet LAN Connection
The CSX200 provides 10 Mbps Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 support through twelve (11 if Call Backup is
enabled) 8-pin RJ45 10BASE-T ports on the front of the unit (see Figure 2-1).
Repeater Functionality — The CSX200 fully conforms to the IEEE 802.3 Repeater, AUI, and
10BASE-T specifications, and provides the flexibility to connect networks using IEEE 802.3,
Ethernet Version 1 or Version 2 equipment. The CSX200 transmits retimed data packets,
regenerates the preamble, extends fragments, and arbitrates collisions. The CSX200 automatically
partitions problem segments, and reconnects repaired segments to the network. This feature
minimizes the impact on network operation resulting from a problem on one segment by isolating
the problem segment. Only devices on the problem segment are affected. When the problem is
solved, the CSX200 automatically reconnects the isolated segment to the network.

Remote Management Capabilities
CSX200 Installation Guide 2-3
Polarity Detection and Correction — Each twisted pair port on the CSX200 incorporates a
Polarity Detection and Correction feature that allows the CSX200 to pass data regardless of the
polarity of the twisted pair segment’s receive link. We do not recommend operating in this
condition. When this condition is detected, remove the segment from the network and wire it
correctly to reduce the potential for problems if equipment changes are made.
Flash EEPROMs — The CSX200 uses a Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory (EEPROM) that allows the downloading of new and updated firmware in conjunction
with QuickSET or any device utilizing BootP or TFTP protocols.
LANVIEW LEDs — LANVIEW Status Monitoring and Diagnostics System is a troubleshooting
tool that helps in diagnosing power failures, collisions, cable faults, and link problems. The
LANVIEW LEDs are conveniently located on the CSX200 front panel.
RESET Button — The front panel RESET button reboots the CSX200 and initializes the
processor. The RESET button is also used (with the mode switches) to clear NVRAM.
Remote Management Capabilities
The CSX200 can be managed remotely with any SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
compliant network management system.
Optional Features
Rack Mounting Capabilities — The CSX200 can be installed in a 19-inch rack with an
accessory package that includes the rackmount brackets, a strain-relief bracket for cable
management, and mounting screws. See Chapter 4, Installation, for complete rack mounting
instructions.
Hardware Data Compression Module — The same industry standard STAC Electronics
Stacker LZS Compression algorithm supported by CSX200 software is made available by an
optional hardware data compression module that accelerates data compression for the CSX200
over PPP and Frame Relay. Depending on the packet type and size, hardware data compression
provides a minimum of 2:1 data compression, giving (effectively) 3 Mbps throughput on a T-1
WPIM interface. To use the hardware data compression module, compatible equipment (that
conforms to the applicable standards), must be in use at both ends of the WAN link. When the
hardware data compression module is installed on the board, it automatically assumes the
compression task from software. There is no configuration necessary to prioritize hardware over
software compression.

Chapter 2: About the CSX200
2-4 CSX200 Installation Guide
CSX200 Firmware Support
The CSX200 firmware supports IEEE 802.1d bridging, and IP and IPX routing,. Wide Area
Networking includes Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP),and Frame Relay. Remote access is via Full
or Fractional T1, E1, Synchronous, Digital Data Service, ISDN, or HDSL connections.
This device supports industry-standard protocols, security features, compression algorithms and
network management tools to ensure interoperability with equipment from other vendors.
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
The CSX200 provides a standard 802.3 MediaAccess Control (MAC) layer for Ethernet
communications. All bridging and routing protocols are supported across the Ethernet link.
WAN Protocols
This device supports the following WAN protocols over the WAN port:
•Point-to-Point Compression Control Protocol (CCP) as defined by RFC 1962
•Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) as defined by RFC 1541
•Network Address Translation (NAT) routing as defined by RFC 1631
•Point-to-Point Protocol (LCP) as defined by RFC 1661
•Point-to-Point Protocol (BNCP) as defined by RFC 1638
•Point-to-Point Protocol (IPCP) as defined by RFC 1332
•Point-to-Point Protocol (IPXCP) as defined by RFC 1552
•Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(CHAP) under PPP as defined by RFC 1994
•Point-to-Point Protocol Link Quality Monitoring (LQM) as defined by RFC 1333
•Point-to-Point Protocol Multilink Protocol (MP) as defined by RFC 1717
•Frame Relay Link Management Interface (LMI) as defined byANSI T1.617Annex D and ITU
Q.933 Annex A
•Frame Relay Data Encapsulation as defined by RFC 1490
•Frame Relay Data Compression Protocol (DCP) as defined by FRF.9

CSX200 Firmware Support
CSX200 Installation Guide 2-5
Firmware Data Compression
The STAC Electronics Stacker LZS Compression algorithm provides a minimum of 2:1 firmware
data compression for the CSX200 over PPP and Frame Relay. Firmware data compression is
supported in software on each WAN interface for line speeds of up to 256 Kbps per WPIM, which
is equivalent to four DS0 channels. To use data compression, compatible equipment (which
conforms to the applicable standards), must be in use at both ends of the WAN link. This method
of data compression is used as the default, if the hardware compression module is not installed.
HDLC
High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol is used in conjunction with the WPIM-HDSL to
conserve WAN bandwidth between two compatible devices, over a point-to-point connection. The
HDLC (RAW) protocol reduces the amount of overhead information that needs to be contained
within each data packet to direct it to its destination. This decreased packet overhead provides
more available bandwidth to transfer data.
DHCP and NAT
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Network Address Translation (NAT)
schemes eliminate the expense of purchasing limited public IP addresses for each client on a local
network, and the need to re-configure a client if it is moved to a different network.
The CSX200 acts as a DHCP server that lets individual clients (PCs, network equipment) take
turns using a range of private IP addresses (often referred to as local IP addresses), and provides
optional secondary setup features for these clients on a per-port basis.A private or “local” network
is referred to as a sub network that is using private or “local” IP addresses. An “outside” network
refers to a Wide Area Network (WAN) commonly known as an Internet. An Intranet is an
“Internet” in use on a facility or campus where registered public IP addresses are required.
The CSX200 distributes these addresses on a first-come-first-served basis, dynamically assigning a
local IP address to an individual client (from 253 available addresses). This local IP address is then
“leased” for a predetermined amount of time, configured for a particular port. Each Ethernet port
provides DHCP services for one Class C subnet and secondary setup features for individual clients
that support the use of a default gateway, domain name and WINs server. On the Wide Area
Network (WAN) side, the Network Address Translation (NAT) routing scheme lets clients with
local IP addresses use the public IP address(es) of the CSX200 WAN interface(s) to access the
WAN.
NAT lets several DHCP clients on a sub network connect to WAN clients by letting the DHCP
clients share a single public IP address. The NAT scheme modifies the IP headers and addresses,
and the selected fields in upper layer protocol headers.

Chapter 2: About the CSX200
2-6 CSX200 Installation Guide
This is done to replace the hidden local IP addresses from the sub network with one or more public
InterNic assigned IP addresses that can be sent over the outside network on the WAN interfaces.
Once the CSX200 is assigned at least one public IP address, over 250 IP clients can share this
address simultaneously using NAT. This public IP address is assigned statically by the Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
Frame Relay Protocol
Frame Relay can be defined as a “packet mode” service, organizing data into individually
addressed units known as “frames”. Frame Relay eliminates Layer 3 processing. Only a few
Layer 2 functions are used, such as checking for a valid, error free frame, but not requesting
retransmission if an error is found. Frame Relay uses a variable length framing structure, which,
depending on user data, can range from a few to more than a thousand characters.
A Frame Relay Network will often be depicted as a cloud, because the Frame Relay Network is
not a single physical connection between one endpoint and another. Frame Relay Protocol is based
on the concept of “virtual circuits” (VCs). VCs are two-way, software defined data paths between
two ports that take the place of private lines in the network. There are two types of Frame Relay
connections; Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs), and Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs).
Permanent Virtual Circuits, or PVCs, are set up via a network management system, and initially
defined as a connection between two sites, or endpoints. PVCs may be added as the demand arises
for more bandwidth, alternate routing, or more sites, or endpoints. PVCs are fixed paths, not
available on demand, or on a call-by-call basis. Although the actual path through the network may
change from time to time, such as when automatic rerouting takes place, the beginning and end of
the circuit will not change.
Switched Virtual Circuits, or SVCs, are available on a call-by-call basis using the SVC signaling
protocol (Q.933). The network must quickly establish the connection, and allocate bandwidth
based on the user’s request.
In a Frame Relay frame, user data packets are not changed in any way. A two-byte header is
appended to the frame. Contained in this header is a 10-bit number called the Data Link
Connection Identifier (DLCI). The DLCI is the “virtual circuit” number which corresponds to a
particular destination. The DLCI allows data coming into a Frame Relay switch to be sent across
the network using a three-step process: check the integrity of the frame and discard it if it is in
error, look up the DLCI in a table and if not intended for this link, discard the frame. If the frame
passes the previous tests, relay the frame toward its destination out the port specified in the table. If
the frame passes the previous tests, relay the frame toward its destination out the port specified in
the table.