Campbell CR1000 User manual

OPERATOR'S MANUAL
CR1000 Measurement and
Control System
Preliminary for OS v.28: 4/13/15
Want to get going? Go to the Quickstart
(p. 41)
section. Want
to see notes pertaining to this preliminary manual release?
Go to Release Notes (p. 34).
Copyright © 2000 – 2015
Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Warranty
The CR1000 Measurement and Control Datalogger is warranted for three (3)
years subject to this limited warranty:
Limited Warranty: Products manufactured by CSI are warranted by CSI to be free
from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for
twelve months from the date of shipment unless otherwise specified in the
corresponding product manual. (Product manuals are available for review online
at www.campbellsci.com.) Products not manufactured by CSI, but that are resold
by CSI, are warranted only to the limits extended by the original manufacturer.
Batteries, fine-wire thermocouples, desiccant, and other consumables have no
warranty. CSI's obligation under this warranty is limited to repairing or replacing
(at CSI's option) defective Products, which shall be the sole and exclusive remedy
under this warranty. The Customer assumes all costs of removing, reinstalling,
and shipping defective Products to CSI. CSI will return such Products by surface
carrier prepaid within the continental United States of America. To all other
locations, CSI will return such Products best way CIP (port of entry) per
Incoterms ® 2010. This warranty shall not apply to any Products which have been
subjected to modification, misuse, neglect, improper service, accidents of nature,
or shipping damage. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or
implied. The warranty for installation services performed by CSI such as
programming to customer specifications, electrical connections to Products
manufactured by CSI, and Product specific training, is part of CSI's product
warranty. CSI EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS AND EXCLUDES ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. CSI hereby disclaims, to the fullest extent allowed by
applicable law, any and all warranties and conditions with respect to the Products,
whether express, implied or statutory, other than those expressly provided herein.
3

Assistance
Products may not be returned without prior authorization. The following contact
information is for US and International customers residing in countries served by
Campbell Scientific, Inc. directly. Affiliate companies handle repairs for
customers within their territories. Please visit www.campbellsci.com to determine
which Campbell Scientific company serves your country.
To obtain a Returned Materials Authorization (RMA), contact CAMPBELL
SCIENTIFIC, INC., phone [phone]. After an application engineer
determines the nature of the problem, an RMA number will be issued. Please
write this number clearly on the outside of the shipping container. Campbell
Scientific's shipping address is:
CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC.
RMA#_____
815 West 1800 North
Logan, Utah 84321-1784
For all returns, the customer must fill out a "Statement of Product Cleanliness and
Decontamination" form and comply with the requirements specified in it. The
form is available from our web site at www.campbellsci.com/repair. A completed
form must be either emailed to [e-mail] or faxed to 435-227-
9579. Campbell Scientific is unable to process any returns until we receive this
form. If the form is not received within three days of product receipt or is
incomplete, the product will be returned to the customer at the customer's
expense. Campbell Scientific reserves the right to refuse service on products that
were exposed to contaminants that may cause health or safety concerns for our
employees.
5

Precautions
DANGER — MANY HAZARDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INSTALLING,
USING, MAINTAINING, AND WORKING ON OR AROUND TRIPODS,
TOWERS, AND ANY ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS SUCH
AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC. FAILURE
TO PROPERLY AND COMPLETELY ASSEMBLE, INSTALL, OPERATE,
USE, AND MAINTAIN TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ATTACHMENTS, AND
FAILURE TO HEED WARNINGS, INCREASES THE RISK OF DEATH,
ACCIDENT, SERIOUS INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE, AND PRODUCT
FAILURE. TAKE ALL REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID THESE
HAZARDS. CHECK WITH YOUR ORGANIZATION'S SAFETY
COORDINATOR (OR POLICY) FOR PROCEDURES AND REQUIRED
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PRIOR TO PERFORMING ANY WORK.
Use tripods, towers, and attachments to tripods and towers only for purposes for
which they are designed. Do not exceed design limits. Be familiar and comply
with all instructions provided in product manuals. Manuals are available at
www.campbellsci.com or by telephoning 435-227-9000 (USA). You are
responsible for conformance with governing codes and regulations, including
safety regulations, and the integrity and location of structures or land to which
towers, tripods, and any attachments are attached. Installation sites should be
evaluated and approved by a qualified engineer. If questions or concerns arise
regarding installation, use, or maintenance of tripods, towers, attachments, or
electrical connections, consult with a licensed and qualified engineer or
electrician.
General
•Prior to performing site or installation work, obtain required approvals and
permits. Comply with all governing structure-height regulations, such as
those of the FAA in the USA.
•Use only qualified personnel for installation, use, and maintenance of tripods
and towers, and any attachments to tripods and towers. The use of licensed
and qualified contractors is highly recommended.
•Read all applicable instructions carefully and understand procedures
thoroughly before beginning work.
•Wear a hardhat and eye protection, and take other appropriate safety
precautions while working on or around tripods and towers.
•Do not climb tripods or towers at any time, and prohibit climbing by other
persons. Take reasonable precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from
trespassers.
•Use only manufacturer recommended parts, materials, and tools.
Utility and Electrical
•You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury if the tripod, tower, or
attachments you are installing, constructing, using, or maintaining, or a tool,
stake, or anchor, come in contact with overhead or underground utility lines.
•Maintain a distance of at least one-and-one-half times structure height, or 20
feet, or the distance required by applicable law, whichever is greater, between
overhead utility lines and the structure (tripod, tower, attachments, or tools).
7

•Prior to performing site or installation work, inform all utility companies and
have all underground utilities marked.
•Comply with all electrical codes. Electrical equipment and related grounding
devices should be installed by a licensed and qualified electrician.
Elevated Work and Weather
•Exercise extreme caution when performing elevated work.
•Use appropriate equipment and safety practices.
•During installation and maintenance, keep tower and tripod sites clear of un-
trained or non-essential personnel. Take precautions to prevent elevated tools
and objects from dropping.
•Do not perform any work in inclement weather, including wind, rain, snow,
lightning, etc.
Maintenance
•Periodically (at least yearly) check for wear and damage, including corrosion,
stress cracks, frayed cables, loose cable clamps, cable tightness, etc. and take
necessary corrective actions.
•Periodically (at least yearly) check electrical ground connections.
WHILE EVERY ATTEMPT IS MADE TO EMBODY THE HIGHEST
DEGREE OF SAFETY IN ALL CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTS, THE
CUSTOMER ASSUMES ALL RISK FROM ANY INJURY RESULTING
FROM IMPROPER INSTALLATION, USE, OR MAINTENANCE OF
TRIPODS, TOWERS, OR ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS
SUCH AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC.
8

Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................33
1.1 HELLO .................................................................................................. 33
1.2 Typography ............................................................................................ 33
1.3 Capturing CRBasic Code ....................................................................... 34
2. Cautionary Statements..............................................37
3. Initial Inspection ........................................................39
4. System Quickstart .....................................................41
4.1 Data-Acquisition Systems — Quickstart ............................................... 41
4.2 Sensors — Quickstart............................................................................ 42
4.3 Datalogger — Quickstart ....................................................................... 43
4.3.1.1 Wiring Panel — Quickstart................................................. 43
4.4 Power Supplies — Quickstart ................................................................ 44
4.4.1 Internal Battery — Quickstart ...................................................... 45
4.5 Data Retrieval and Telecommunications — Quickstart........................ 45
4.6 Datalogger Support Software — Quickstart........................................... 46
4.7 Tutorial: Measuring a Thermocouple..................................................... 46
4.7.1 What You Will Need .................................................................... 46
4.7.2 Hardware Setup ............................................................................ 47
4.7.2.1 External Power Supply........................................................ 47
4.7.3 PC200W Software Setup .............................................................. 48
4.7.4 Write CRBasic Program with Short Cut....................................... 50
4.7.4.1 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 1 to 5)..................................... 50
4.7.4.2 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 6 to 7)..................................... 51
4.7.4.3 Procedure: (Short Cut Step 8) ............................................. 52
4.7.4.4 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 9 to 12)................................... 53
4.7.4.5 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 13 to 14)................................. 54
4.7.5 Send Program and Collect Data.................................................... 55
4.7.5.1 Procedure: (PC200W Step 1).............................................. 55
4.7.5.2 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 2 to 4) ..................................... 55
4.7.5.3 Procedure: (PC200W Step 5).............................................. 56
4.7.5.4 Procedure: (PC200W Step 6).............................................. 57
4.7.5.5 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 7 to 10) ................................... 58
4.7.5.6 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 11 to 12) ................................. 59
4.7.5.7 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 13 to 14) ................................. 59
5. System Overview .......................................................61
5.1 Measurements — Overview................................................................... 62
5.1.1 Time Keeping — Overview.......................................................... 63
5.1.2 Analog Measurements — Overview............................................. 63
5.1.2.1 Voltage Measurements — Overview .................................. 63
5.1.2.1.1 Single-Ended Measurements — Overview................ 65
5.1.2.1.2 Differential Measurements — Overview................... 66
5.1.2.2 Current Measurements — Overview................................... 66
5.1.2.3 Resistance Measurements — Overview.............................. 67
5.1.2.3.1 Voltage Excitation..................................................... 67
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Table of Contents
5.1.2.4 Strain Measurements — Overview ..................................... 68
5.1.3 Pulse Measurements — Overview................................................ 68
5.1.3.1 Pulses Measured.................................................................. 69
5.1.3.2 Pulse-Input Channels .......................................................... 69
5.1.3.3 Pulse Sensor Wiring............................................................ 70
5.1.4 Period Averaging — Overview .................................................... 70
5.1.5 Vibrating-Wire Measurements — Overview................................ 71
5.1.6 Reading Smart Sensors — Overview ........................................... 71
5.1.6.1 SDI-12 Sensor Support — Overview.................................. 72
5.1.6.2 RS-232 — Overview........................................................... 72
5.1.7 Field Calibration — Overview ..................................................... 73
5.1.8 Cabling Effects — Overview........................................................ 74
5.1.9 Synchronizing Measurements — Overview ................................. 74
5.2 PLC Control — Overview...................................................................... 74
5.3 Datalogger — Overview ........................................................................ 75
5.3.1 Time Keeping — Overview.......................................................... 75
5.3.2 Wiring Panel — Overview ........................................................... 76
5.3.2.1 Switched Voltage Output — Overview............................... 78
5.3.2.2 Voltage Excitation — Overview ....................................... 79
5.3.2.3 Grounding Terminals .......................................................... 80
5.3.2.4 Power Terminals ................................................................. 80
5.3.2.4.1 Power In..................................................................... 80
5.3.2.4.2 Power Out Terminals................................................. 80
5.3.2.5 Communication Ports.......................................................... 81
5.3.2.5.1 CS I/O Port ................................................................ 81
5.3.2.5.2 RS-232 Ports.............................................................. 82
5.3.2.5.3 Peripheral Port ........................................................... 82
5.3.2.5.4 SDI-12 Ports .............................................................. 82
5.3.2.5.5 SDM Port................................................................... 82
5.3.2.5.6 CPI Port ..................................................................... 82
5.3.2.5.7 Ethernet Port.............................................................. 83
5.3.3 Keyboard Display — Overview ................................................... 83
5.3.3.1 Character Set ....................................................................... 83
5.3.3.2 Custom Menus — Overview............................................... 84
5.3.4 Measurement and Control Peripherals — Overview .................... 85
5.3.5 Power Supplies — Overview........................................................ 85
5.3.6 CR1000 Configuration — Overview ............................................ 86
5.3.7 CRBasic Programming — Overview............................................ 86
5.3.8 Memory — Overview................................................................... 87
5.3.9 Data Retrieval and Telecommunications — Overview ................ 88
5.3.9.1 PakBus® Communications — Overview............................ 88
5.3.9.2 Telecommunications ........................................................... 89
5.3.9.3 Mass-Storage Device .......................................................... 89
5.3.9.4 Memory Card (CRD: Drive) — Overview.......................... 89
5.3.9.5 Data-File Formats in CR1000 Memory............................... 90
5.3.9.6 Data Format on Computer................................................... 90
5.3.10 Alternate Telecommunications — Overview ............................. 90
5.3.10.1 Modbus.............................................................................. 91
5.3.10.2 DNP3 — Overview ........................................................... 91
5.3.10.3 TCP/IP — Overview ......................................................... 91
5.3.11 Security — Overview ................................................................. 92
5.3.12 Maintenance — Overview.......................................................... 93
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Table of Contents
5.3.12.1 Protection from Moisture — Overview ............................ 93
5.3.12.2 Protection from Voltage Transients .................................. 94
5.3.12.3 Factory Calibration ........................................................... 94
5.3.12.4 Internal Battery — Details ................................................ 94
5.4 Datalogger Support Software — Overview ........................................... 95
6. Specifications ............................................................97
7. Installation..................................................................99
7.1 Protection from Moisture — Details...................................................... 99
7.2 Temperature Range ................................................................................ 99
7.3 Enclosures .............................................................................................. 99
7.4 Power Supplies — Details ................................................................... 100
7.4.1 CR1000 Power Requirement ...................................................... 101
7.4.2 Calculating Power Consumption ................................................ 101
7.4.3 Power Sources ............................................................................ 101
7.4.3.1 Vehicle Power Connections .............................................. 102
7.4.4 Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)......................................... 102
7.4.5 External Power Supply Installation ............................................ 103
7.5 Switched Voltage Output — Details.................................................... 103
7.5.1 Switched-Voltage Excitation...................................................... 104
7.5.2 Continuous Regulated (5V Terminal)......................................... 104
7.5.3 Continuous Unregulated Voltage (12V Terminal) ..................... 104
7.5.4 Switched Unregulated Voltage (SW12 Terminal)...................... 105
7.6 Grounding ............................................................................................ 105
7.6.1 ESD Protection ........................................................................... 105
7.6.1.1 Lightning Protection ......................................................... 107
7.6.2 Single-Ended Measurement Reference....................................... 108
7.6.3 Ground-Potential Differences..................................................... 109
7.6.3.1 Soil Temperature Thermocouple....................................... 109
7.6.3.2 External Signal Conditioner.............................................. 109
7.6.4 Ground Looping in Ionic Measurements .................................... 109
7.7 CR1000 Configuration — Details........................................................ 111
7.7.1 Configuration Tools.................................................................... 111
7.7.1.1 Configuration with DevConfig ......................................... 111
7.7.1.2 Network Planner ............................................................... 112
7.7.1.2.1 Overview ................................................................. 113
7.7.1.2.2 Basics ...................................................................... 114
7.7.1.3 Configuration with Status/Settings/DTI............................ 114
7.7.1.4 Configuration with Executable CPU: Files....................... 115
7.7.1.4.1 Default.cr1 File........................................................ 116
7.7.1.4.2 Executable File Run Priorities................................. 116
7.7.2 CR1000 Configuration — Details .............................................. 117
7.7.2.1 Updating the Operating System (OS)................................ 117
7.7.2.1.1 OS Update with DevConfig Send OS Tab............... 118
7.7.2.1.2 OS Update with DevConfig..................................... 119
7.7.2.1.3 OS Update with DevConfig..................................... 119
7.7.2.1.4 OS Update with DevConfig..................................... 121
7.7.2.2 Restoring Factory Defaults ............................................... 122
7.7.2.3 Saving and Restoring Configurations ............................... 122
7.8 CRBasic Programming — Details ....................................................... 122
7.8.1 Program Structure....................................................................... 123
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Table of Contents
7.8.2 Writing and Editing Programs .................................................... 125
7.8.2.1 Short Cut Programming Wizard........................................ 125
7.8.2.2 CRBasic Editor ................................................................. 125
7.8.2.2.1 Inserting Comments into Program........................... 126
7.8.2.2.2 Conserving Program Memory ................................. 126
7.8.3 Sending CRBasic Programs........................................................ 126
7.8.3.1 Preserving Data at Program Send...................................... 127
7.8.4 Programming Syntax .................................................................. 128
7.8.4.1 Program Statements .......................................................... 128
7.8.4.1.1 Multiple Statements on One Line ............................ 128
7.8.4.1.2 One Statement on Multiple Lines ............................ 128
7.8.4.2 Single-Statement Declarations .......................................... 129
7.8.4.3 Declaring Variables........................................................... 129
7.8.4.3.1 Declaring Data Types .............................................. 130
7.8.4.3.2 Dimensioning Numeric Variables ........................... 134
7.8.4.3.3 Dimensioning String Variables................................ 134
7.8.4.3.4 Declaring Flag Variables ......................................... 135
7.8.4.4 Declaring Arrays ............................................................... 135
7.8.4.5 Declaring Local and Global Variables .............................. 136
7.8.4.6 Initializing Variables......................................................... 137
7.8.4.7 Declaring Constants .......................................................... 137
7.8.4.7.1 Predefined Constants ............................................... 138
7.8.4.8 Declaring Aliases and Units.............................................. 138
7.8.4.9 Numerical Formats............................................................ 139
7.8.4.10 Multi-Statement Declarations ......................................... 140
7.8.4.10.1 Declaring Data Tables ........................................... 140
7.8.4.10.2 Declaring Subroutines ........................................... 147
7.8.4.10.3 'Include' File .......................................................... 147
7.8.4.10.4 Declaring Subroutines ........................................... 150
7.8.4.10.5 Declaring Incidental Sequences............................. 150
7.8.4.11 Execution and Task Priority............................................ 151
7.8.4.11.1 Pipeline Mode........................................................ 152
7.8.4.11.2 Sequential Mode .................................................... 153
7.8.4.12 Execution Timing............................................................ 154
7.8.4.12.1 Scan() / NextScan .................................................. 154
7.8.4.12.2 SlowSequence / EndSequence............................... 155
7.8.4.12.3 SubScan() / NextSubScan...................................... 156
7.8.4.12.4 Scan Priorities in Sequential Mode........................ 156
7.8.4.13 Programming Instructions............................................... 158
7.8.4.13.1 Measurement and Data-Storage Processing........... 158
7.8.4.13.2 Argument Types .................................................... 159
7.8.4.13.3 Names in Arguments ............................................. 159
7.8.4.14 Expressions in Arguments............................................... 160
7.8.4.15 Programming Expression Types ..................................... 160
7.8.4.15.1 Floating-Point Arithmetic...................................... 161
7.8.4.15.2 Mathematical Operations....................................... 161
7.8.4.15.3 Expressions with Numeric Data Types.................. 162
7.8.4.15.4 Logical Expressions............................................... 164
7.8.4.15.5 String Expressions ................................................. 166
7.8.4.16 Programming Access to Data Tables .............................. 167
7.8.4.17 Programming to Use Signatures...................................... 169
7.9 Programming Resource Library ........................................................... 169
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Table of Contents
7.9.1 Advanced Programming Techniques.......................................... 169
7.9.1.1 Capturing Events............................................................... 169
7.9.1.2 Conditional Output............................................................ 170
7.9.1.3 Groundwater Pump Test ................................................... 171
7.9.1.4 Miscellaneous Features ..................................................... 174
7.9.1.5 PulseCountReset Instruction ............................................. 177
7.9.1.6 Scaling Array .................................................................... 177
7.9.1.7 Signatures: Example Programs ......................................... 178
7.9.1.7.1 Text Signature ......................................................... 178
7.9.1.7.2 Binary Runtime Signature ....................................... 178
7.9.1.7.3 Executable Code Signatures .................................... 178
7.9.1.8 Use of Multiple Scans ....................................................... 179
7.9.2 Compiling: Conditional Code..................................................... 180
7.9.3 Displaying Data: Custom Menus — Details............................... 182
7.9.4 Data Input: Loading Large Data Sets ......................................... 188
7.9.5 Data Input: Array-Assigned Expression..................................... 188
7.9.6 Data Output: Calculating Running Average............................... 192
7.9.7 Data Output: Triggers and Omitting Samples ............................ 195
7.9.8 Data Output: Two Intervals in One Data Table.......................... 197
7.9.9 Data Output: Using Data Type Bool8......................................... 198
7.9.10 Data Output: Using Data Type NSEC ...................................... 202
7.9.10.1 NSEC Options................................................................. 202
7.9.11 Data Output: Writing High-Frequency Data to Memory
Cards ............................................................................................. 205
7.9.11.1 TableFile() with Option 64.............................................. 206
7.9.11.2 TableFile() with Option 64 Replaces CardOut()............. 206
7.9.11.3 TableFile() with Option 64 Programming....................... 207
7.9.11.4 Converting TOB3 Files with CardConvert ..................... 207
7.9.11.5 TableFile() with Option 64 Q & A.................................. 208
7.9.12 Field Calibration — Details...................................................... 210
7.9.12.1 Field Calibration CAL Files............................................ 210
7.9.12.2 Field Calibration Programming....................................... 211
7.9.12.3 Field Calibration Wizard Overview ................................ 211
7.9.12.4 Field Calibration Numeric Monitor Procedures.............. 211
7.9.12.4.1 One-Point Calibrations (Zero or Offset)................ 212
7.9.12.4.2 Two-Point Calibrations (gain and offset) .............. 213
7.9.12.4.3 Zero Basis Point Calibration.................................. 213
7.9.12.5 Field Calibration Examples............................................. 213
7.9.12.5.1 FieldCal() Zero or Tare (Opt 0) Example.............. 214
7.9.12.5.2 FieldCal() Offset (Opt 1) Example........................ 216
7.9.12.5.3 FieldCal() Slope and Offset (Opt 2) Example ....... 218
7.9.12.5.4 FieldCal() Slope (Opt 3) Example......................... 220
7.9.12.5.5 FieldCal() Zero Basis (Opt 4) Example -- 8 10
30 223
7.9.12.6 Field Calibration Strain Examples .................................. 223
7.9.12.6.1 Field Calibration Strain Examples......................... 223
7.9.12.6.2 Field Calibration Strain Examples......................... 224
7.9.12.6.3 FieldCalStrain() Quarter-Bridge Shunt Example... 226
7.9.12.6.4 FieldCalStrain() Quarter-Bridge Zero ................... 227
7.9.13 Measurement: Excite, Delay, Measure..................................... 228
7.9.14 Measurement: Faster Analog Rates .......................................... 229
7.9.14.1 Measurements from 1 to 100 Hz..................................... 230
7.9.14.2 Measurement Rate: 101 to 600 Hz.................................. 231
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Table of Contents
7.9.14.2.1 Measurements from 101 to 600 Hz 2..................... 232
7.9.14.3 Measurement Rate: 601 to 2000 Hz................................ 233
7.9.15 Measurement: PRT ................................................................... 234
7.9.15.1 Measuring PT100s (100 Ω PRTs)................................... 235
7.9.15.1.1 Self-Heating and Resolution.................................. 235
7.9.15.1.2 PRT Calculation Standards.................................... 235
7.9.15.2 PT100 in Four-Wire Half-Bridge.................................... 238
7.9.15.2.1 Calculating the Excitation Voltage ........................ 239
7.9.15.2.2 Calculating the BrHalf4W() Multiplier ................. 239
7.9.15.2.3 Choosing Rf........................................................... 240
7.9.15.3 PT100 in Three-Wire Half Bridge................................... 241
7.9.15.4 PT100 in Four-Wire Full-Bridge..................................... 242
7.9.16 PLC Control — Details............................................................. 244
7.9.17 Serial I/O: Capturing Serial Data.............................................. 245
7.9.17.1 Introduction..................................................................... 245
7.9.17.2 I/O Ports .......................................................................... 246
7.9.17.3 Protocols.......................................................................... 247
7.9.17.4 Glossary of Serial I/O Terms .......................................... 247
7.9.17.5 Serial I/O CRBasic Programming ................................... 249
7.9.17.5.1 Serial I/O Programming Basics ............................. 250
7.9.17.5.2 Serial I/O Input Programming Basics.................... 251
7.9.17.5.3 Serial I/O Output Programming Basics ................. 252
7.9.17.5.4 Serial I/O Translating Bytes .................................. 253
7.9.17.5.5 Serial I/O Memory Considerations ........................ 253
7.9.17.5.6 Demonstration Program......................................... 254
7.9.17.6 Serial I/O Application Testing ........................................ 256
7.9.17.6.1 Configure HyperTerminal ..................................... 256
7.9.17.6.2 Create Send-Text File............................................ 258
7.9.17.6.3 Create Text-Capture File ....................................... 258
7.9.17.6.4 Serial I/O Example II............................................. 259
7.9.17.7 Serial I/O Q & A ............................................................. 264
7.9.18 Serial I/O: SDI-12 Sensor Support — Programming
Resource ........................................................................................ 267
7.9.18.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode............................................... 267
7.9.18.1.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode Commands.................. 268
7.9.18.2 SDI-12 Recorder Mode................................................... 272
7.9.18.3 SDI-12 Sensor Mode....................................................... 279
7.9.18.4 SDI-12 Power Considerations......................................... 281
7.9.19 String Operations...................................................................... 282
7.9.19.1 String Operators .............................................................. 282
7.9.19.2 String Concatenation....................................................... 283
7.9.19.3 String NULL Character................................................... 285
7.9.19.4 Inserting String Characters.............................................. 286
7.9.19.5 Extracting String Characters ........................................... 286
7.9.19.6 String Use of ASCII / ANSII Codes ............................... 287
7.9.19.7 Formatting Strings........................................................... 287
7.9.19.8 Formatting String Hexadecimal Variables ...................... 288
7.9.20 Subroutines ............................................................................... 288
7.9.21 TCP/IP — Details ..................................................................... 289
7.9.21.1 PakBus Over TCP/IP and Callback................................. 290
7.9.21.2 Default HTTP Web Server.............................................. 291
7.9.21.3 Custom HTTP Web Server ............................................. 291
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Table of Contents
7.9.21.4 FTP Server ...................................................................... 294
7.9.21.5 FTP Client....................................................................... 294
7.9.21.6 Telnet .............................................................................. 295
7.9.21.7 SNMP.............................................................................. 295
7.9.21.8 Ping (IP) .......................................................................... 295
7.9.21.9 Micro-Serial Server......................................................... 295
7.9.21.10 Modbus TCP/IP............................................................. 295
7.9.21.11 DHCP............................................................................ 295
7.9.21.12 DNS .............................................................................. 296
7.9.21.13 SMTP ............................................................................ 296
7.9.22 Wind Vector ............................................................................. 296
7.9.22.1 OutputOpt Parameters..................................................... 296
7.9.22.2 Wind Vector Processing.................................................. 297
7.9.22.2.1 Measured Raw Data .............................................. 298
7.9.22.2.2 Calculations ........................................................... 298
8. Operation..................................................................303
8.1 Measurements — Details ..................................................................... 303
8.1.1 Time Keeping — Details............................................................ 303
8.1.1.1 Time Stamps ..................................................................... 303
8.1.2 Analog Measurements — Details............................................... 305
8.1.2.1 Voltage Measurements — Details..................................... 305
8.1.2.1.1 Voltage Measurement Mechanics............................ 305
8.1.2.1.2 Voltage Measurement Limitations .......................... 308
8.1.2.1.3 Voltage Measurement Quality................................. 311
8.1.2.2 Thermocouple Measurements —- Details......................... 327
8.1.2.2.1 Thermocouple Error Analysis ................................. 327
8.1.2.2.2 Use of External Reference Junction ........................ 336
8.1.2.3 Current Measurements — Details..................................... 337
8.1.2.4 Resistance Measurements — Details ................................ 337
8.1.2.4.1 Ac Excitation........................................................... 341
8.1.2.4.2 Resistance Measurements — Accuracy................... 341
8.1.2.5 Strain Measurements — Details........................................ 342
8.1.2.6 Auto-Calibration — Details .............................................. 344
8.1.2.6.1 Auto Calibration Process......................................... 344
8.1.3 Pulse Measurements — Details.................................................. 349
8.1.3.1 Pulse Measurement Terminals .......................................... 352
8.1.3.2 Low-Level Ac Measurements — Details.......................... 352
8.1.3.3 High-Frequency Measurements ........................................ 353
8.1.3.3.1 Frequency Resolution.............................................. 353
8.1.3.3.2 Frequency Measurement Q & A.............................. 354
8.1.3.4 Switch-Closure and Open-Collector Measurements ......... 355
8.1.3.5 Edge Timing...................................................................... 355
8.1.3.6 Edge Counting .................................................................. 356
8.1.3.7 Pulse Measurement Tips ................................................... 356
8.1.3.7.1 TimerIO() NAN Conditions .................................... 359
8.1.3.7.2 Input Filters and Signal Attenuation........................ 359
8.1.4 Period Averaging — Details....................................................... 360
8.1.5 Vibrating-Wire Measurements — Details .................................. 361
8.1.5.1 Time-Domain Measurement ............................................. 362
8.1.6 Reading Smart Sensors — Details.............................................. 362
8.1.6.1 RS-232 and TTL ............................................................... 362
15

Table of Contents
8.1.6.2 SDI-12 Sensor Support — Details .................................... 363
8.1.7 Field Calibration — Overview ................................................... 363
8.1.8 Cabling Effects ........................................................................... 364
8.1.8.1 Analog-Sensor Cables....................................................... 364
8.1.8.2 Pulse Sensors..................................................................... 364
8.1.8.3 RS-232 Sensors................................................................. 364
8.1.8.4 SDI-12 Sensors ................................................................. 364
8.1.9 Synchronizing Measurements..................................................... 365
8.2 Measurement and Control Peripherals — Details ................................ 366
8.2.1 Analog-Input Modules................................................................ 366
8.2.2 Pulse-Input Modules................................................................... 367
8.2.2.1 Low-Level Ac Input Modules — Overview ..................... 367
8.2.3 Serial I/O Modules — Details .................................................... 367
8.2.4 Terminal-Input Modules............................................................. 367
8.2.5 Vibrating-Wire Modules............................................................. 367
8.2.6 Analog-Output Modules ............................................................. 367
8.2.7 PLC Control Modules — Overview ........................................... 368
8.2.7.1 Terminals Configured for Control..................................... 368
8.2.7.2 Relays and Relay Drivers.................................................. 369
8.2.7.3 Component-Built Relays................................................... 369
8.3 Memory ................................................................................................ 370
8.3.1 Storage Media............................................................................. 370
8.3.1.1 Memory Drives — On-Board ........................................... 374
8.3.1.1.1 Data Table SRAM ................................................... 374
8.3.1.1.2 CPU: Drive .............................................................. 374
8.3.1.1.3 USR: Drive .............................................................. 375
8.3.1.1.4 USB: Drive .............................................................. 375
8.3.1.2 Memory Card (CRD: Drive) — Details............................ 376
8.3.2 Data-File Formats ....................................................................... 377
8.3.3 Resetting the CR1000................................................................. 381
8.3.3.1 Full Memory Reset............................................................ 381
8.3.3.2 Program Send Reset .......................................................... 381
8.3.3.3 Manual Data-Table Reset.................................................. 382
8.3.3.4 Formatting Drives ............................................................. 382
8.3.4 File Management ........................................................................ 382
8.3.4.1 File Attributes ................................................................... 383
8.3.4.2 Files Manager.................................................................... 384
8.3.4.3 Data Preservation .............................................................. 385
8.3.4.4 Powerup.ini File — Details............................................... 386
8.3.4.4.1 Creating and Editing Powerup.ini............................ 387
8.3.4.5 File Management Q & A................................................... 389
8.3.5 File Names.................................................................................. 389
8.3.6 File-System Errors...................................................................... 389
8.3.7 Memory Q & A........................................................................... 391
8.4 Data Retrieval and Telecommunications — Details ............................ 391
8.4.1 Protocols ..................................................................................... 392
8.4.2 Conserving Bandwidth ............................................................... 392
8.4.3 Initiating Telecommunications (Callback).................................. 392
8.5 PakBus® Communications — Details ................................................. 393
8.5.1 PakBus Addresses....................................................................... 393
8.5.2 Nodes: Leaf Nodes and Routers ................................................. 394
8.5.2.1 Router and Leaf-Node Configuration................................ 394
16

Table of Contents
8.5.3 Linking PakBus Nodes: Neighbor Discovery............................. 395
8.5.3.1 Hello-Message .................................................................. 396
8.5.3.2 Beacon............................................................................... 396
8.5.3.3 Hello-Request ................................................................... 396
8.5.3.4 Neighbor Lists................................................................... 396
8.5.3.5 Adjusting Links................................................................. 396
8.5.3.6 Maintaining Links............................................................. 397
8.5.4 PakBus Troubleshooting............................................................. 397
8.5.4.1 Link Integrity .................................................................... 397
8.5.4.1.1 Automatic Packet-Size Adjustment......................... 397
8.5.4.2 Ping (PakBus) ................................................................... 398
8.5.4.3 Traffic Flow ...................................................................... 398
8.5.5 LoggerNet Network-Map Configuration .................................... 398
8.5.6 PakBus LAN Example................................................................ 400
8.5.6.1 LAN Wiring...................................................................... 400
8.5.6.2 LAN Setup ........................................................................ 401
8.5.6.3 LoggerNet Setup ............................................................... 403
8.5.7 Route Filters ............................................................................... 405
8.5.8 PakBusRoutes............................................................................. 405
8.5.9 Neighbors ................................................................................... 406
8.5.10 PakBus Encryption ................................................................... 406
8.6 Alternate Telecommunications — Details ........................................... 407
8.6.1 DNP3 — Details......................................................................... 408
8.6.1.1 DNP3 Introduction............................................................ 408
8.6.1.2 Programming for DNP3.................................................... 408
8.6.1.2.1 Declarations (DNP3 Programming) ........................ 408
8.6.1.2.2 CRBasic Instructions (DNP3) ................................. 409
8.6.1.2.3 Programming for DNP3 Data Acquisition............... 410
8.6.2 Modbus — Details...................................................................... 411
8.6.2.1 Modbus Terminology........................................................ 412
8.6.2.1.1 Glossary of Modbus Terms ..................................... 412
8.6.2.2 Programming for Modbus................................................. 413
8.6.2.2.1 Declarations (Modbus Programming) ..................... 413
8.6.2.2.2 CRBasic Instructions (Modbus) .............................. 414
8.6.2.2.3 Addressing (ModbusAddr)...................................... 414
8.6.2.2.4 Supported Modbus Function Codes......................... 415
8.6.2.2.5 Reading Inverse-Format Modbus Registers ............ 415
8.6.2.3 Troubleshooting (Modbus)................................................ 415
8.6.2.4 Modbus over IP................................................................. 416
8.6.2.5 Modbus Q and A............................................................... 416
8.6.2.6 Converting Modbus 16-Bit to 32-Bit Longs ..................... 416
8.6.3 TCP/IP — Details....................................................................... 417
8.6.3.1 PakBus Over TCP/IP and Callback................................... 418
8.6.3.2 Default HTTP Web Server................................................ 418
8.6.3.3 Custom HTTP Web Server ............................................... 419
8.6.3.4 FTP Server ........................................................................ 422
8.6.3.5 FTP Client......................................................................... 422
8.6.3.6 Telnet ................................................................................ 422
8.6.3.7 SNMP................................................................................ 422
8.6.3.8 Ping (IP)............................................................................ 423
8.6.3.9 Micro-Serial Server........................................................... 423
8.6.3.10 Modbus TCP/IP............................................................... 423
8.6.3.11 DHCP.............................................................................. 423
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Table of Contents
8.6.3.12 DNS................................................................................. 423
8.6.3.13 SMTP .............................................................................. 423
8.6.3.14 Web API.......................................................................... 423
8.6.3.14.1 Authentication ....................................................... 424
8.6.3.14.2 Command Syntax .................................................. 425
8.6.3.14.3 Time Syntax........................................................... 427
8.6.3.14.4 Data Management — BrowseSymbols
Command ......................................................................... 427
8.6.3.14.5 Data Management — DataQuery Command......... 431
8.6.3.14.6 Control — SetValueEx Command ........................ 436
8.6.3.14.7 Clock Functions — ClockSet Command............... 439
8.6.3.14.8 Clock Functions — ClockCheck Command.......... 440
8.6.3.14.9 File Management — Sending a File to a
Datalogger ........................................................................ 442
8.6.3.14.10 File Management — FileControl Command ....... 444
8.6.3.14.11 File Management — ListFiles Command............ 445
8.6.3.14.12 File Management — NewestFile Command........ 449
8.7 Datalogger Support Software — Details.............................................. 450
8.8 Keyboard Display — Details ............................................................... 451
8.8.1 Data Display ............................................................................... 454
8.8.1.1 Real-Time Tables and Graphs........................................... 455
8.8.1.2 Real-Time Custom ............................................................ 455
8.8.1.3 Final-Memory Tables........................................................ 457
8.8.2 Run/Stop Program ...................................................................... 458
8.8.3 File Display................................................................................. 459
8.8.3.1 File: Edit............................................................................ 459
8.8.4 PCCard (Memory Card) Display ................................................ 461
8.8.5 Ports and Status........................................................................... 462
8.8.6 Settings ....................................................................................... 462
8.8.6.1 Set Time / Date.................................................................. 463
8.8.6.2 PakBus Settings................................................................. 463
8.8.7 Configure Display....................................................................... 463
8.9 Program and OS File Compression Q and A........................................ 463
8.10 Memory Cards and Record Numbers................................................. 466
8.11 Security — Details ............................................................................. 467
8.11.1 Vulnerabilities .......................................................................... 468
8.11.2 Pass-Code Lockout ................................................................... 469
8.11.2.1 Pass-Code Lockout By-Pass............................................ 470
8.11.3 Passwords ................................................................................. 470
8.11.3.1 .csipasswd ....................................................................... 470
8.11.3.2 PakBus Instructions......................................................... 470
8.11.3.3 TCP/IP Instructions......................................................... 471
8.11.3.4 Settings — Passwords ..................................................... 471
8.11.4 File Encryption ......................................................................... 471
8.11.5 Communication Encryption...................................................... 471
8.11.6 Hiding Files .............................................................................. 471
8.11.7 Signatures ................................................................................. 472
9. Maintenance — Details............................................473
9.1 Protection from Moisture — Details .................................................... 473
9.2 Replacing the Internal Battery.............................................................. 473
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Table of Contents
9.3 Factory Calibration or Repair Procedure.............................................. 476
10. Troubleshooting ....................................................479
10.1 Troubleshooting — Essential Tools................................................... 479
10.2 Troubleshooting — Basic Procedure ................................................. 479
10.3 Troubleshooting — Error Sources ..................................................... 479
10.4 Troubleshooting — Status Table........................................................ 481
10.5 Programming...................................................................................... 481
10.5.1 Program Does Not Compile...................................................... 481
10.5.2 Program Compiles / Does Not Run Correctly .......................... 481
10.5.3NAN and ±INF ......................................................................... 482
10.5.3.1 Measurements and NAN................................................. 482
10.5.3.1.1 Voltage Measurements .......................................... 482
10.5.3.1.2 SDI-12 Measurements........................................... 482
10.5.3.2 Floating-Point Math, NAN, and ±INF ............................ 482
10.5.3.3 Data Types, NAN, and ±INF .......................................... 483
10.5.3.4 Output Processing and NAN........................................... 484
10.5.4 Status Table as Debug Resource............................................... 485
10.5.4.1 CompileResults ............................................................... 485
10.5.4.2 SkippedScan.................................................................... 487
10.5.4.3 SkippedSlowScan............................................................ 487
10.5.4.4 SkippedRecord................................................................ 488
10.5.4.5 ProgErrors ....................................................................... 488
10.5.4.6 MemoryFree.................................................................... 488
10.5.4.7 VarOutOfBounds ............................................................ 488
10.5.4.8 Watchdog Errors ............................................................. 488
10.5.4.8.1 Status Table WatchdogErrors................................ 489
10.5.4.8.2 Watchdoginfo.txt File............................................ 489
10.6 Troubleshooting — Operating Systems ............................................. 490
10.7 Troubleshooting — Auto-Calibration Errors ..................................... 490
10.8 Communications ................................................................................ 490
10.8.1 RS-232...................................................................................... 490
10.8.2 Communicating with Multiple PCs .......................................... 491
10.8.3 Comms Memory Errors............................................................ 491
10.8.3.1 CommsMemFree(1) ........................................................ 491
10.8.3.2 CommsMemFree(2) ........................................................ 492
10.8.3.3 CommsMemFree(3)........................................................ 493
10.9 Troubleshooting — Power Supplies................................................... 494
10.9.1 Troubleshooting Power Supplies — Overview ........................ 494
10.9.2 Troubleshooting Power Supplies — Examples -- 8 10 30........ 494
10.9.3 Troubleshooting Power Supplies — Procedures ...................... 495
10.9.3.1 Battery Test..................................................................... 495
10.9.3.2 Charging Regulator with Solar-Panel Test...................... 496
10.9.3.3 Charging Regulator with Transformer Test .................... 498
10.9.3.4 Adjusting Charging Voltage ........................................... 499
10.10 Terminal Mode................................................................................. 501
10.10.1 Serial Talk Through and Comms Watch ................................ 503
10.11 Logs.................................................................................................. 504
10.12 Troubleshooting — Data Recovery.................................................. 504
11. Glossary .................................................................507
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Table of Contents
11.1 Terms ................................................................................................. 507
11.2 Concepts............................................................................................. 533
11.2.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution ........................................ 533
12. Attributions.............................................................535
Appendices
A. CRBasic Programming Instructions......................537
A.1 Program Declarations .......................................................................... 537
A.1.1 Variable Declarations & Modifiers............................................ 538
A.1.2 Constant Declarations................................................................ 539
A.2 Data-Table Declarations...................................................................... 540
A.2.1 Data-Table Modifiers................................................................. 540
A.2.2 Data Destinations....................................................................... 541
A.2.3 Processing for Output to Final-Data Memory............................ 542
A.2.3.1 Single-Source ................................................................... 542
A.2.3.2 Multiple-Source................................................................ 544
A.3 Single Execution at Compile............................................................... 544
A.4 Program Control Instructions .............................................................. 545
A.4.1 Common Program Controls ....................................................... 545
A.4.2 Advanced Program Controls...................................................... 548
A.5 Measurement Instructions ................................................................... 550
A.5.1 Diagnostics ................................................................................ 550
A.5.2 Voltage....................................................................................... 551
A.5.3 Thermocouples........................................................................... 551
A.5.4 Resistive-Bridge Measurements ................................................ 551
A.5.5 Excitation................................................................................... 552
A.5.6 Pulse and Frequency .................................................................. 553
A.5.7 Digital I/O.................................................................................. 554
A.5.7.1 Control.............................................................................. 554
A.5.7.2 Measurement .................................................................... 555
A.5.8 SDI-12 Sensor Suppport — Instructions ................................... 555
A.5.9 Specific Sensors......................................................................... 556
A.5.9.1 Wireless Sensor Network ................................................. 558
A.5.10 Peripheral Device Support ....................................................... 559
A.6 PLC Control — Instructions................................................................ 562
A.7 Processing and Math Instructions........................................................ 563
A.7.1 Mathematical Operators............................................................. 563
A.7.2 Arithmetic Operators ................................................................. 563
A.7.3 Bitwise Operations..................................................................... 564
A.7.4 Compound-Assignment Operators............................................. 565
A.7.5 Logical Operators ...................................................................... 565
A.7.6 Trigonometric Functions............................................................ 566
A.7.6.1 Intrinsic Trigonometric Functions.................................... 566
A.7.6.2 Derived Trigonometric Functions .................................... 568
A.7.7 Arithmetic Functions ................................................................. 568
A.7.8 Integrated Processing................................................................. 570
A.7.9 Spatial Processing...................................................................... 571
A.7.10 Other Functions........................................................................ 572
20