Canon Cat User manual

The Canon Cat
Reference Guide
Note: You do not have to read this manual
in order to use the Cat. Use the How-to
Guide, especially the blue-edged tutorial
pages, to get acquainted with your Cat.
Consult this manual for more information
about a particular feature or command
you are interested in.
Manual by
David Alzofon,
David Caulkins,
Jef Raskin,
Dr.Jalnes Winter

Canon Cat
Cat by Jef Raskin, Dr. James Winter, Terry Holmes, Minoru
Taoyama, Jonathan Sand, John Bumgamer, Paul Baker, Jim
Straus, Dave Bolton, Charlie Springer, Scott Kim, Ralph
Voorhees, Richard Krause, Kouji Fukunaga, Kazuhiro
Nakamura, Naohisa Suzuki, Shigeru Ishida, Susumu Takase
Copyright @ 1987 by Canon Inc. All rights rcserved.
Portions of this manual copyright @1987 by Information Appli-
ance Inc. and ale reproduced by permission.
Inforrnation Appliance, Calculation-in-Context, and the com-
mand names LEAP, LEAP AGAIN, DISK, and SEND arc trade-
marks of Information Appliance Inc.
Patents Pending.
Canon Cat is a trademark of Canon Inc.
Be sureto read and follow therecommendations rnSetting Up and
Starting Up nthe How-to Guidc regarding safety and environ-
mental limitations in using the Cat. Also read and follow the rec-
ommendations for safeguarding your informationinAppend* C,
pagel25 of this manual.
This manual written on Canon Cats
Manual design and production: Suzanne West and Cate Lush

Table of Contents
Introduction
Basic Functions
Cursor and Highlight
Typing
Page Numbering
Marking the Beginning of a Document
Titling Your Documents
The Ruler
I,eaping
Highlighting Text
Moving Text
Erasing Text
Using the Disk Drive
Printing YourDocument
Using the uNDOKey
Using the HGLAINKey
Advanced Functions
Customizing the Appearance of Paragraphs
l. Setting Margins and Indents
2. Setting Tabs
3. Setting Line Spacing
4. Styling the Paragraphs
Customizing the Appearance of Words[-etters
l. Capitalizing Wordsflrtten
2. Underlining WordsA-etrcn
3. Making Boldface Wordsfl-etters
Copying Text
Checking and Correcting Your Spelling
Protecting Your Documents Against Changes
Leaping Within a Specified Area
Changing the Keyboard Setting
ltl
I
2
5
9
10
l1
12
t4
19
22
23
25
34
37
38
39
40
4l
43
6
47
50
50
50
5l
52
53
56
58
60

Other Useful Features
Using the Cat Over the Telephone
1. Dialing and Hanging Up
2. Holding a Cat Conversation
3. Receiving Text
Calculating With the Cat
Putting Text in Alphabetical/I.{umerical Order
Teaching the Cat to R€,peat Your Commands
Changing Document Formats
Stopping an Operation Already in Progress
Appendix A: Keyboard Chaxts
Appendix B: Specifications
Appendix C: Information Safeguards
Appendix D: FCC Regulations
Glossary
Index
６

６２
６２
６５
“
７。
８５
９

％
１
３
114
120
125
127
128
147

Introduction
The Reference Guide is notan instruction manual, and you
don't have to read it in order to use the Cat. You'll learn
the Cat faster if you just plunge in and try it. After setting
up your equipment according to the instructions in the first
part of thel/aw+o Guide,there are two ways you mightgo:
If you've already had word processing experience, you
might want to approach it through the Quick Reference
Card. Just try out the features.
If you want step-by-step instruction, do the tutorial in the
How-to Guide. The hour or two you spend on the tutorial
will pay big dividends, since the habits you form early on
will influence the way you use the Cat for a long time to
come.
The rest of the How-to Guide answers practical questions
such as "How do I print a document?" The Reference
Guide ishke anencyclopedia. It describes every feature of
the Cat in detail. When you want to know exactly how a
specific function works and everything that it can do, look
here.
Four Things About the Cat You Must Know
To understand,the Reference Guide, you must be familiar
with typing and erasing, leaping, highlighting, and com-
mands. If you are not familiar with these, read about them
in the H ow - t o G uide. Above all, 0ry them out. It' s essential
to unders[and these functions in order to use the Cat.
T\e Quick Reference Card, Howio Guide,Tutorial, and
Reference Guide are all constructed alike, with parallel
sections on typing, leaping, highlighting, and commands.
You will find the same commands discussed in the same
order here and in the How-to Guide.
IVhat's in the Reference Guide?
The same things you'll find in the How-to Guide,butin
greater detail.

Basic Functions
The Cursor and the Highlight
Typing
Page Numbering
Marking the Beginning of a Document
Titling Your Documents
The Ruler
kaping
Highlighting Text
Moving Text
Erasing Text
Using the Disk Drive
Printing Your Document
Using the LJNDO Key
Using the E)GLAIN Key
2
5
9
l0
ll
t2
t4
19
22
23
25
34
37
38

The Cursor and the Highlight
Tlte cursor is the blinking object on the screen. It usually
appears to the right of a solid, unblinking rectangle called
the highlight.
The cursor and the highlightkeep track ofyourplace on the
screen. Like a pencil and eraser, each has a specialized
purpose which never changes.
What They Do
The cursor shows where the next character you type will
appear. The highlight shows what will be erased if you
press [ERASE].
This is always true, so we call itthe Fundamental Cursor
Rule.
Changes in the Cursor's Appearance
The cursor has three distinct appearances: narrow,wide,
and extended. In addition it may blink slowly or quickly.
Narrow Cursor
The cursor is narrow when the cursor and the highlight
both rest on the same character, and both are blinking. The
cursor becomes narrow whenever you move it by leaping,
creeping, or scrolling.
When the cursor is narrow, the Fundamental Cursor Rule
still applies: You can either type or erase at this location.
Ifyou type, the character at the cursor will be pushed ahead
of the new characters. If you erase, the cursor will remove
the characters to its right. The character you are on will
disappear fi rst. (See Erasin g T ext, page 23, for more infor-
mation.)

Making a correction: In
( I ) you have jwt moved
the cursor to the "s" in
"stencil" by leaping or
creeping, so the cursor
is nnrrow on "s" . In (2)
you press [ERASE] t]rice
and "st" disappears
(ifyoupressed leetsel
again "e" would disap-
pear ). In (3) you make
the correction by typing
"red p" ; "encil" moves
ahead. The cursor is now
wide because you have
been typing.
I
Wide Cursor
Typing or inserting text by using a cornmand always
makes the cursor wide. The cursor is wide when the
highlight is on one character, and the blinking cursor is one
character position forward from it. If the cursor is wide and
you press [ERASE], the cursor and highlight move back-
ward together, erasing each highlighted character as they
go. This closely resembles backspacing on a typewriter.
Extended Cursor
The cursor is extended when two or more characters are
highlighted. Extended cursor and extended highlight
mean the same thing. Pressing both LEAP keys after a leap
causes the highlight to extend, covering all characters
between the beginning and the end of the leap.
Extending the highlight allows you to show the Cat some
text you want to affect. For example, pressing [ERASE]
erases all the text in the extended highlight. Commands
generally affect only the text in the extended highlight.
The highlight is now
extended. The next step
is to press [ERASE] ,o
make the highlighted
text vanish.
hank llllll ・
When the Cursor and Highlight Separate
To move text from place to place, you highlight it, then
leap to the new location. During the leap, the cursor
temporarily separates from the highlighted text. The
highlighted text leaps to the new position of the cursor as
soon as you release the LEAP key . See MovingText,page
22, for more information.

Cursor Blink Rate
In addition to the cursor shape, the cursor blink rate also
indicates the state of the text:
- Safely recorded or clean text. The cr.;rsor blinks faster,
about three times per second when the text has been
recorded on a disk or just played back from a disk (see
Using the Disk Drive,page25, for more information).
- C lnnged text The cursor blinks slower, about once per
second when the text has been changed and the changes
have not yet been recorded. In this state the text is called
dirry.
Moving the cursor, extending the highlight, printing text,
or using IEXPLAIN] do not make the text dirty.

Typing
Typing on the Cat is like typing on a typewriter. You can
begin typing as soon as you see the blinking cursor. What
you type is always inserted; text is never destroyed by
typing, as it can be in some word processors. Space is made
for the.new text by pushing the old text forward. Line
endings and page endings adjust automatically.
I{ord Wrap
Word wrap automatically ends the line for you when you
come to the right margin while typing. A word is a
sequence of printing characters plus one or two following
spaces. If a word runs into the right margin, word wrap
moves the whole word to the indent of the following line.
If there is text ahead of the cursor, line and page endings
adjust automatically.
When you erase characters, the text unwraps. Unwrapping
is the exact reverse of wrapping. Line and page endings
adjust automatically.
Character Set
For each type of Cat keyboard there is a particular set of
characters which can be both typed and printed. Some
characters - automatic page breaks, for example - al'e
not real characters in the same sense as a character you
have typed, though they are displayed on the screen.
International Keyboard Set
Your keyboard has been set up to correspond to the
conventions of the country where you bought your Cat.
Intemally, every Cat has all the keyboard layouts used in
other countries. See Screen 2 : Machine S etup, page 97, for
information on activating these keyboard layouts. Appen-
dixA, page I14, has complete charts for all Cat keyboards.

Permanent Space
P ermanent space is the uppercase character on [TAB] . A
permanent space is typed between two words that should
always appear on the same line, such as "Canon Inc." Word
wrap treats words linked by permanent spaces as a single
word. A permanent space looks the same as an ordinary
space on the screen or when printed.
If you leap to a p€rmanent space (leap to [SHIFT]-[TABI),
the cursor will find only permanent spaces. A leap to an
ordinary space finds either a permanent or a regular space.
Return Character
Pressing [RETURN] puts a return character in the text,
forcing the next character in sequence to appear at the
indent of the next line. A return character also marks the
end of a paragraph. This is important for the paragraph
commands described in Customizing the Appearance of
Paragraphs, page 40.
A retum does not appear in the printout. Its whole purpose
is to cause the printer to start a new line. A return is visible
on the screen only when highlighted, appearing as a small
hook-shaped arrow.
Tab Character
hessing [TAB] inserts a tab character into the text. A tab
character is a space holder of variable width. It extends
from the position the cursor held when you pressed [TAB]
forward to the nearest tab stop. Inserting text to the left of
the tab character shortens it.
A tab character is visible only when highlighted, when it
appears as a dark ribbon containing a right-pointing arrow.
A tab character is not visible in the printout except as blank
space between characters.
A tab character may be compressed to the width of one
character space (one mark on the ruler). If insertions to the
left of a tab character force it beyond the tab stop that
anchors its right side, it moves to the next tab stop (since
it is flexible, its length may change when this happens).
The restofthe textforward from the tab characteris pushed
ahead and words wrap as required.
Accented Characters
Accent characters can only be applied to alphabetic char-
acters and spaces. Punctuation cannot be accented.

Certain print wheels provide characters with accents al-
ready in place. The Cat uses such characters ifpossible;
otherwise it prints the accent character, then prints the
character to be accented at the same location bv overstrik-
ing.
When you type an accent, it appears as a bare accent
character on the screen (bare means "all by itself'). The
next character you type will appear at the same location,
under the accent character, providing you do not type
another accent. If you type two accents in a row, the text
will contain two bare accent characters. The second accent
will appear over the third character you type, providing the
third character is not an accent.
If the cursor is narrow and positioned on a bare accent
character, and you type a characterother than an accent, the
accent and character will combine to form an accented
character. This is slightly unusual for the cursor, which
usually pushes the character under the n:urow cursor
forward when you type.
If you type an accent character and move the cursor away
from it. the bare accent character remains alone in the text.
Adding Text in Boldface
or Underlined Areas
When you type in the middle of an underlined or boldfaced
part ofthe text, the characters you type take on the style of
the surrounding characters. Forexample, if you type in the
middle of aboldface word, whatyou type will alsobe bold.
The cursor must have bold or underlined characters on
both sides of it for newly typed characters to take on the
bold or underline appearance. If bold or underlined text is
only on one side of the cursor, the newly typed text will be
plain.
A dotted underline appears undercharacters resulting from
calculations. If you type in the middle of text with a dotted
underline, the newly typed text will also be underlined.
This ensures that any change you make in the middle of a
mathematical expression will automatically be included in
further calculations.
Typing in the middle of capitalized text is not automati-
cally capitalized, unless you have pressed [LOCK].
The LOCK Key
Pressing [LOCK] makes the Cat behave as if [SHIFT] were
being held down. A light in the [LOCK] keycap comes on
when the keyboard is locked. Note that when [LOCK] is
engaged, you can type only the uppercase symbols on the
numeral kevs.

ILOCKI is nrmed off by pressing and releasing either
[SHIFT]. When ILoCK] is released the light in the keycap
goes off.
[LocK] and its keycap light temporarily swirch off during
leaping. Since leaping is sensitive to capital letters in
patt€rns, [LOCK] would make leaping appear to be out of
order if it were left on during the leap. When you release
the LEAP key, [LOCK] is turned on again.
The Cat also ignores [LOCK] while you press [USE FRONT].
This is because certain commands behave differently
when [SHIFT] is pressed, and using [LOCK] is like holding
down [SHIFT].

Page Numbering
The Catnumbers andends pages automatically while you
are typing. Page numbering andpage endings are updated
when text is erased or inserted. You can also force a page
to end with [PAGE]. The uppercase character on [PAGE] -
called a document character - is used to begin and end
documents. [DOCUMENT] begins a new page and restarts
page numbering on succeeding pages. You can adjust
page numbering and page length using [SETUP].
Only page numbers that print are displayed on the screen.
For example, if the Cat is set so that "1" does not print at
the bottom of page l, then that page break will be unnum-
bered on the screen. Page 2 is normally the first page
number to print, but this can be adjusted with [SETUP].
Page numbers are positioned slightly above the page
break, showing that ttrey refer to the text above.
Automatic Page Breaks
The Cat automatically marks the text where enough lines
accumulate to fill a paper page (top and bottom margins
taken into account). Automatic page brcaks are displayed
as a single horizontal dotted line the full width of the
screen. Ttrc automatic page break is a marker, not a true
character; you cannot type it or erase it. You can, however,
leap to it by holding a LEAP key and pressing [PAGE]. The
cursorlands on the first character of the page following the
automatic page break, rather than on the break itself. An
automatic page break can only be used in a single-charac-
ter leap pattem.
Page Characters
Typing a page character by pressing [PAGE] causes the
page you arc typing to end, and a new page to begin. Page
numbers are automatically kept in order. Page characters
are ordinary characters like letters, numerals, and punctua-
tion. They can be typed and erased, and can be part of a
multi-character leap pattem.
A page character is shown by a full-width horizontal line
on the screen. The page number appears slightly above the
line, showing that it refers to the text above.

VT鵬∥
:∥
eginning
Documents begin and end with a document character, the
uppercase character on [PAGE]. A document character is
simply a page break that forces page numbering to hgin
over again (for information on how to change the first page
number of a document see Screen l: Document Setup,
page 96). A document character is displayed as a shaded
horizontal line somewhat thicker than a page character.
The number in the document character appears slightly
above the line, showing that it refers to the text above.
If you leap to a document character, the cursor will find
only a document character. If you leap to a page character,
the cursor finds both page and document characters.
The Cat has no concept of a document as a special category
of text. Aside from the ability to restart page numbering,
document characters are like any other characters in the
text, and can be typed, erased, copied, or moved like all
other characters.
You canbegin new documents anywhere in thetextsimply
by typing a document character. If you erase a document
character, the text forward from it becomes part of the
document above, and page numbering adjusts automati-
cally.
[SETUP] allows you to set aside the fust page of a docu-
ment for a document title. The title may include informa-
tion and commentary on the document that follows. See
TitlingYour Documents,page I 1, formore information on
how to create title pages.

Titling Your Documents
[TITLES] allows you to quickly see what documents you
have on a disk by assembling all their titles in one place.
Maintaining the titles listing requires some effort, since
you must type a title page for each document. Only
documents with titles will be shown when you use
[TITLES]. You can also find out what documents you have
on a disk by leaping to a document character, then using
[LEAP AGAINI to leap from document to document.
To activate [TITLES], use [SETUP] to change the first page
number of a document to zero. This is easy since it is the
first option on the first screen you get when you use
[SETU P] . Once the first page of the document is set to zero,
the text between the document character that begins the
document and the first page character following it be-
comes a document title.
When you use [TITLES], all the document titles appear in
place of the ordinary text, with unnumbered page charac-
ters as dividers. [TITLES] will not show documents that
don'thave zero-numberedfirstpages, orthose without text
on page zero.
When the document titles fill more than a screen of text,
youcan scroll title by title forward orbackward by pressing
the appropriate LEAP key. When you release
IUSE FRoNT], your text retums with the cursor where it
was before you used [TITLES].
Except for the ability of [TITLES] to gather document titles
together and display them, document titles are ordinary
text. If you erase the document character preceding the
text of the title, the document title becomes part of the last
page of the previous document, and it is no longer treated
as a title by [TITLES]. The larger document that results
from erasing a document character will not automatically
have its first page converted to a title.
UNDO and the TITLES Command
[UNDO]has nO effect on[TITLES].

The Ruler
A ruler calibrated in character positions appears at the
bottom ofthc screen except when[SETUP]or[EXPLAIN]
are in useo You can use itto align and measure yourtext.
■e ruler also caries a number of other indicators:
A. The blinking line
This line (shown in blue above) tells you the cursor's
horizontal location on a line.
B. Regular tab stop
Stops cursor at the same character position on every line if
ITABI is pressed.
C. Decimal tab stop
Used in typing columns of numbers.
D. Character positions
The ruleris calibrated in numbers of characters, not inches.
The numbers l-8 stand for character positions l0 through
80. Any character counts as one space on the ruler.
ISETUP] allows you to print at 10, I 2, or 15 characters per
inch. Whatever the setting, the ruler does not change. At
ten characters per inch with one-inch right and left mar-
gins, you will be able to fit 65 characters on a line; at 12 or
l5 characters per inch, you will be able to fit 80 characters
on a line.
E. Line number of cursor
The sign indicates that the cursor is on line 1. This means
the tenth line of type. The top margin is not included in the
line count.
F. Left margin
The line indicates the character position of the left margin.
G. Indent
The line indicates the character position of the indent.
H. Right margin
The line indicates the character position of the right mar-
gin.

I. DISK sign
Some commands, such as [DISK], take time to complete. A
sign here lets you know that the Cat is doing something.
J. Paragraph style signs
The four signs represent four paragraph styles: l,eft Flush,
Centered, Right Flush, and Justified. The lighted sign
indicates the style of the paragraph the cursor is in.
K. Line spacing signs
Single, l-U2, or double-spaced text. Spacing shown
applies to the paragraph the cursor is in.
L. Keyboard VII signs
[KB ll] selects the right-hand set of symbols on four-symbol
keys.
M. Memory gauge
Shows the amount of text you've typed. E means empry -
you haven't typed any text and there is lots of room. As
you add text the white bar lengthens to shows how much
space has been used. The numbers on the ruler are for
character positions I to 80. The numbers I to 8 signify
character positions 10,20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80.
The ruler shows the features of the paragraph containing
the blinking cursor. For example, if the cursor is in a
paragraph with a five-character indent and double-spaced
lines. these values will be shown in the ruler.

Leaping
The Cat's su1sq1- ths blinking object on your screen -
is capable of moving anywhere in the text almost instantly.
The term leap descibes this new and astonishingly fast
mode of travel.
@@
The LEAP Keys
There are two directions you can leap: forward and back-
ward. Two rose-colored LEAP keys - [LEAP->] and
[<-LEAP] - control leaping.
Forward and Backward
When you consider the normal reading order of the text
(left to right and down),forwardmeans toward characters
that come later in the text. Bach,tardmeans toward char-
acters that come earlier in the text.
How Leaping Works
While holding a LEAP key, type what you want the cursor
to find. Whatever you type is called a pattern.
While you type the pattern, the cursor immediately moves
in the direction indicated by the LEAP key, landing on the
frst character of the first occurrence of the pattern in the
text. This character is called the target character.
[<-LEAP] behaves the same as [LEAP->] except that the
cursor moves in the opposite direction through the text.
The search is circular. A leap in one direction will circle
the entire text in search of the pattern. The top or bottom
of the text is no barrier. By taking the long way around, the
cursor may arive at a backward position after a forward
leap and vice versa. The cursor can find what you leap to
even when you leap rn the wrong direction.
The moment the pattem cannot be found, the cursor retums
to the starting place. This is called cursor rebound. Nter
cursor rebound you should let go ofthe LEAP key and start
the leap over again.