Elcometer 701 User manual

English
Elcometer 701
Live Cable Locator
&
Cable Avoidance Tool
Operating Instructions
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English
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This product meets the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive and the Low Voltage
Directive.
This product is suitable for use only in industrial environments according to
EN 61000-64.
is a registered trademark of Elcometer Limited.
All other trademarks acknowledged.
© Copyright Elcometer Limited. 2008/2010.
All rights reserved. No part of this Document may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored
(in a retrieval system or otherwise) or translated into any language, in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise) without the prior written permission
of Elcometer Limited.
A copy of this Instruction Manual is available for download on our Website via www.elcometer.
Doc.No. TMA-0429 Issue 03
Text with Cover No: 20528
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CONTENTS
Section Page
1 About the Elcometer 701 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 What the box contains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Safe use of the instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1 Fitting batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Battery care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 The Receiver (Rx). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4 The Transmitter (Tx). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5 When do I need to use the transmitter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Transmitter - use, setup and signal coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1 Using the transmitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Transmitter setup options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3 Options for direct and inductive signal coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Receiver - use, adjusting sensitivity and setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1 Using the receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 Adjusting the sensitivity level to match the received signal strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 Receiver setup options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Surveying a site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7 Determining the direction of a line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8 Determining the depth of a line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9 Masking-out lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10 Technical specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
12 Spare parts and optional accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
13 Related equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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ABOUT THE ELCOMETER 701
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Thank you for purchasing this Elcometer 701 Pipe and Cable Locator. Welcome to Elcometer.
Elcometer are world leaders in the design, manufacture and supply of inspection equipment for
concrete and coatings.
Our concrete inspection products include a comprehensive range of concrete, and civil engineering
inspection equipment. Our coatings products cover all aspects of coating inspection, from
development through application to post application inspection.
Your Elcometer 701 Pipe and Cable Locator is a world beating product. With the purchase of this
product you now have access to the worldwide service and support network of Elcometer. For more
information visit our website at www.elcometer.com
1 ABOUT THE ELCOMETER 701
The Elcometer 701 Pipe and Cable Locator provides simple and user-friendly location, orientation
and depth of underground lines, such as cables and pipes, or the location of non-metallic pipes
using the optional sondea.
The Elcometer 701 can be used to search/probe areas for unknown lines or for locating specific lines.
The locator consists of two instruments; a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx).
Both instruments are constructed robustly for use in poor weather and in harsh environments and
feature user-friendly operation with a minimum number of controls.
1.1 Features
1.1.1 The Receiver (Rx)
• Can be used with or without the transmitter:
• Power Grid mode (without transmitter)
• Radio mode (without transmitter)
• Transmitter mode (with transmitter)
• Automatic depth determination when used with the
transmitter
• Semi-automatic depth estimation when used without
the transmitter
• Sensitivity level can be adjusted automatically or
manually
• Illuminated display for use in dark environments
1.1.2 The Transmitter (Tx)
• Transmits a 33 kHz signal which is coupled into the
line by:
• Induction, via the integrated antenna
• Direct connection, via the measurement cable and
alligator clip or via accessories such as the
transmitter clamp or adaptor cable
• Transmitter power; 0.1 W or 0.5 W - selectable
• Signal output; continuous or pulsed - selectable
a. Optional sonde - see “Spare parts and optional accessories” on page 28.
Receiver
Transmitter
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SAFE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTS
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1.2 What the box contains
• Elcometer 701 Rx (receiver)
• Elcometer 701 Tx (transmitter)
• Measurement cable (2 m), 2 x
• Alligator clip, 2 x
• Earth spike
• Batteries for receiver, 10 x
• Batteries for transmitter, 6 x
• Operating instructions
• Nylon carrying bag
The Elcometer 701 is packed in a cardboard package. Please ensure that this packaging is
disposed of in an environmentally sensitive manner. Consult your local Environmental Authority for
further guidance.
To maximise the benefits of your new Elcometer 701 Pipe and Cable Locator please take
some time to read these Operating Instructions. Do not hesitate to contact Elcometer or your
Elcometer supplier if you have any questions.
2 SAFE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTS
• Direct connections to live cables
Direct connections to live cables should be made by qualified personnel only.
• Lines without a signal
The Elcometer 701 Receiver can only locate lines which emit a signal; lines which do not emit a
signal will not be located. If no lines have been found, it is important to always exercise extreme
caution when digging.
3 GETTING STARTED
3.1 Fitting batteries
3.1.1 Receiver (Rx)
The receiver is powered by 10 alkaline ‘AA’ batteries.
The status of the batteries in the receiver is checked upon start-up and indicated in
the display .
During operation, the receiver checks the battery strength at regular intervals. If battery capacity
falls below 10% of the threshold value, an audible warning signal is given and the current status of
the batteries is shown in the upper part of the display.
In order to replace the batteries, the battery compartment cover must be removed.
The instruments should be used with care. Follow the instructions given in these
Operating Instructions. Read and understand all warnings.
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To release the battery compartment cover, push the rubber
button away from the instrument handle and then lift away
the cover.
The batteries are contained in an enclosure which must be
removed from the instrument for access.
Place the batteries in the enclosure ensuring correct
polarity - refer to the diagrams on the enclosure.
3.1.2 Transmitter (Tx)
The transmitter is powered by 6 alkaline ‘D’ batteries
The batteries in the transmitter have to be replaced as soon as the red LED battery
indicator starts to blink (see page 6).
Should this occur while the user is busy locating a line with the receiver, there will be a change in
the signal at the receiver:
The batteries are located behind a cover on the base of the instrument. To release the cover, use
a coin or screwdriver to rotate the two screws a ¼ turn anticlockwise and then lift away the cover.
The batteries are contained in an enclosure which must be removed from the instrument for access.
Place new batteries in the enclosure ensuring correct polarity - refer to diagrams on the enclosure
(note that all the batteries are fitted in the same direction).
3.2 Battery care
Remove the batteries from the instruments if they are to remain unused for a long period of time.
This will prevent damage to the instruments in the event of malfunction of the batteries.
Alkaline batteries must be disposed of carefully to avoid environmental contamination. Please
consult your local Environmental Authority for information on disposal in your region.
Do not dispose of any batteries in fire.
Signal Normal signal Signal when batteries are weak
Pulsed
Continuous
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3.3 The Receiver (Rx)
3.3.1 Parts of the instrument
1. Control panel with display
2. Speaker with volume control
The speaker gives various acoustic signals (e.g.
beeps with modulating pitch relative to the signal
strength).
When the receiver is switched on, the volume is set
at a standard level. The receiver will only start with
the volume at a different level if the volume has
been increased manually before switching off the
receiver.
3. Headphone socket (3.5 mm connector)
4. Battery compartment
5. Floor cap (protects the end of the instrument case).
3.3.2 Receiver control panel
1. Light sensors
Light sensitive photo cells to regulate the display
lighting automatically.
The display lighting can be activated manually for
one minute by briefly covering the light sensor.
2. On/Off switch
Press to switch on or off.
The receiver will also switch off automatically after
approximately 7 minutes of inactivity.
3. Display
Provides a visual indication of reception strength,
line depth, mode of operation, battery status and
menu items.
4. Control buttonsb
Button # 1 Button # 2 Button # 3
• Starts measuring depth
• Decreases receiver
sensitivity
• Adjusts receiver sensitivity
• Starts measuring depth • Selects the operating mode • Increases receiver
sensitivity
b. The function of buttons 1, 2 and 3 depends upon the status of the system
1
2
3
4
5
Quieter Louder
1
2
3
4
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3.4 The Transmitter (Tx)
1. Accessory connector sockets
These sockets are used to create a
direct galvanic connection to the target
line or to create a connection using a
special connection set (e.g. transmitter
clamp or house connection set - see
“Spare parts and optional accessories”
on page 28).
2. Battery status indicator
When the battery status indicator is
red, the batteries need to be replaced.
3. On/Off button
Press and hold to switch on. Press
again to switch off.
All appropriate LEDs blink when the
transmitter is on, depending on operating function.
4. Control buttonsc
Button M Button P Button C
• Switches between
continuous and pulsed
signal output
• Switches between signal
power levels (0.1 W or
0.5 W)
• Switches between inductive
and direct signal coupling
c. The function of buttons M, P and C depends upon the status of the system
2
3
4
1
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3.5 When do I need to use the transmitter?
The receiver can be used with or without the transmitter.
The table below illustrates the capabilities of the receiver when used with and without the
transmitter.
Receiver (Rx) Transmitter (Tx)
Signal detection mode Locates Measures
depth Is it used?
Electrical
Cables Metallic Pipes Non-metallic pipes
Radio 99 8 8a
a. An estimate of depth is available in this mode (by manual measurement), however automatic and more
accurate depth measurement can be obtained when using the receiver in ‘Transmitter’ mode together with
the transmitter.
8
Power Grid 98 8 8a8
Transmitter 99 9 9 9
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4 TRANSMITTER - USE, SETUP AND SIGNAL COUPLING
4.1 Using the transmitter
Follow the steps listed below in order to prepare the transmitter to search for lines in conjunction
with the receiver:
Your transmitter is now set up and transmitting signals. Now you can use the receiver to locate
metallic conductors - see “Receiver - use, adjusting sensitivity and setup” on page 16.
Step Action Page
1. Decide whether the transmitter signal is going to be coupled to the line by induction
or by direct connection. 10-15
• If coupling by induction, place the transmitter on the site to be searched. 14
• If coupling directly, connect the transmitter to the line to be located by the most
suitable method. 10-15
2. Switch on the transmitter. 6
3. Select the desired signal characteristics using the P and M buttons.
A green LED indicates that the respective setting is active. 9
4. Select the desired operating mode using the C button.
In direct mode, an LED next to the symbol indicates how good the
connection to the line is:
•Green blinking: good (low-resistance) connection
•Alternating red and green: sufficient connection
•Red blinking: poor/no (high-resistance) connection
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4.2 Transmitter setup options
4.2.1 Signal characteristics
The characteristics of the transmitter output signal can be configured by the user to meet the
specific requirements of either the line to be located or the site to be surveyed:
4.2.2 Operating modes
The transmitter can be used in the following modes:
Symbol Description Notes Button
Pulsed signal As it is more easily distinguished from other signals, the
pulsed signal is helpful for locating when there is
interference within the frequency range of the
transmitter. This also helps to conserve the batteries.
Note that depth measurements cannot be made using
a pulsed signal
M
Continuous
signal This signal type has to be activated before a taking a depth measurement. M
Low power 0.1 W (prolongs battery life) P
High power 0.5 W P
Symbol Mode Notes Button
Induction In this mode of operation the transmitter's signal is
emitted through the integrated antenna and is thereby
inductively coupled with any metallic lines located
within a certain radius.
C
Direct
connection In this mode of operation the signal is directly coupled with a metallic line via the measurement cable which is
inserted into the connectors on the front panel of the
transmitter. Transmitter clamps, alligator clips or power
socket adaptors (for example) may be used to connect
the measurement cable to the lines.
C
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4.3 Options for direct and inductive signal coupling
There are four methods of coupling the signal from the transmitter to the line:
• Direct coupling to cables and pipes (see below)
• Coupling using special connection accessories (see page 13)
• Inductive signal coupling (see page 14)
• Signal coupling in non-metallic pipes (see page 15)
4.3.1 Direct coupling to cables and pipes
Direct galvanic coupling is practical
for cables which are easily accessible
and free of current.
The method of connection is
dependent upon the position and
nature of the lines (e.g. insulation,
cable conduit, accessibility of the
cable ends) - see the following pages
for examples of direct coupling
methods.
Direct coupling presents a reliable
option for selective cable location, as
the signal can be coupled to a specific
cable with virtually no loss.
If the lines being located are energised, the following five safety precautions must be
taken before connecting the transmitter:
Five safety precautions:
1. Disconnect powerafrom the line.
a. If disconnection is not possible, use the transmitter clamp method - see
“Coupling via transmitter clamp” on page 13.
2. Secure against reconnection.
3. Check to ensure no voltage present.
4. Make each connection and short circuit the line.
5. Cover or block access to adjacent components which are energised.
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• Single-wire lines or pipes (with or without insulation against earthing)
The distance between the earth spike and the ends of the connected lines should be as great as
possible.
Note: It is possible that the return current will couple to adjacent lines, which could result in these
lines also being detected.
• Single-wire cable with metallic screen and earthing insulation
Short circuit between internal conductor and screen at the end of the cable, earthing at the
beginning and end of the cable.
Note: If the earth connections made are unfavourable, the current in the internal conductor and the
return current in the screen will cancel each other out. Under certain circumstances this can prevent
the cable from being detected. [Alternatively, a connection without an earth connection can also be
made.]
• Multiple-wire cable (internal conductor connected or disconnected) with metallic screen
and earthing insulation
Similar application to single-wire lines or pipes [connected screen, not inner lines].
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• Metallic conduit (with or without insulation against earthing)
The earth spike and the conduit should be spaced as far apart as possible. Under certain
circumstances, optimum positioning of the earth spike may require several attempts.
• If a return wire is available
The spacing of the return wire should correspond to at least 10 times the depth of the line being
located.
• Pair of wires (with or without screen) with short circuit at the end of the cable
For twisted pairs of wires (with a length of lay of the twist greater or equal to the laying depth), the
orientation of the cable can be easily determined:
• Adjacent lines which are horizontal to each other: Minimum of the reception signal.
• Lines situated on top of each other vertically: Maximum of the reception signal.
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4.3.2 Coupling using special connection accessories
• Coupling via adaptor cable
(The house connection set described
in this section is an optional accessory
- see “Spare parts and optional
accessories” on page 28)
The signal from the transmitter can be
directly coupled to plug sockets, cable
TV connections and telephone jacks
with the aid of a suitable adaptor
cable. In doing so, it is not necessary
to disconnect the lines.
Elcometer offers a ready made house
connection set for this type of
coupling.
• Coupling via transmitter clamp
(The transmitter clamp described in
this section is an optional accessory -
see “Spare parts and optional
accessories” on page 28).
The transmitter signal can be coupled
to cables which are easily accessible
with the aid of a transmitter clamp. It is
not necessary to disconnect the
cables.
By ensuring that the transmitter clamp
is completely closed around the cable,
only a small leakage field will be
generated. This can significantly
reduce the unwanted coupling of the
signal to neighbouring lines.
Ideally the cables must be grounded
at both ends; but even if they are not
grounded at one end, selecting high
power transmitter output will assist
easy location.
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4.3.3 Inductive signal coupling
For lines which are not easily
accessible, the signal from the
transmitter has to be inductively
coupled via the integrated antenna.
This is highly recommended if
unknown lines are to be located (e.g.
at a construction site).
To determine the orientation of a
specific line, the transmitter has to be
positioned directly above the line as
shown in the following illustration. The
best signal coupling is achieved when
the handle of the transmitter housing
is aligned with the lay of the line.
When locating lines using inductive
signal coupling, the following
guidelines should be observed:
• As the signal can be coupled to
other conductors when using
inductive coupling, direct
coupling (see pages 10-13) of the transmitter is always preferable when locating lines
selectively. Inductive signal coupling should only be chosen in cases where the line being
located is not easily accessible.
• While taking measurements, make sure that a distance of at least 15 m is always maintained
between the receiver and transmitter in order to prevent the coupling of the transmitter's signal
through the air.
• When searching for unknown lines at a site, the position of the transmitter has to be changed
at least once by one metre and 90°.
• It is also a good idea to position the transmitter at visible cable ends such as at distribution
boxes or light poles.
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4.3.4 Signal coupling in non-metallic pipes
(The Probe described in this section is
an optional accessory - see “Spare
parts and optional accessories” on
page 28).
With the aid of the Probe, the signal
from the transmitter signal can be
transmitted through non-metallic
pipes.
To do this, the probe has to be pushed
into the pipe using a flexible cable.
When locating non-metallic pipes, the
following guidelines should be
observed:
• Practice locating the Probe
before pushing it into the drain or
duct.
• The strongest signal will be
detected when the receiver is
above and perpendicular to the
probe (as shown in the picture).
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5 RECEIVER - USE, ADJUSTING SENSITIVITY AND SETUP
5.1 Using the receiver
Step Action
Page
1. If the site is to be searched with the aid of the transmitter, the transmitter must be
switched on and set up before proceeding. 8
2. Switch on the receiver. 5
3. Select the desired operating mode by pressing button # 3.
The symbol for the currently selected operating mode is shown in the lower right-hand
corner of the display.
18
4. Hold the receiver in front
of the body in an upright
position and as close to
the ground as possible.
When the transmitter is
brought directly over a
metallic conductor, the
maximum signal strength
will be measured. If the
receiver is moved away
from the conductor
towards the side and is
not rotated while doing
so, the signal will
decrease proportionately.
The alignment of the
receiver in relation to the
orientation of the
conductor affects the
received signal strength.
5. Conduct a grid survey of the site. 20
Adjust the sensitivity of the receiver if the signal level is too strong or too weak. 17
6. When a conductor is located, pinpoint the strongest signal and mark the location.
Maximum signal Minimum signal
Conductor
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5.2 Adjusting the sensitivity level to match the received signal strength
The strength of the received signal and the sensitivity of the receiver are shown in the following
segments of the display:
1. Received signal strength meter
The strength of the received signal is represented
by this bargraph scale. These are relative values
which are based on the sensitivity level set in the
receiver.
The triangles ( ) above and below the scale
are a visual marker for maximum values. They
move towards the right as long as the signal
strength increases and continue in this direction
until it either levels off or decreases. The
maximum marker remains in this position for 3
seconds and thus provides the user with a helpful
visual aid for determining the maximum signal
strength so far.
2. Sensitivity meter (gain level in percent)
The sensitivity setting of the receiver (which coincides with the total spectrum which the
receiver is capable of processing) is represented by this scale. The higher the level, the more
capable the receiver is of detecting weaker signals.
The numeric display above the bars shows the utilisation factor as a percent.
• Adjusting the sensitivity
Should the received signal strength bargraph provide virtually no indication, or the display is fully
utilised, either a manual or automatic adjustment of the sensitivity setting of the receiver should be
made.
• To adjust the sensitivity level automatically, press button # 2 once. The sensitivity level of the
receiver will be adjusted automatically and the bargraph will fill approximately half of the scale.
• To adjust the sensitivity level manually, press button # 2 twice in rapid succession. The screen
displays:
To decrease or increase the sensitivity of the receiver by one percent, press and release
button # 1 (to decrease) or button # 3 (to increase). This process can be accelerated by
holding down the respective button.
To exit the manual sensitivity level adjustment menu, press button # 2 twice in rapid
succession. By pressing button # 2 only once, the depth measurement process will begin.
1
2
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5.3 Receiver setup options
5.3.1 To select operating mode
Press button # 3 to select between the three operating modes:
Operating
mode icon
Detects
signals
emitted by Typical uses
Radio For locating cables
which are carrying VLF
re radiated radio signals.
Power Grid For locating mains
power supply cables,
through which current
with a grid frequency
(50 Hz/60 Hz) is flowing.
Transmitter For locating cables or
pipes, which are
carrying a signal
coupled from the
Elcometer 701
transmitter
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