Esco Multi-zone ART Workstation User manual

Rev. 3.0
Date of revised 22.04.2020
Rx only
Multi-zone ART Workstation®

MAW® User Manual Rev. 3.0
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For Technical Service, contact
North America
Esco Technologies, Inc.
903 Sheehy Drive, Suite F, Horsham, PA 19044, USA
Tel [phone] • Fax [phone]
www.escolifesciences.us • [email protected]
Esco Medical Technologies, Ltd.
Draugystės str. 19, 51230, Kaunas, Lithuania
Tel [phone] • support[email protected]
Rest of the World
Esco Micro Pte. Ltd.
21 Changi South Street 1 • Singapore 486 777
Tel [phone] • Fax [phone]
www.escoglobal.com • [email protected]
Copyright Information
© Copyright 2014 Esco Micro Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.
The information contained in this manual and the accompanying product is copyrighted and
all rights are reserved by Esco.
Esco reserves the right to make periodic minor design changes without obligation to notify
any person or entity of such change.
Caution: Federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a licensed healthcare
practitioner.
Only to be used by a trained and qualified professional. The device is sold under exemption
21 CFR 801 Subpart D.
“Material in this manual is provided for informational purposes only. The contents and the
product described in this manual (including any appendix, addendum, attachment or
inclusion) are subject to change without notice. Esco makes no representations or warranties
as to the accuracy of the information contained in this manual. In no event shall Esco be held
liable for any damages, direct or consequential, arising out of or related to the use of this
manual.”

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Unpacking and Inspection
Follow standard receiving practices upon receipt of the instrument. Check the shipping
carton for damage. If damage is found, stop unpacking the instrument. Notify the freight
carrier and ask for an agent to be present while the instrument is unpacked. There are no
special unpacking instructions, but be careful not to damage the instrument when un-
packing it. Inspect the instrument for physical damage such as bent or broken parts, dents
or scratches.
Claims
Our routine method of shipment is via a common carrier. Upon delivery, if physical dam-
age is found, retain all packing materials in their original condition and contact the carrier
immediately to file a claim.
If the instrument is delivered in good physical condition but does not operate within spec-
ifications, or if there are any other problems caused not by shipping damage, please con-
tact your local sales representative or Esco Medical immediately.
Standard Terms and Conditions
Refunds & Credits
Please note that only the serialized products (products labeled with a distinct serial num-
ber) and accessories are eligible for partial refund and/or credit. Non-serialized parts and
accessory items (cables, carrying cases, auxiliary modules, etc.) are not eligible for return
or refund. In order to receive a partial refund/credit, the product must be undamaged
and returned complete (meaning all manuals, cables, accessories, etc.) within 30 days of
original purchase, in “as new” and resalable condition. The Return Procedure must be fol-
lowed.
Return Procedure
Every product returned for refund/credit must be accompanied by a Return Material Au-
thorization (RMA) number, obtained from Esco Medical Customer Service. All items being
returned must be sent prepaid (freight, duty, brokerage and taxes) to our factory location.
Restocking Charges
Products returned within 30 days of original purchase are subject to a minimum restock-
ing fee of 20% of the list price. Additional charges for damage and/or missing parts and
accessories will be applied to all returns. Products which are not in “as new” and resalable
condition are not eligible for credit return and will be returned to the customer at their
own expense.
Certification
This instrument has been thoroughly tested/ inspected and found to meet Esco Medical´s
manufacturing specifications when shipped from the factory. Calibration measurements
and testing are traceable and done according to Esco Medical ISO certification.

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Warranty and Product Support
Esco Medical warrants this instrument to be free from defects in materials and workman-
ship under normal use, and service for two (2) years from the date of original purchase,
provided the instrument is calibrated and maintained in accordance with this manual.
During the warranty period Esco Medical will, at our option, either repair or replace a
product that proves to be defective at no charge, provided you return the product (ship-
ping, duty, brokerage and taxes prepaid) to Esco Medical. This warranty extends only to
the original purchaser and does not cover damage from abuse, neglect, accident or mis-
use, or as the result of service or modification by parties other than Esco Medical.
IN NO EVENT SHALL ESCO MEDICAL LTD. BE HELD LIABLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM-
AGES.
No warranty shall apply when damage is caused by any of the following:
•Power failure, surges or spikes
•Damage in transit or when moving the instrument
•Improper power supply such as low voltage, incorrect voltage, defective wiring or in-
adequate fuses
•Accident, alteration, abuse or misuse of the instrument
•Fire, water damage, theft, war, riot, hostility, acts of God such as hurricanes, floods, etc.
Only serialized products (those items bearing a distinct serial number tag) and their ac-
cessory items are covered under this warranty.
PHYSICAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY MISUSE OR PHYSICAL ABUSE IS NOT COVERED UNDER
THE WARRANTY. Items such as cables and non-serialized modules are not covered under
this warranty.
This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may have other rights, which vary
from province to province, state to state or country to country. This warranty is limited
to repairing the instrument per Esco Medical's specifications.
When you return an instrument to Esco Medical for service, repair or calibration, we rec-
ommend to ship the instrument in the original shipping foam and container. If the original
packing materials are not available, we recommend the following guide for repackaging:
•Use a double-walled carton of sufficient strength for the weight being shipped
•Use heavy paper or cardboard to protect all instrument surfaces. Use non-abrasive ma-
terial around all projecting parts
•Use at least four inches of tightly packed, industrial-approved, shock-absorbent mate-
rial all around the instrument
Esco Medical will not be held responsible for lost shipments or instruments received in
damaged condition due to improper packaging or handling. All warranty claim shipments

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must be made on a prepaid basis (freight, duty, brokerage, and taxes). No returns will be
accepted without a Return Materials Authorization ("RMA”) number. Please contact Esco
Medical to obtain an RMA number and receive help with shipping/customs documenta-
tion.
Recalibration of instruments, which have a recommended annual calibration frequency,
is not covered under the warranty.
Warranty Disclaimer
Should you choose to have your instrument serviced and/or calibrated by someone other
than Esco Medical Ltd. and their representatives, please be advised that the original war-
ranty covering your product becomes void when the tamper-resistant Quality Seal is re-
moved or broken without proper factory authorization.
In all cases, breaking the tamper-resistant Quality Seal should be avoided at all costs, as
this seal is key to your original instrument warranty. In an event where the seal must be
broken to gain internal access to the instrument, you must first contact Esco Medical Ltd.
You will be required to provide us with the serial number for your instrument, as well as
a valid reason for breaking the Quality Seal. You should break this seal only after you have
received factory authorization. Do not break the Quality Seal until you have contacted us!
Following these steps will help ensure that you will retain the original warranty on your
instrument without interruption.
WARNING
Unauthorized user modifications or application beyond the published specifications may
result in electrical shock hazard or improper operation. Esco Medical will not be held re-
sponsible for any injury sustained due to unauthorized equipment modifications.
ESCO MEDICAL LTD. DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE OR APPLICATION.
THIS PRODUCT DOES NOT CONTAIN ANY USER-SERVICEABLE COMPONENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REMOVAL OF THE INSTRUMENT COVER SHALL VOID THIS AND ALL
OTHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES.

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Table of Contents
1 How to use this manual............................................................................................................................ 8
2 Safety warning............................................................................................................................................. 8
3 Indication for use........................................................................................................................................ 8
4 About the product...................................................................................................................................... 9
5 Transport, storage and disposal.........................................................................................................10
5.1 Transport ............................................................................................................................................10
5.2 Storage .................................................................................................................................................10
5.3 Disposal................................................................................................................................................10
6 Accessories supplied...............................................................................................................................11
7 Manuals supplied......................................................................................................................................11
7.1 User manual .......................................................................................................................................11
7.2 Validation manual............................................................................................................................11
7.3 Maintenance manual ......................................................................................................................11
8 Safety symbols and labels .....................................................................................................................12
9 Important safety instructions and warnings.................................................................................13
9.1 Before installation ...........................................................................................................................13
9.2 During installation...........................................................................................................................13
9.3 Post installation................................................................................................................................14
10 Getting started ........................................................................................................................................14
11 Mains connection...................................................................................................................................15
12 Gas connection and the humidification system .........................................................................15
12.1 MAW® without compartments...............................................................................................18
12.2 MAW® with compartments......................................................................................................19
12.3 MAW® with compartments and a built-in gas mixer.....................................................21
13 User interface..........................................................................................................................................21
13.1 Activating the heat and gas flow controls............................................................................22
13.1.1 Temperature sub-menu .....................................................................................................23
13.1.2 Gas flow setpoint...................................................................................................................23
13.1.3 Heat modes..............................................................................................................................24
13.2 Surface temperatures ..................................................................................................................26
13.3 Menu options ..................................................................................................................................28
13.3.1 Main menu...............................................................................................................................28
13.3.2 Sub-menu.................................................................................................................................28
13.3.3 Temperature sub-menu .....................................................................................................29
13.3.4 CO2 sub-menu (only in MAW® with a built-in gas mixer)...................................31

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13.3.5 O2 sub-menu (only MAW® with a built-in gas mixer) ..........................................32
13.3.5 Service sub-menu..................................................................................................................33
14 Alarms........................................................................................................................................................34
14.1 Temperature alarms ....................................................................................................................34
14.2 Gas pressure alarms.....................................................................................................................35
14.3 Multiple alarms ..............................................................................................................................35
15 Changing the setpoints ........................................................................................................................36
16 Firmware...................................................................................................................................................36
17 Laminar flow............................................................................................................................................37
18 Cleaning instructions ...........................................................................................................................37
18.1 Considerations about a sterile device ...................................................................................37
18.2 Cleaning procedure recommended by the manufacturer .............................................38
18.3 Disinfection procedure recommended by the manufacturer ......................................38
19 Heat optimization plates.....................................................................................................................39
20 Humidification ........................................................................................................................................39
21 Temperature validation ......................................................................................................................39
22 All-in-one PC............................................................................................................................................40
23 Maintenance ............................................................................................................................................45
24 Emergency procedures........................................................................................................................46
25 User troubleshooting............................................................................................................................47
26 Specifications...........................................................................................................................................48
27 Electromagnetic compatibility .........................................................................................................49

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1 How to use this manual
The manual is designed to be read by sections and not ideally from cover to cover. This
means that if the manual is read from start to finish, there will be some repetition and over-
lap. We recommend the following method for going through the manual: first, familiarize
yourself with the safety instructions; then, proceed to the basic user functions that are
needed for operating the equipment on a day to day basis; then, review the alarm functions.
The menu function of the user interface details information that is needed only for the ad-
vanced users. All parts must be read before the device is taken into use.
2 Safety warning
• Anyone working with, on or around this equipment should read this manual. Failure to
read, understand and follow the instructions given in this documentation may result in dam-
age to the unit, injury to operating personnel, and/or poor equipment performance.
• Any internal adjustment, modification or maintenance to this equipment must be under-
taken by qualified service personnel.
• If the equipment must be relocated, make sure it is fixed properly on a support stand or
base and move it on a flat surface. When necessary, move the equipment and the support
stand/base separately.
• The use of any hazardous materials in this equipment must be monitored by an industrial
hygienist, safety officer or other suitably qualified individual.
• Before you proceed, you should thoroughly understand the installation procedures and
take note of the environmental/electrical requirements.
• In this manual, important safety related points will be marked with the following symbols:
NOTE
Used to direct attention to a specific item.
WARNING
Use caution.
• If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by this manual, the protection provided
by this equipment may be impaired.
3 Indication for use
MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®is a laminar flow workstation with temperature control
and humidified working environment. This workstation is intended for work with gametes
and/or embryos at or near body temperature conditions during in vitro fertilization
(IVF)/assisted production technology (ART) treatments.

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4 About the product
MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®is a laminar flow workstation with temperature con-
trol and humidified working environment. This workstation is intended for work with gam-
etes and/or embryos at or near body temperature conditions during in vitro fertilization
(IVF)/assisted production technology (ART) treatments.
The 12-zone heating system (8 table plates and 4 compartments) gives superior tempera-
ture conditions in comparison to conventional layouts.
To ensure maximum performance, the system has 12 separate temperature controllers, con-
trolling and regulating temperature in each zone.
The workstation has been primarily developed and optimized for culturing with an overlay
of paraffin or mineral oil.
If an open culture is used, the user can utilize the humidified gas system that is built into the
tabletop. The dish is placed under the gas hood where favorable pH conditions in a buffered
media without oil overlay can be maintained.
Open culture may lead to evaporation and a change in pH levels, if the required
conditions are not maintained.
The all-in-one PC that runs with the logger software is an integral part of MAW, Multi-zone
ART Workstation®.The software functions as a constant surveillance system that gives the
user an early warning if any parameter drifts beyond safe limits. The monitor can be used
for displaying microscope camera images, as any warning will be brought to user’s attention
and a possibility to toggle between the modes will be available. The software includes data
logging, data storage and report functions for the compliance with ISO quality management.
The device is manufactured under a full EU certified ISO quality management system.
This product fulfils the requirements of EN60601-1 3rd edition standards as a Class I type B
equivalent device, suited for continuous operation. It also conforms to the requirements of
the EU Council directive 93/42/EEC, concerning medical devices, and is classified as a Class
I device under rule XII.
Personal Protective Equipment (89/686/EEC) and Machine Directive (2006/42/EC) are not
applicable for MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®.

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5 Transport, storage and disposal
5.1 Transport
Devices are packed in a carton box; it is wrapped in a polyethylene. The box is affixed to
pallets with the special straps.
If there is any damage, the device and its packaging should be inspected visually. After the
inspection, MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®is prepared to be transported.
The following labels should be glued on the box:
•Label with a marked packing date
•Label with the product name and serial number
•Label with the country of origin
•Warning labels “Fragile” and “Handle with care”
5.2 Storage
The device may only be used under the following conditions:
•The unit may be stored for one year
•If stored longer than one year, the unit must be returned to the manufacturer for a
new release test
•Store within the following temperature limits: -20.0oC and + 50.0oC
•Keep away from direct sunlight
•Cautiously inspect the accompanying documents for important safety-related infor-
mation such as warnings and precautions that cannot, for a variety of reasons, be
presented on the device itself
•Do not use if the packing material is damaged
•Keep dry
5.3 Disposal
The unit contains reusable materials. All components (with the exception of HEPA filter)
may be discarded after having been cleaned and disinfected.
Please note that HEPA filters must be discarded according to the applicable national regula-
tions in terms of special solid waste.
The device may have been used for treating and processing infectious sub-
stances. Therefore, the device and device components may have been contaminated.
Prior to disposal, all device components must be decontaminated.

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Clean the device components thoroughly –either disinfect or decontaminate them.
6 Accessories supplied
• 1 HEPA filter for input gas supply
• 1 USB stick containing Esco Medical Datalogger software and PDF versions of the manuals
• 1 gas hood (MAW®without compartments)
• 1 carry tray (MAW®with compartments –1 carry tray for each compartment)
• 1 humidification flask for MAW®of 4 ft or 2 humidification flasks for MAW®of 6 ft
• 2 hospital-grade power cord for MAW®of 4 ft or two hospital-grade power cords for Dual
MAW®of 6 ft
7 Manuals supplied
MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®comes with 3 manuals as standard:
1. User Manual (this manual)
2. Validation Manual
3. Maintenance Manual
Each manual has a specific purpose.
7.1 User manual
It is intended to provide the user with the information that is necessary for using the device.
User manual cannot stand alone or replace user training.
7.2 Validation manual
It is intended to provide the trained technical personnel, that is performing the installation,
with the procedures and specifications necessary to ensure that the device is safe and can
be taken into clinical use. The manual can also be used as a guide for validation tests that
should be performed regularly.
7.3 Maintenance manual
It is intended to provide the trained technical personnel, that is performing the installation,
with the schedules and methods necessary to ensure that the device runs optimally and
safely during its lifespan.
The maintenance specified in the Maintenance manual cannot replace the regu-
lar maintenance/validation that must be performed by the user.

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8 Safety symbols and labels
There are several user labels on the surface of MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®to guide
the user. User labels are shown below.
Table 7.1 Labels
Description
Image
Packing box label:
1. If stored longer than one year from the manufac-
turing date, the unit must be returned to the
manufacturer for a new release test.
2. Shipping temperature between -20.0oC and
+50.0oC.
3. Keep away from direct sunlight.
4. Caution: inspect the accompanying documents
for important safety-related information such as
warnings and precautions that cannot, for a vari-
ety of reasons, be presented on the device itself.
5. View instructions for proper use of the device.
6. Do not use if the packing material is damaged.
7. Rx Only.
8. Keep dry.
1. View the instruction for use.
2. Warning on the back of the device indicates that
an earth connection is needed, as well as the
mains information and an “ON/OFF” push but-
ton.
3. “Lightning bolt” indicates the potential risk of
electrical shock (never remove any cover).
1. Model
2. Mains power rating
3. Manufacturer’s address and country of origin
4. View instruction for use
5. Temperature limit
6. Rx only
7. Serial number
8. CE mark
9. Not protected against ingress of water
10.Logo
11.Keep away from direct sunlight
12.Observe WEEE
13.Keep dry
14.Year of manufacture

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Table 7.2 Labels on the front side of MAW®
Description
Image
USB communication port
PC ON/OFF button
Compartments numbers are indicated on the top
corner of the lid with a label (only in MAW®with
compartments)
Gas inlet on a table plate (only in MAW®without
compartments)
9 Important safety instructions and warnings
9.1 Before installation
1. Do not use the product if the package is damaged.
2. Read User manual completely before use.
3. Always keep these instructions easily accessible near the device.
4. Do not try to lift heavy equipment alone.
5. If a forklift is used, lift the device on the custom-built pallet. The tabletop itself cannot
withstand any lifting in the middle –a permanent damage may occur. In this case, the war-
ranty is considered to be void.
6. The electronic box under the tabletop is not flush with the rest of the underside. Any blows
may result in a permanent damage. Warranty is considered to be void if this happens.
9.2 During installation
1. Never place this unit on top of other equipment that might heat it up.
2. Place this unit on a flat, hard and stable surface.
3. Never place the unit on a carpet or similar surfaces.
4. Do not defeat the safety purpose of the grounding-type (earthing) plug.
5. A grounding-type (earthing) plug has two blades and a third prong is provided for your
safety. If the provided plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician to replace the
outlet
6. Always connect the power cord to a properly grounded outlet and only use the cord that
came with the device.
7. Do not install this device near any heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves or
other apparatuses that produce heat.
8. Do not use this device near water sources.
9. Always use an external HEPA filter for input CO2gas.

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10. Do not use this product at temperatures exceeding 30.0oC.
11. Place this unit in a location with adequate ventilation to prevent internal heat build-up.
Allow at least 10 cm clearance from the rear, 30 cm from the top and 20 cm from left and
right to prevent overheating.
12. This unit is intended for indoor purposes only.
13. Read the section about EMC in this IFU on section 27 and heed the warnings.
9.3 Post installation
1. Refer all servicing procedures to a qualified service personnel.
2. Servicing is required according to the Service manual as well as in cases when the device
has been damaged in any way, e.g. if the device has been dropped, exposed to rain or mois-
ture, or does not operate normally. MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®contains high volt-
age components that may be hazardous.
3. Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for a long period of time.
4. Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched –particularly the plug, conven-
ience receptacles and the point where it exits from the apparatus.
5. Perform temperature and gas calibration at the intervals described in the manuals.
6. NEVER block gas supply holes in tabletop.
7. Make sure that CO2gas supply pressures are kept stable at 0.6 bar (8.70 PSI).
10 Getting started
MAW®, Multi-zone ART Workstation, must be installed by an authorized and
trained personnel only!
1. Follow the guidelines in the safety instructions and warnings section.
2. Connect the mains cable to the top of the workstation for the fan unit work.
3. Connect the mains cable to the underside of the tabletop for PC and tabletop heating sys-
tem to work.
4. Connect the gas line to premixed gas (in case of MAW®with gas mixer, connect to CO2and
N2gases).
5. Set the gas pressure on the external gas regulator at 0.6 bar (8.70 PSI).
6. Switch on MAW®with the ON/OFF switch under the tabletop (next to the mains cable).
7. Power up the PC by pressing the button in the middle of the inner wall working area.
8. Observe for normal functionality.
9. Let the unit warm up and stabilize for 20 min.
10. Follow the guidelines in the Validation guide.
11. Complete user training and finish reading instructions.
12. After a burn-in phase of 24-hours, the unit is ready to be used IF the testing is successful.

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Clean and disinfect the device before use. It is not delivered sterile or in a clini-
cally acceptable clean state. Look through the cleaning instructions section in this
manual for the manufacturer’s recommended guidelines!
11 Mains connection
MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®comes with a detachable mains power cord. The power
cord is prepared for the country in which the unit is intended to be used.
Do not defeat the safety purpose of the grounding-type plug! A grounding-type
plug has two blades and a prong, which is provided for your safety. If the provided
plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician to replace the outlet.
The power requirement is 115V 60 Hz OR 230V 50Hz.
Figure 11.1 Power supply
12 Gas connection and the humidification system
Gas inputs are located under the tabletop. If MAW®does not have an installed gas mixer –
there is one single gas input (for premixed gas). If a gas mixer is installed there are two gas
inputs (CO2and N2).
Figure 12.1 Gas inlet
Gas pressure for inlet should be 0.6 bar (8.70 PSI) and it must be kept stable!

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Always use a high-quality pressure regulator, that can be set with the required precision, for
both gases.
Figure 12.2 Pressure regulator
If MAW®is equipped with a gas mixer, connect CO2gas to the CO2inlet and N2gas to the N2
inlet with a suitable tube. If MAW®is not equipped with a gas mixer, connect the premixed
gas only to the inlet marked “CO2”. Make sure the tube is fastened with a clip, so that it does
not accidentally loosen itself during a sudden pressure fluctuation. Use the supplied 0.2µ
HEPA filter on the gas line just before the inlet on MAW®. Notice the flow direction marked
on the filter.
Figure 12.3 Gas filter
The gas flow may be controlled digitally with the use of keys on the tabletop. If MAW®is
equipped with a gas mixer, the system will control the gas flow automatically. The user will
have to set the required gas setpoint (SP).
The gas will pass through the humidification flask.

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Figure 12.4 Humidification flask
Humidification flask tubes are marked with number “1”and “2”. The same marking applies
for two outlets. Flask tubes must be connected to the outlets according to their number
(number “1” tube must be connected to the outlet marked with the same number).
Figure 12.5 Tubes connected to the flask
If no humidification is required, the U-looped silicone tube must be put from the
port marked ‘Outlet’ to the port below.
Fill the flask with sterile water up to the mark.

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12.1 MAW®without compartments
Figure 12.6 Gas flows through the nozzle
The gas will flow through the nozzle to the working area on a tabletop.
Figure 12.7 Gas nozzle on a tabletop
A gas hood must be placed over the outlet. The constant flow will flush the environment so
that a correct CO2concentration could be kept and no pH drift would occur.

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Figure 12.8 Gas hood placed over the gas nozzle
When the dishes are placed under the gas hood, keep them covered by lids. The dishes may
be placed directly on a warm surface, but they must be kept in a carry tray.
Figure 12.9 Carry tray
12.2 MAW®with compartments
Figure 12.10 MAW®with compartments
Gas flows and circuits in both compartments through the internal fan. The fan starts auto-
matically when the flow is set.
Using the carry tray, several dishes may be conveniently transported between the CO2
incubator and the workstation.

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Figure 12.11 Gas in compartments
Overview of the gas system
Required input gas type: premixed CO2. Check medium types for the correct mixture and
validate the mixture with a gas analyzer prior to use.
Required input gas pressure: gas pressure on the external source should be 0.6 bar (8.70
PSI) and it must be kept stable.
Gas alarm: the alarm goes off when the gas level drifts <0.2 bar and >0.8 bar. If an alarm goes
off, remove the sample to the safe CO2incubator and investigate the cause of the alarm.
The gas flow setpoint can be adjusted in the range from 0 l/h to 40 l/h. 1 l/h increments.
The correct flow level is a balance that helps to maintain the right pH level in the medium
and ensures the economy of gas usage. An increased flow increases better chances to main-
tain correct gas level and fast gas recovery, however, it also increases the cost of gas. Thus,
the flow may be adjusted down to the level where the pH in the medium is still maintained
and the gas consumption is as low as possible. This aspect in the specific medium may be
determined only by a local validation test. Please also check the medium manufacturer’s
recommendations.