H3C S7500E-XS Series Installation guide

H3C S7500E-XS Switch Series FAQ
Copyright © 2016 Hangzhou H3C Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
without prior written consent of Hangzhou H3C Technologies Co., Ltd.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice.

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Contents
Hardware..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Q. Does the switch support CF cards?................................................................................................ 1
Q. Does the switch provide USB ports? .............................................................................................. 1
Q. Does the switch provide Mini USB console ports?............................................................................ 1
Q. What is wire speed?................................................................................................................... 1
Q. What transceiver modules and cables are available for the SFP+ ports on the switch?......................... 1
Q. What are the power system features of the switch?.......................................................................... 1
Q. Can DC power modules and AC power modules be used on the same switch? .................................. 1
Q. What protective measures do the switch power modules use?........................................................... 1
Q. Does the switch support power over Ethernet (PoE)? ........................................................................ 2
Q. How does the switch adjust the fan speed? .................................................................................... 2
Q. Are the power modules on the switch hot swappable?..................................................................... 2
Q. Are the fan trays on the switch hot swappable? .............................................................................. 2
Q. What is the operating temperature and upper and lower temperature thresholds of the
switch? ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Q. What are the requirements for grounding the switch? ...................................................................... 2
Q. How do I ground the switch?........................................................................................................ 2
Q. How is the switch designed for high availability?............................................................................ 3
Q. Does the switch support FC interfaces?.......................................................................................... 3
Software ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Q. Does every physical port have a unique MAC address?................................................................... 3
Q. Does every VLAN interface have a unique MAC address? ............................................................... 3
Q. How do I view the current system version?...................................................................................... 3
Q. Can I delete the image files that the device is using?....................................................................... 3
Q. How can I easily view and save important device operation information? .......................................... 3
Q. What are the differences between the system operating modes?....................................................... 4
Q. What is the maximum number of equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) route groups supported by
the S7500E-XS Switch Series?....................................................................................................... 4
Q. How many monitor ports does the switch support?.......................................................................... 4
Service functions........................................................................................................................................... 4
Q. What are the forwarding capabilities of TRILL for multicast, broadcast, unknown unicast,
and unknown multicast frames on the switch? ................................................................................. 4
Q. Why can't two devices communicate if they are connected through TRILL hybrid ports?........................ 5

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Q. Why can't the ping packets received on a TRILL trunk port reach a VLAN interface? ........................... 5
Q. Why can't the port use TRILL to encapsulate and forward the received packets on a
QinQ-enabled TRILL access port?.................................................................................................. 5
Q. Why can't an RB in a TRILL network be directly connected to common Layer 2 switches
through multiple links? ................................................................................................................. 5
Q. Is EVB supported on a Layer 3 Ethernet interface?........................................................................... 5
Q. Why can't EVB be enabled if the maximum number of ARP entries that I configured reaches
the maximum number that the system supports? .............................................................................. 5
Q. Can an H3C S7500E-XS switch form an IRF fabric with devices from other switch series?..................... 5
Q. How many member devices can an H3C S7500E-XS IRF fabric have?............................................... 5
Q. How is an IRF master elected?...................................................................................................... 5
Q. What IRF fabric topologies does the switch support? ....................................................................... 6
Q. What benefits does the IRF ring topology provide? ......................................................................... 6
Q. Why can't IRF physical interfaces forward data traffic at the wire speed across chassis in an
IRF fabric?.................................................................................................................................. 6
Q. What device models does the S7500E-XS switch support as PEXs in an IRF 3 system? ......................... 6
Q. How many PEXs can be attached to the S7500E-XS parent fabric in an IRF 3 system and
what virtual chassis numbers can the PEXs use? .............................................................................. 7
Q. What ports can I use as PEX physical interfaces on the S7500E-XS parent fabric in an IRF 3
system?...................................................................................................................................... 7
Q. What is the maximum frame length allowed by the ports? ............................................................... 7
Q. Does flow mirroring support mirroring outbound broadcast packets of a VLAN? ................................. 7
Q. How can I determine whether or not packets are dropped on a port?................................................ 7
Q. Why is the mirrored outgoing packet different from the copied packet? ............................................. 7
Q. Why does the number of learned dynamic MAC addresses on an IRF fabric exceed the
maximum number of MAC address entries allowed?........................................................................ 8
Q. Why don't the MAC address table and the ARP table update the entry for a MAC address
immediately after the device receives an ARP request from the MAC address on a different
port than the existing one?........................................................................................................... 8
Q. Why does IP source guard allow a packet to pass through when the VLAN ID in the static
binding entry is not matched? ...................................................................................................... 8
Q. How do I set the notification and log message sending interval for ARP rate limit? .............................. 8
Q. What restrictions and guidelines should I follow when I configure TRILL? ............................................ 9
Q. Does a TRILL port support multiple neighbors? ................................................................................ 9
Q. Can I enable uRPF after configuring static routes or dynamic routing protocols?.................................. 9
Q. Does the switch support FCoE?..................................................................................................... 9
Q. Does the switch support VXLAN? .................................................................................................. 9
Q. Can I configure multiple ENDSs for an EVI tunnel?.......................................................................... 9
Q. What is the difference between an EVI link and an EVI tunnel? ........................................................ 9

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Q. What is the difference between EVI edge devices and PE devices? ..................................................10
Q. What are extended VLANs? .......................................................................................................10
Q. Under what conditions should I configure selective flood for a MAC address? ...................................10
Q. How does EVI prevent forwarding loops? .....................................................................................10
Q. How does an edge device handle broadcast, unknown unicast, and unknown multicast
traffic?......................................................................................................................................10
Miscellaneous ..............................................................................................................................................10
Q. When outbound traffic mirroring is configured on a port, why can't some packets sent by the
CPU be mirrored (for example, LACP packets)?..............................................................................10

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This document is not restricted to specific software or hardware versions.
Hardware
This section contains the most frequently asked questions about the switch hardware.
Q. Does the switch support CF cards?
A. No.
Q. Does the switch provide USB ports?
A. Yes.
Q. Does the switch provide Mini USB console ports?
A. Yes.
Q. What is wire speed?
A. Wire speed means that data is transmitted on a physical medium at the maximum rate defined by the industry
standard. For example, the wire speed of a fast Ethernet link is 100 Mbps.
Q. What transceiver modules and cables are available for the SFP+ ports on the switch?
A. For the transceiver modules and cables available for the SFP+ ports on the switch, see H3C S7500E-XS Switch
Series Installation Guide.
Q. What are the power system features of the switch?
A. The power system of the switch has the following features:
•The power system supports the intelligent power management function.
•The power modules are small in size but provide a large amount of power.
•Two power modules can be installed for redundancy.
•The power modules are hot swappable.
All the S7500E-XS switches except the S7504E-XS switch can operate correctly with a minimum of one power
module. An S7504E-XS switch requires a minimum of two power modules.
Q. Can DC power modules and AC power modules be used on the same switch?
A. Yes.
Q. What protective measures do the switch power modules use?
A. The switch power modules use the following protective measures:
•Input protection—Input over-voltage protection and input under-voltage protection.
•Output protection—Output over-voltage protection, output over-current protection, and output
over-temperature protection.

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Q. Does the switch support power over Ethernet (PoE)?
A. No.
Q. How does the switch adjust the fan speed?
A. The switch automatically adjusts the fan speed to adapt to the temperature changes in the chassis. You can use
the display fan command to display fan state information.
Q. Are the power modules on the switch hot swappable?
A. Yes.
Q. Are the fan trays on the switch hot swappable?
A. Yes.
For correct system operation, follow these guidelines:
•If a single fan tray has problems and the ambient temperature is equal to or lower than 27°C (80.6°F),
replace the fan tray within 24 hours.
•If a single fan tray has problems and the ambient temperature is higher than 27°C (80.6°F), replace the fan
tray immediately.
•If two fan trays on an S7502E-XS switch have problems, replace the fan trays within 2 minutes.
•If two fan trays on an S7504E-XS switch have problems, replace the fan trays within 1 minute.
Q. What is the operating temperature and upper and lower temperature thresholds of the switch?
A. For S7500E-XS switches, the operating temperature must be in the range of 0°C (32°F) to 45°C (113°F).
You can use the display environment command to display the switch temperature statistics, including the current
temperature and temperature thresholds.
•When the temperature drops below the low-temperature threshold or reaches the high-temperature warning
threshold, the switch displays a log message and a trap.
•When the temperature reaches the high-temperature alarming threshold, the switch repeatedly displays log
and trap messages. It also alerts the user to the high-temperature condition through LEDs on the panel.
Q. What are the requirements for grounding the switch?
A. Before using the switch, connect the grounding cable securely to guarantee lightning protection and
anti-interference of the switch.
When you ground the switch, make sure the resistance between the chassis and the ground is less than 1 ohm.
Q. How do I ground the switch?
A. You can ground the switch by using the following methods:
•If a grounding strip is available at the installation site, use the grounding strip to ground the switch:
a. Unpack the grounding cable provided with the switch.
b. Remove the two grounding screws from the grounding point.

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c. Use the grounding screws to attach the two-hole grounding lug of the grounding cable to the
grounding point.
d. Connect the ring terminal of the grounding cable to a grounding post of the grounding strip, and use
the hex nut to fasten the grounding cable to the grounding strip.
•If the switch is AC powered and no grounding strip is available at the installation site, you can ground the
switch through the PE wire of the AC power cord. Make sure the following requirements are met:
{A three-wire AC power cord with a PE wire is used.
{The PE wire of the AC power cord is grounded securely.
{The PE connector on the switch is connected securely to the PE wire of the AC power cord.
Q. How is the switch designed for high availability?
A. The switch is designed as follows for high availability:
•Power system—2+2 redundancy on an S7504E-XS switch and 1+1 redundancy on other S7500E-XS
switches.
•Power modules and fan trays—Field replaceable.
•Software—Failure locating, detection, and isolation.
All module designs are verified in environment simulation tests and HALTs.
Q. Does the switch support FC interfaces?
A. No.
Software
This section contains the most frequently asked questions about device software.
Q. Does every physical port have a unique MAC address?
A. Yes. Every physical port has a unique MAC address.
Q. Does every VLAN interface have a unique MAC address?
A. No. The device provides 32 MAC addresses for VLAN interfaces. VLAN interfaces are organized in to
32-member groups in order of the VLAN interface number, starting from VLAN-interface 1. VLAN interfaces in
each group are assigned the 32 MAC addresses in order of the VLAN interface number.
Q. How do I view the current system version?
A. Use the display version command. The command displays the current system version information, including the
current software version and BootWare version.
Q. Can I delete the image files that the device is using?
A. Yes, you can. However, as a best practice, specify new image files immediately so the device can reboot
correctly. Deleting the image files that the device is using does not affect the operation of the device.
Q. How can I easily view and save important device operation information?

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A. Use the display diagnostic-information command. This command displays the operating statistics for multiple
feature modules, eliminating the need to use display commands for features one by one.
Q. What are the differences between the system operating modes?
A. The switch supports the following system operating modes: standard (the default) and advance.
•In standard mode:
ACLs are applied to hardware by using DMA. The application efficiency is high, but packet loss might
occur during a short period of time after the application operation.
•In advance mode:
ACLs are applied to hardware directly. No packet loss will occur.
For a system operating mode change to take effect, you must save the running configuration and reboot the
switch.
Q. What is the maximum number of equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) route groups supported by the S7500E-XS
Switch Series?
A. The S7500E-XS Switch Series supports a maximum of 4095 ECMP route groups. Use the following formula to
calculate the actual number supported by the switch:
(16 × 1024)/maximum number of ECMP routes
•If the value is greater than 4095, the value 4095 applies.
•If the value is smaller than 4095, the calculated value applies.
Use the max-ecmp-num command in system view to configure the maximum number of ECMP routes supported
by the system.
Q. How many monitor ports does the switch support?
A. The switch supports a maximum of four monitor ports. The switch has four port mirroring resources. Each of the
unidirectional port mirroring, inbound or outbound, uses one resource. A bidirectional port mirroring uses two
resources.
Service functions
This section contains the most frequently asked questions about service functions.
Q. What are the forwarding capabilities of TRILL for multicast, broadcast, unknown unicast, and unknown
multicast frames on the switch?
A. The maximum rate is 8 Gbps for multicast, broadcast, unknown unicast, and unknown multicast frames that are
forwarded by TRILL. This rate equals the lower value between the following settings:
•Half the bandwidth of the IRF port—In an IRF fabric, if an S7500E-XS switch forwards these frames through
a TRILL trunk port and a TRILL access port, both the original frames and TRILL-encapsulated frames pass
through the IRF port. Therefore, the total rate of these frames cannot exceed half the bandwidth of the IRF
port.
•Bandwidth of the internal loopback interface—Because these frames must be processed by the internal
loopback interface, the total rate of these frames cannot exceed the bandwidth of the interface.

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Q. Why can't two devices communicate if they are connected through TRILL hybrid ports?
A. In this case, for each VLAN permitted by the link, only one of the two ports can become the AVF. The packets
will be dropped by the non-AVF port. As a result, the two devices cannot communicate. Avoid connecting
devices through two TRILL hybrid ports.
Q. Why can't the ping packets received on a TRILL trunk port reach a VLAN interface?
A. A TRILL trunk port can receive and send only TRILL-encapsulated frames. Ping packets are not encapsulated by
TRILL. As a result, they will be dropped.
Q. Why can't the port use TRILL to encapsulate and forward the received packets on a QinQ-enabled TRILL access
port?
A. The device does not support the operation. Avoid enabling QinQ on TRILL access ports.
Q. Why can't an RB in a TRILL network be directly connected to common Layer 2 switches through multiple links?
A. In this case, if some of the connecting ports have the same enabled VLAN, each of these ports considers itself
as the AVF for the VLAN. As a result, a loop occurs.
In such a network, two ports of the RB are connected. The two ports use the same source MAC address, because
TRILL frames on the same device share one source MAC address. When the RB receives a TRILL hello with its
own MAC address as the source MAC address, the RB considers the TRILL hello as one sent by itself. As a result:
•The RB does not process the hello frame.
•Each of the two ports considers itself as the AVF for the enabled VLAN.
Q. Is EVB supported on a Layer 3 Ethernet interface?
A. No.
Q. Why can't EVB be enabled if the maximum number of ARP entries that I configured reaches the maximum
number that the system supports?
Next hop entries (16 K is supported) are required by multiple features. If ARP entries occupy the 16 K space, no
resources can be allocated for EVB S-channel creation, so EVB cannot be enabled.
Q. Can an H3C S7500E-XS switch form an IRF fabric with devices from other switch series?
A. No. An H3C S7500E-XS switch can form an IRF fabric only with switches from the same series.
Q. How many member devices can an H3C S7500E-XS IRF fabric have?
A. An H3C S7500E-XS IRF fabric can have a maximum of nine member devices.
Q. How is an IRF master elected?
A. An IRF fabric uses the following rules to elect a master in descending order:
1. Current master, even if a new member has higher priority.
{When an IRF fabric is being formed, all members consider themselves as the master, and the system
skips to rule 2.

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{When two active IRF fabrics merge, the master in each IRF fabric considers itself as the master, and the
system skips to rule 2.
2. Member with higher priority.
3. Member with the longest system uptime.
Two members are considered to start up at the same time if the difference between their startup times is
equal to or less than 10 minutes. For members starting up at the same time, rule 4applies.
4. Member with the lowest bridge MAC address.
Q. What IRF fabric topologies does the switch support?
A. The switch supports ring and daisy-chain topologies, but not the full mesh topology.
Q. What benefits does the IRF ring topology provide?
A. The IRF ring topology provides the following benefits:
•Increased forwarding capacity—In a daisy-chain topology, any two IRF members have only one
forwarding path. In a ring topology, any two IRF member devices have two forwarding paths. Traffic is
distributed over the paths depending on the hop count between the ingress and egress devices.
•High availability—The failure of one IRF link does not cause the IRF fabric to split as in a daisy-chain
topology. Instead, the IRF fabric changes to a daisy-chain topology without interrupting network services.
Q. Why can't IRF physical interfaces forward data traffic at the wire speed across chassis in an IRF fabric?
A. The IRF physical interfaces add an IRF header to each packet before they forward the packets to the neighbor
IRF member. The IRF header uses part of the bandwidth.
Q. What device models does the S7500E-XS switch support as PEXs in an IRF 3 system?
A. The switch supports the following devices as PEXs:
•S5
120-HI series:
{S5120-52SC-HI.
{S5120-28SC-HI.
•S 513 0 - E I s e r i e s :
{S 513 0 -2 8 S - E I .
{S 513 0 - 52 S - E I .
{S 513 0 -2 8 F - E I .
{S 513 0 -2 8 S - P W R - E I .
{S 513 0 -28 S - H PW R - E I.
{S 513 0 - 52 S - PW R- E I .
{S 513 0 -2 8 T P - E I .
{S 513 0 - 52 T P- E I .
{S 513 0 -2 8 T P - P W R - E I .
{S 513 0 - 52 T P - P W R - E I .
•S6300 series:

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{S6300-52QF.
{S6300-42QF.
{S6300-48S.
{S6300-42QT.
Q. How many PEXs can be attached to the S7500E-XS parent fabric in an IRF 3 system and what virtual chassis
numbers can the PEXs use?
A. A maximum of 30 PEXs can be attached to the S7500E-XS parent fabric in an IRF 3 system. The virtual chassis
number must be 100 to 129.
Q. What ports can I use as PEX physical interfaces on the S7500E-XS parent fabric in an IRF 3 system?
A. You can use 10-GE or 40-GE fiber ports on the following expansion interface cards as PEX physical interfaces:
•LSQM1QGS8A0.
•LSQM1TGS24QSA0.
•LSQM1TGS24QSM0.
•LSQM1TGT24QSM0.
Q. What is the maximum frame length allowed by the ports?
A. The maximum frame length is four bytes longer than the frame length set by using the jumboframe enable value
command, regardless of whether they are tagged. The default value is 10004 bytes.
Q. Does flow mirroring support mirroring outbound broadcast packets of a VLAN?
A. No. Flow mirroring mirrors only known unicast packets of the VLAN in the outbound direction.
Q. How can I determine whether or not packets are dropped on a port?
A. Perform one of the following tasks:
•Use the display packet-drop interface command to display the dropped packet statistics on an interface.
•Use the display packet-drop summary command to display the dropped packet statistics on all interfaces.
•Use the display qos queue-statistics command to display statistics collected for an interface on a per-queue
basis.
Q. Why is the mirrored outgoing packet different from the copied packet?
A. When the device mirrors an outgoing multicast or broadcast packet of a source port, the device mirrors the
packet before the packet is copied. When the device copies the packet, the device might change the source
MAC address and VLAN tag of the packet. As a result, the mirrored outgoing packet might be different from
the copied packet.
During a port mirroring or traffic mirroring process:
•When the device mirrors an incoming packet of a source port, the device mirrors the packet received on the
port.
•When the device mirrors an outgoing packet of a source port, the mirrored packet is the packet before the
device processes the VLAN tag of the packet.

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Q. Why does the number of learned dynamic MAC addresses on an IRF fabric exceed the maximum number of
MAC address entries allowed?
A. This issue occurs when dynamic MAC addresses are out of synchronization among IRF member devices.
In the output from the display mac-address statistic command:
•The Dynamic Unicast Address (Learned) Count field displays the total number of dynamic MAC addresses
learned by all IRF member devices.
•The Total Unicast MAC Addresses Available field displays the maximum number of MAC address entries
allowed on the IRF fabric. It is the largest maximum number of table entries allowed among all IRF member
devices.
The Dynamic Unicast Address (Learned) Count field displays a higher count than the Total Unicast MAC
Addresses Available field if the out-of-synchronization situation has occurred.
This issue does not affect the forwarding services because the IRF fabric floods unknown frames. You do not
need to handle this issue.
Q. Why don't the MAC address table and the ARP table update the entry for a MAC address immediately after
the device receives an ARP request from the MAC address on a different port than the existing one?
A. There is a delay for the software to update the displayed MAC address table or ARP table.
Updating the displayed MAC address table is delayed in order to conserve resources. The delay does not affect
forwarding services, because the date plane updates the entries in hardware immediately after the change
occurs.
Updating the ARP table is delayed because of the interval for ARP to detect the movement of MAC addresses
between ports. This delay does not affect forwarding services on a network that has infrequent MAC address
movement. For the ARP table to update quickly after a MAC address is moved, execute the mac-address
mac-move fast-update command.
Q. Why does IP source guard allow a packet to pass through when the VLAN ID in the static binding entry is not
matched?
A. IP source guard does not use the VLAN ID in a static binding entry as a matching criterion. Packet filtering is
not affected even you specify a VLAN for the static binding entry.
Q. How do I set the notification and log message sending interval for ARP rate limit?
A. To set the notification and log message sending interval, perform the following tasks:
1. Enable ARP packet rate limit.
2. Enable sending notifications or log messages for ARP packet rate limit.
3. Execute the arp rate-limit log interval command to set an interval in seconds.
The sending interval does not take effect if ARP packet rate limit or sending of notifications or log messages is
disabled.

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Q. What restrictions and guidelines should I follow when I configure TRILL?
A. You must make sure that TRILL ports and non-TRILL ports do not form loops in the network. As a best practice,
assign TRILL ports and non-TRILL ports to different VLANs if they might form loops.
Q. Does a TRILL port support multiple neighbors?
A. No. A TRILL port can have only one neighbor because of hardware limitations.
Q. Can I enable uRPF after configuring static routes or dynamic routing protocols?
A. As a best practice, do not enable uRPF after configuring static routes or dynamic routing protocols. The uRPF
feature will decrease the routing table size by half and cause network flapping.
Q. Does the switch support FCoE?
A. No.
Q. Does the switch support VXLAN?
A. Yes.
Q. Can I configure multiple ENDSs for an EVI tunnel?
A. Yes. You can configure a maximum of two ENDSs on an EVI tunnel interface. To guarantee that each edge
device can obtain the addresses of all its EVI neighbors, make sure the ENDSs are the same across the EVI
network.
Q. What is the difference between an EVI link and an EVI tunnel?
A. An EVI link is a bidirectional virtual Ethernet channel between a pair of edge devices in an EVI network. Data
is transported transparently over EVI links between network sites. EVI links are conveyed on EVI tunnels. An EVI
tunnel can convey multiple EVI links. Each EVI link is uniquely identified by a pair of source and destination EVI
tunnel interface IP addresses.
An EVI tunnel is a point-to-many automatic GRE tunnel. It conveys up to 32 EVI links for an EVI network. An edge
device establishes connections with multiple remote-site edge devices over an EVI tunnel. Each connection is
represented as an EVI link.

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Q. What is the difference between EVI edge devices and PE devices?
A. In an EVI network, edge devices are located at the boundaries of customer sites. In an MPLS VPN network,
provider edge (PE) devices are located at the boundaries of the service provider network.
Q. What are extended VLANs?
A. Extended VLANs are customer VLANs extended by EVI between remote customer sites over a transport
network. An extended VLAN can be assigned to only one EVI network.
Q. Under what conditions should I configure selective flood for a MAC address?
A. By default, EVI does not flood unknown unicast or multicast traffic out of EVI tunnel interfaces to remote sites.
Selective flood enables an edge device to send an unknown unicast or multicast frame out of an EVI tunnel
interface.
You can configure this feature for special multicast addresses that require flooding across sites but cannot be
added to a multicast forwarding table by IGMP snooping.
For example, you must configure selective flood for PIM hellos, IGMP general query packets, and Microsoft
NLBS cluster traffic to be sent out of an EVI tunnel interface.
Q. How does EVI prevent forwarding loops?
A. EVI implements split horizon to prevent loops among edge devices. This feature prevents frames received from
EVI tunnels from being forwarded back to the transport network. Split horizon takes effect on all types of frames,
including unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
Q. How does an edge device handle broadcast, unknown unicast, and unknown multicast traffic?
A. An EVI edge device floods broadcast, unknown unicast, and unknown multicast traffic as follows:
•Broadcast frame—Floods the frame to all interfaces in the VLAN where the frame has been received,
including internal interfaces and EVI-Link interfaces. For ARP packets, you can use the ARP flood suppression
feature to reduce ARP broadcasts.
•Unknown unicast or multicast frame—Floods the frame to all internal interfaces in the VLAN where the
frame has been received. The edge device typically does not forward destination-unknown frames to other
sites. If a site-to-site flooding is desirable for a special MAC address, use the selective flood feature.
Miscellaneous
This section contains the most frequently asked questions about other problems.
Q. When outbound traffic mirroring is configured on a port, why can't some packets sent by the CPU be mirrored
(for example, LACP packets)?
A. These packets are not sent according to the packet sending logic, so they cannot be mirrored.