HP VSR1000 User manual
HP VSR1000 Virtual Services Router
Layer 3 - IP Routing
Configuration Guide
Part number: 5998-6025
Software version: VSR1000_HP-CMW710-R0202-X64
Document version: 6W100-20140418
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Contents
Configuring basic IP routing········································································································································ 1
Routing table······································································································································································1
Dynamic routing protocols ···············································································································································2
Route preference ·······························································································································································2
Load sharing······································································································································································3
Route backup·····································································································································································3
Route recursion··································································································································································3
Route redistribution ···························································································································································4
Extension attribute redistribution······································································································································4
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB·············································································4
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB ································································································5
Displaying and maintaining a routing table ··················································································································5
Configuring static routing············································································································································ 7
Configuring a static route·················································································································································7
Configuring BFD for static routes·····································································································································8
Bidirectional control mode ······································································································································8
Single-hop echo mode ·············································································································································9
Configuring static route FRR·········································································································································· 10
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 10
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 10
Displaying and maintaining static routes ···················································································································· 11
Static route configuration examples····························································································································· 12
Basic static route configuration example ············································································································ 12
BFD for static routes configuration example (direct next hop)·········································································· 14
BFD for static routes configuration example (indirect next hop)······································································· 16
Static route FRR configuration example ·············································································································· 19
Configuring a default route·······································································································································21
Configuring RIP ··························································································································································22
Overview········································································································································································· 22
RIP route entries ····················································································································································· 22
Routing loop prevention········································································································································ 22
RIP operation·························································································································································· 22
RIP versions ···························································································································································· 23
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 23
RIP configuration task list··············································································································································· 24
Configuring basic RIP ···················································································································································· 24
Enabling RIP ··························································································································································· 24
Controlling RIP reception and advertisement on interfaces ·············································································· 25
Configuring a RIP version····································································································································· 26
Configuring RIP route control········································································································································ 26
Configuring an additional routing metric ··········································································································· 27
Configuring RIPv2 route summarization·············································································································· 27
Disabling host route reception ····························································································································· 28
Advertising a default route ··································································································································· 28
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering ····························································································· 29
Configuring a preference for RIP ························································································································· 29
Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 30
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Tuning and optimizing RIP networks ···························································································································· 30
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 30
Configuring RIP timers··········································································································································· 30
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse···································································································· 31
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 32
Enabling zero field check on incoming RIPv1 messages ·················································································· 32
Enabling source IP address check on incoming RIP updates············································································ 32
Configuring RIPv2 message authentication ········································································································ 33
Specifying a RIP neighbor ···································································································································· 33
Configuring RIP network management················································································································ 34
Configuring the RIP packet sending rate ············································································································ 34
Setting the maximum length of RIP packets ········································································································ 34
Configuring BFD for RIP················································································································································· 35
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a directly connected RIP neighbor) ············································ 35
Configuring single-hop echo detection (for a specific destination)·································································· 36
Configuring bidirectional control detection········································································································ 36
Configuring RIP FRR ······················································································································································· 37
Configuration restrictions and guidelines ··········································································································· 37
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 37
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 37
Displaying and maintaining RIP ··································································································································· 38
RIP configuration examples··········································································································································· 38
Configuring basic RIP ··········································································································································· 38
Configuring RIP route redistribution····················································································································· 41
Configuring an additional metric for a RIP interface························································································· 43
Configuring RIP to advertise a summary route··································································································· 45
Configuring BFD for RIP (single-hop echo detection for a directly connected neighbor) ······························ 48
Configure BFD for RIP (single-hop echo detection for a specific destination)················································· 50
Configuring BFD for RIP (bidirectional control detection) ················································································· 53
Configuring RIP FRR ·············································································································································· 57
Configuring OSPF ······················································································································································59
Overview········································································································································································· 59
OSPF packets························································································································································· 59
LSA types································································································································································ 60
OSPF areas ···························································································································································· 60
Router types···························································································································································· 62
Route types····························································································································································· 63
Route calculation ··················································································································································· 64
OSPF network types ·············································································································································· 64
DR and BDR ··························································································································································· 64
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 65
OSPF configuration task list ·········································································································································· 66
Enabling OSPF ······························································································································································· 67
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 67
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 67
Enabling OSPF on a network······························································································································· 68
Enabling OSPF on an interface ··························································································································· 68
Configuring OSPF areas ··············································································································································· 69
Configuring a stub area ······································································································································· 69
Configuring an NSSA area·································································································································· 70
Configuring a virtual link······································································································································ 70
Configuring OSPF network types ································································································································· 71
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 71
Configuring the broadcast network type for an interface················································································· 71
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Configuring the NBMA network type for an interface ······················································································ 72
Configuring the P2MP network type for an interface························································································ 73
Configuring the P2P network type for an interface ··························································································· 73
Configuring OSPF route control ··································································································································· 73
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 73
Configuring OSPF route summarization ············································································································· 74
Configuring received OSPF route filtering·········································································································· 75
Configuring Type-3 LSA filtering·························································································································· 75
Configuring an OSPF cost for an interface ········································································································ 75
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ·························································································· 76
Configuring OSPF preference······························································································································ 76
Configuring OSPF route redistribution ················································································································ 77
Advertising a host route········································································································································ 78
Tuning and optimizing OSPF networks························································································································ 78
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 79
Configuring OSPF timers ······································································································································ 79
Specifying LSA transmission delay ······················································································································ 80
Specifying SPF calculation interval······················································································································ 80
Specifying the LSA arrival interval······················································································································· 81
Specifying the LSA generation interval ··············································································································· 81
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPF packets······································································ 81
Configuring stub routers ······································································································································· 82
Configuring OSPF authentication ························································································································ 82
Adding the interface MTU into DD packets········································································································ 83
Configuring a DSCP value for OSPF packets····································································································· 84
Configuring the maximum number of external LSAs in LSDB ··········································································· 84
Configuring OSPF exit overflow interval············································································································· 84
Enabling compatibility with RFC 1583··············································································································· 85
Logging neighbor state changes·························································································································· 85
Configuring OSPF network management ··········································································································· 85
Configuring the LSU transmit rate························································································································ 86
Enabling OSPF ISPF ·············································································································································· 87
Configuring prefix suppression····································································································································· 87
Configuring prefix suppression for an OSPF process ······················································································· 87
Configuring prefix suppression on an interface································································································· 88
Configuring prefix prioritization··································································································································· 88
Configuring OSPF PIC ··················································································································································· 88
Configuring the number of OSPF logs ················································································································ 89
Configuring OSPF GR ··················································································································································· 89
Configuring the OSPF GR restarter ····················································································································· 90
Configuring OSPF GR helper······························································································································· 91
Triggering OSPF GR ············································································································································· 91
Configuring BFD for OSPF ············································································································································ 92
Configuring bidirectional control detection········································································································ 92
Configuring single-hop echo detection ··············································································································· 92
Configuring OSPF FRR··················································································································································· 92
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 93
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 93
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 93
Displaying and maintaining OSPF······························································································································· 94
OSPF configuration examples ······································································································································ 96
Basic OSPF configuration example ····················································································································· 96
OSPF route redistribution configuration example ······························································································ 98
OSPF summary route advertisement configuration example ··········································································100
iv
OSPF stub area configuration example ············································································································103
OSPF NSSA area configuration example ········································································································105
OSPF DR election configuration example·········································································································107
OSPF virtual link configuration example···········································································································111
OSPF GR configuration example·······················································································································113
BFD for OSPF configuration example ···············································································································116
OSPF FRR configuration example······················································································································119
Troubleshooting OSPF configuration ·························································································································121
No OSPF neighbor relationship established ····································································································121
Incorrect routing information ······························································································································121
Configuring IS-IS ····················································································································································· 123
Overview·······································································································································································123
Terminology ·························································································································································123
IS-IS address format·············································································································································123
NET ·······································································································································································124
IS-IS area ······························································································································································125
IS-IS network types ··············································································································································127
IS-IS PDUs ·····························································································································································128
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································130
IS-IS configuration task list···········································································································································130
Configuring basic IS-IS ················································································································································131
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································131
Enabling IS-IS·······················································································································································131
Configuring the IS level and circuit level ··········································································································132
Configuring P2P network type for an interface································································································132
Configuring IS-IS route control····································································································································133
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································133
Configuring IS-IS link cost···································································································································133
Specifying a preference for IS-IS ·······················································································································134
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································135
Configuring IS-IS route summarization··············································································································135
Advertising a default route ·································································································································136
Configuring IS-IS route redistribution ················································································································136
Configuring IS-IS route filtering··························································································································137
Configuring IS-IS route leaking ··························································································································137
Tuning and optimizing IS-IS networks ························································································································138
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································138
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS hello packets ····················································································138
Specifying the IS-IS hello multiplier····················································································································139
Specifying the interval for sending IS-IS CSNP packets··················································································139
Configuring a DIS priority for an interface·······································································································139
Enabling source address check for hello packets on a PPP interface····························································140
Disabling an interface from sending/receiving IS-IS packets·········································································140
Enabling an interface to send small hello packets···························································································140
Configuring LSP parameters·······························································································································141
Controlling SPF calculation interval···················································································································144
Configuring convergence priorities for specific routes····················································································145
Setting the LSDB overload bit·····························································································································145
Configuring the ATT bit·······································································································································146
Configuring the tag value for an interface ·······································································································146
Configuring system ID to host name mappings································································································147
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································148
Enabling IS-IS ISPF···············································································································································148
Enabling prefix suppression ·······························································································································148
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Configuring IS-IS network management············································································································149
Configuring IS-IS PIC···········································································································································150
Enhancing IS-IS network security ································································································································150
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································150
Configuring neighbor relationship authentication ···························································································151
Configuring area authentication························································································································151
Configuring routing domain authentication······································································································152
Configuring IS-IS GR····················································································································································152
Configuring BFD for IS-IS·············································································································································153
Configuring IS-IS FRR ···················································································································································154
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································154
Configuration guidelines ····································································································································154
Configuration procedure ····································································································································155
Displaying and maintaining IS-IS ·······························································································································156
IS-IS configuration examples·······································································································································157
Basic IS-IS configuration example ·····················································································································157
DIS election configuration example···················································································································161
IS-IS route redistribution configuration example ······························································································165
IS-IS authentication configuration example·······································································································169
IS-IS GR configuration example ·························································································································172
BFD for IS-IS configuration example··················································································································173
IS-IS FRR configuration example ························································································································176
Configuring BGP ····················································································································································· 179
Overview·······································································································································································179
BGP speaker and BGP peer·······························································································································179
BGP message types·············································································································································179
BGP path attributes ·············································································································································180
BGP route selection ·············································································································································184
BGP route advertisement rules ···························································································································184
BGP load balancing············································································································································185
Settlements for problems in large-scale BGP networks····················································································186
MP-BGP·································································································································································189
BGP configuration views ····································································································································190
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································191
BGP configuration task list ··········································································································································192
Configuring basic BGP················································································································································194
Enabling BGP·······················································································································································194
Configuring a BGP peer·····································································································································195
Configuring a BGP peer group··························································································································197
Specifying the source address of TCP connections ·························································································208
Generating BGP routes················································································································································209
Injecting a local network ····································································································································209
Redistributing IGP routes·····································································································································210
Controlling route distribution and reception ·············································································································212
Configuring BGP route summarization ·············································································································212
Advertising optimal routes in the IP routing table ····························································································214
Advertising a default route to a peer or peer group ·······················································································215
Limiting routes received from a peer or peer group························································································215
Configuring BGP route filtering policies ···········································································································217
Configuring BGP route dampening···················································································································221
Controlling BGP path selection···································································································································222
Specifying a preferred value for routes received·····························································································223
Configuring preferences for BGP routes ···········································································································224
Configuring the default local preference ··········································································································225
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Configuring the MED attribute ···························································································································226
Configuring the NEXT_HOP attribute················································································································231
Configuring the AS_PATH attribute ···················································································································232
Configuring the SoO attribute····························································································································238
Tuning and optimizing BGP networks························································································································239
Configuring the keepalive interval and hold time····························································································240
Configuring the interval for sending updates for the same route···································································241
Enabling BGP to establish an EBGP session over multiple hops ····································································242
Enabling immediate reestablishment of direct EBGP connections upon link failure·····································243
Enabling 4-byte AS number suppression ··········································································································243
Enabling MD5 authentication for BGP peers ···································································································244
Configuring BGP load balancing ······················································································································245
Configuring IPsec for IPv6 BGP ·························································································································246
Disabling BGP to establish a session to a peer or peer group ······································································247
Configuring GTSM for BGP ·······························································································································247
Configuring BGP soft-reset··································································································································248
Protecting an EBGP peer when memory usage reaches level 2 threshold····················································252
Configuring a large-scale BGP network ····················································································································253
Configuring BGP community······························································································································253
Configuring BGP route reflection·······················································································································255
Configuring a BGP confederation ·····················································································································257
Configuring BGP GR ···················································································································································258
Enabling SNMP notifications for BGP························································································································259
Enabling logging of session state changes ···············································································································260
Configuring BFD for BGP ············································································································································260
Configuring BGP FRR···················································································································································261
Configuring 6PE ···························································································································································264
Configuring basic 6PE········································································································································265
Configuring optional 6PE capabilities ··············································································································265
Displaying and maintaining BGP·······························································································································267
Resetting BGP sessions········································································································································270
Clearing BGP information ··································································································································270
IPv4 BGP configuration examples ······························································································································271
Basic BGP configuration example ·····················································································································271
BGP and IGP route redistribution configuration example···············································································275
BGP route summarization configuration example ···························································································278
BGP load balancing configuration example ····································································································281
BGP community configuration example············································································································284
BGP route reflector configuration example·······································································································287
BGP confederation configuration example·······································································································289
BGP path selection configuration example·······································································································294
BFD for BGP configuration example ·················································································································298
BGP FRR configuration example························································································································301
IPv6 BGP configuration examples ······························································································································305
IPv6 BGP basic configuration example·············································································································305
IPv6 BGP route reflector configuration example ······························································································308
6PE configuration example ································································································································310
BFD for IPv6 BGP configuration example ·········································································································313
IPv6 BGP FRR configuration example················································································································317
IPsec for IPv6 BGP packets configuration example ·························································································320
Troubleshooting BGP ···················································································································································325
Symptom·······························································································································································325
Analysis ································································································································································325
Solution·································································································································································325
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Configuring PBR ······················································································································································ 326
Introduction to PBR ·······················································································································································326
Policy ····································································································································································326
PBR and Track······················································································································································328
PBR configuration task list ···········································································································································328
Configuring a policy····················································································································································329
Creating a node ··················································································································································329
Configuring match criteria for a node ··············································································································329
Configuring actions for a node··························································································································329
Configuring PBR ···························································································································································331
Configuring local PBR ·········································································································································331
Configuring interface PBR ··································································································································331
Enabling PBR notification sending······························································································································332
Displaying and maintaining PBR ································································································································332
PBR configuration examples········································································································································332
Packet type-based local PBR configuration example ·······················································································332
Packet type-based interface PBR configuration example ················································································333
Packet length-based interface PBR configuration example ·············································································335
Packet source-IP-based interface PBR configuration example·········································································338
Configuring IPv6 static routing······························································································································· 340
Configuring an IPv6 static route ·································································································································340
Configuring BFD for IPv6 static routes ·······················································································································341
Bidirectional control mode ·································································································································341
Single-hop echo mode ········································································································································342
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 static routes··········································································································343
IPv6 static routing configuration examples················································································································343
Basic IPv6 static route configuration example··································································································343
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (direct next hop) ·······························································346
BFD for IPv6 static routes configuration example (indirect next hop) ····························································348
Configuring an IPv6 default route·························································································································· 351
Configuring RIPng ··················································································································································· 352
Overview·······································································································································································352
RIPng route entries···············································································································································352
RIPng packets·······················································································································································352
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································353
RIPng configuration task list ········································································································································353
Configuring basic RIPng··············································································································································353
Configuring RIPng route control ·································································································································354
Configuring an additional routing metric ·········································································································354
Configuring RIPng route summarization ···········································································································354
Advertising a default route ·································································································································355
Configuring received/redistributed route filtering ···························································································355
Configuring a preference for RIPng···················································································································355
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ··············································································································356
Tuning and optimizing the RIPng network·················································································································356
Configuring RIPng timers ····································································································································356
Configuring split horizon and poison reverse··································································································357
Configuring zero field check on RIPng packets ·······························································································357
Configuring the maximum number of ECMP routes ························································································358
Applying an IPsec profile ············································································································································358
Displaying and maintaining RIPng ·····························································································································359
RIPng configuration examples·····································································································································359
Basic RIPng configuration example ···················································································································359
viii
Configuring RIPng route redistribution ··············································································································362
Configuring RIPng IPsec profiles························································································································364
Configuring OSPFv3··············································································································································· 368
OSPFv3 overview·························································································································································368
OSPFv3 packets···················································································································································368
OSPFv3 LSA types···············································································································································368
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································369
OSPFv3 configuration task list ····································································································································369
Enabling OSPFv3 ·························································································································································370
Configuring OSPFv3 area parameters ······················································································································371
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································371
Configuring a stub area ·····································································································································371
Configuring an NSSA area································································································································371
Configuring an OSPFv3 virtual link···················································································································372
Configuring OSPFv3 network types···························································································································373
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································373
Configuring the OSPFv3 network type for an interface ··················································································373
Configuring an NBMA or P2MP neighbor·······································································································373
Configuring OSPFv3 route control ·····························································································································374
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································374
Configuring OSPFv3 route summarization ·······································································································374
Configuring OSPFv3 received route filtering····································································································374
Configuring Inter-Area-Prefix LSA filtering ········································································································375
Configuring an OSPFv3 cost for an interface ··································································································375
Configuring the maximum number of OSPFv3 ECMP routes ·········································································376
Configuring a preference for OSPFv3 ··············································································································376
Configuring OSPFv3 route redistribution··········································································································376
Tuning and optimizing OSPFv3 networks ·················································································································377
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································377
Configuring OSPFv3 timers································································································································377
Specifying LSA transmission delay ····················································································································378
Specifying SPF calculation interval····················································································································378
Specifying the LSA generation interval ·············································································································379
Configuring a DR priority for an interface········································································································379
Ignoring MTU check for DD packets ·················································································································379
Disabling interfaces from receiving and sending OSPFv3 packets ·······························································380
Enabling the logging of neighbor state changes·····························································································380
Configuring the LSU transmit rate······················································································································381
Configuring OSPFv3 GR ·············································································································································381
Configuring GR restarter ····································································································································381
Configuring GR helper········································································································································382
Configuring BFD for OSPFv3······································································································································382
Applying an IPsec profile ············································································································································383
Displaying and maintaining OSPFv3·························································································································384
OSPFv3 configuration examples ································································································································385
OSPFv3 stub area configuration example········································································································385
OSPFv3 NSSA area configuration example ····································································································389
OSPFv3 DR election configuration example·····································································································392
OSPFv3 route redistribution configuration example························································································395
BFD for OSPFv3 configuration example ···········································································································398
OSPFv3 IPsec profile configuration example ···································································································400
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS ············································································································································· 405
Overview·······································································································································································405
ix
Configuring basic IPv6 IS-IS········································································································································405
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS route control ···························································································································406
Configuring IPv6 IS-IS link cost ··························································································································407
Tuning and optimizing IPv6 IS-IS networks················································································································408
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································408
Assigning a convergence priority to IPv6 IS-IS routes ·····················································································408
Setting the LSDB overload bit·····························································································································409
Configuring a tag value on an interface ··········································································································409
Controlling SPF calculation interval···················································································································410
Enabling IPv6 IS-IS ISPF ······································································································································410
Enabling prefix suppression ·······························································································································410
Configuring BFD for IPv6 IS-IS ····································································································································411
Enabling IPv6 IS-IS MTR ··············································································································································411
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 IS-IS·······················································································································412
IPv6 IS-IS configuration examples ······························································································································413
IPv6 IS-IS basic configuration example·············································································································413
BFD for IPv6 IS-IS configuration example ·········································································································417
Configuring IPv6 PBR·············································································································································· 421
Introduction to IPv6 PBR···············································································································································421
Policy ····································································································································································421
PBR and Track······················································································································································423
IPv6 PBR configuration task list···································································································································424
Configuring an IPv6 policy ·········································································································································424
Creating an IPv6 node········································································································································424
Configuring match criteria for an IPv6 node····································································································424
Configuring actions for an IPv6 node ···············································································································425
Configuring IPv6 PBR···················································································································································426
Configuring IPv6 local PBR·································································································································426
Configuring IPv6 interface PBR ··························································································································426
Enabling IPv6 PBR notification sending ·····················································································································427
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 PBR························································································································427
IPv6 PBR configuration examples ·······························································································································428
Packet type-based IPv6 local PBR configuration example···············································································428
Packet type-based IPv6 interface PBR configuration example ········································································429
Packet length-based IPv6 interface PBR configuration example·····································································431
Configuring routing policies··································································································································· 434
Overview·······································································································································································434
Filters·····································································································································································434
Routing policy ······················································································································································435
Configuring filters·························································································································································435
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································435
Configuring an IP prefix list································································································································436
Configuring an AS path list································································································································436
Configuring a community list ·····························································································································436
Configuring an extended community list ··········································································································437
Configuring a MAC list·······································································································································437
Configuring a routing policy·······································································································································437
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································437
Creating a routing policy ···································································································································438
Configuring if-match clauses ······························································································································438
Configuring apply clauses··································································································································439
Configuring the continue clause ························································································································441
Displaying and maintaining the routing policy·········································································································441
x
Routing policy configuration examples······················································································································442
Applying a routing policy to IPv4 route redistribution·····················································································442
Applying a routing policy to IPv6 route redistribution·····················································································445
Support and other resources ·································································································································· 447
Contacting HP ······························································································································································447
Subscription service ············································································································································447
Related information······················································································································································447
Documents····························································································································································447
Websites·······························································································································································447
Conventions ··································································································································································448
Index ········································································································································································ 450
1
Configuring basic IP routing
IP routing directs IP packet forwarding on routers based on a routing table. This chapter focuses on
unicast routing protocols. For more information about multicast routing protocols, see IP Multicast
Configuration Guide.
Routing table
A RIB contains the global routing information and related information, including route recursion, route
redistribution, and route extension information. The router selects optimal routes from the routing table
and puts them into the FIB table, and it uses the FIB table to forward packets. For more information about
the FIB table, see Layer 3—IP Services Configuration Guide.
Table 1 categorizes routes by different criteria.
Table 1 Route categories
Criterion Cate
g
ories
Destination •Network route—The destination is a network. The subnet mask is less than 32 bits.
•Host route—The destination is a host. The subnet mask is 32 bits.
Whether the
destination is directly
connected
•Direct route—The destination is directly connected.
•Indirect route—The destination is indirectly connected.
Origin
•Direct route—A direct route is discovered by the data link protocol on an interface,
and is also called an "interface route."
•Static route—A static route is manually configured by an administrator.
•Dynamic route—A dynamic route is dynamically discovered by a routing protocol.
To view brief information about a routing table, use the display ip routing-table command:
<Sysname> display ip routing-table
Destinations : 19 Routes : 19
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
0.0.0.0/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Eth1/1
1.1.1.0/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Eth1/1
1.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
1.1.1.255/32 Direct 0 0 1.1.1.1 Eth1/1
2.2.2.0/24 Static 60 0 12.2.2.2 Eth1/2
80.1.1.0/24 OSPF 10 2 80.1.1.1 Eth1/3
...
A route entry includes the following key items:
•Destination—IP address of the destination host or network.
•Mask—Mask length of the IP address.
2
•Pre—Preference of the route. Among routes to the same destination, the route with the highest
preference is optimal.
•Cost—If multiple routes to a destination have the same preference, the one with the smallest cost is
the optimal route.
•NextHop—Next hop.
•Interface—Output interface.
Dynamic routing protocols
Static routes work well in small, stable networks. They are easy to configure and require fewer system
resources. However, in networks where topology changes occur frequently, a typical practice is to
configure a dynamic routing protocol. Compared with static routing, a dynamic routing protocol is
complicated to configure, requires more routers resources, and consumes more network resources.
Dynamic routing protocols dynamically collect and report reachability information to adapt to topology
changes. They are suitable for large networks.
Dynamic routing protocols can be classified by different criteria, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Categories of dynamic routing protocols
Criterion Cate
g
ories
Operation scope •IGPs—Work within an AS. Examples include RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
•EGPs—Work between ASs. The most popular EGP is BGP.
Routing algorithm
•Distance-vector protocols—Examples include RIP and BGP. BGP is also considered
a path-vector protocol.
•Link-state protocols—Examples include OSPF and IS-IS.
Destination address
type
•Unicast routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•Multicast routing protocols—Examples include PIM-SM and PIM-DM.
IP version
•IPv4 routing protocols—Examples include RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
•IPv6 routing protocols—Examples include RIPng, OSPFv3, IPv6 BGP, and IPv6 IS-IS.
An AS refers to a group of routers that use the same routing policy and work under the same
administration.
Route preference
Routing protocols, including static and direct routing, each by default have a preference. If they find
multiple routes to the same destination, the router selects the route with the highest preference as the
optimal route.
The preference of a direct route is always 0 and cannot be changed. You can configure a preference for
each static route and each dynamic routing protocol. The following table lists the route types and default
preferences. The smaller the value, the higher the preference.
Table 3 Route types and default route preferences
Route t
yp
e Preference
Direct route 0
3
Route t
yp
e Preference
Multicast static route 1
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
Unicast static route 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
OSPF NSSA 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
Unknown (route from an untrusted source) 256
Load sharing
A routing protocol might find multiple optimal equal-cost routes to the same destination. You can use
these routes to implement equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) load sharing.
Static routing, IPv6 static routing, RIP, RIPng, OSPF, OSPFv3, BGP, IPv6 BGP, IS-IS, and IPv6 IS-IS support
ECMP load sharing.
Route backup
Route backup can improve network availability. Among multiple routes to the same destination, the route
with the highest priority is the primary route and others are secondary routes.
The router forwards matching packets through the primary route. When the primary route fails, the route
with the highest preference among the secondary routes is selected to forward packets. When the
primary route recovers, the router uses it to forward packets.
Route recursion
To use a BGP, static, or RIP route that has an indirectly connected next hop, a router must perform route
recursion to find the outgoing interface to reach the next hop.
Link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS, do not need route recursion, because they obtain
directly connected next hops through route calculation.
The RIB records and saves route recursion information, including brief information about related routes,
recursive paths, and recursion depth.
4
Route redistribution
Route redistribution enables routing protocols to learn routing information from each other. A dynamic
routing protocol can redistribute routes from other routing protocols, including direct and static routing.
For more information, see the respective chapters on those routing protocols in this configuration guide.
The RIB records redistribution relationships of routing protocols.
Extension attribute redistribution
Extension attribute redistribution enables routing protocols to learn route extension attributes from each
other, including BGP extended community attributes, OSPF area IDs, route types, and router IDs.
The RIB records extended attributes of each routing protocol and redistribution relationships of different
routing protocol extended attributes.
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes and
labels in the RIB
Perform this task to prevent routes of a certain protocol from being aged out due to slow protocol
convergence resulting from a large number of route entries or long GR period.
The configuration takes effect at the next protocol or RIB process switchover.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv4):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address family and
enter RIB IPv4 address family view. address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4 address
family is created.
4. Configure the maximum lifetime for
IPv4 routes and labels in the RIB.
protocol protocol lifetime
seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels in
the RIB is 480 seconds.
To configure the maximum route lifetime for routes and labels in the RIB (IPv6):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address family
and enter RIB IPv6 address
family view.
address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum lifetime
for IPv6 routes and labels in the
RIB.
protocol protocol lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes and labels
in the RIB is 480 seconds.
5
Configuring the maximum lifetime for routes in the
FIB
When GR is disabled, FIB entries must be retained for some time after a protocol process switchover or
RIB process switchover. When GR is enabled, FIB entries must be removed immediately after a protocol
or RIB process switchover to avoid routing issues. Perform this task to meet such requirements.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv4):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv4 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv4 By default, no RIB IPv4
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv4 routes in the
FIB.
fib lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB is
600 seconds.
To configure the maximum lifetime for routes in the FIB (IPv6):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Enter RIB view. rib N/A
3. Create a RIB IPv6 address
family and enter its view. address-family ipv6 By default, no RIB IPv6
address family is created.
4. Configure the maximum
lifetime for IPv6 routes in the
FIB.
fib lifetime seconds
By default, the maximum
lifetime for routes in the FIB is
600 seconds.
Displaying and maintaining a routing table
Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.
Task Command
Display routing table information. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv4 basic ACL.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] acl
acl-number [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
specific destination address.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address [ mask |mask-length ] [ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
range of destination addresses.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ip-address1 to ip-address2 [ verbose ]
6
Task Command
Display information about routes
permitted by an IP prefix list.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] prefix-list
prefix-list-name [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
installed by a protocol.
display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] protocol
protocol [ inactive | verbose ]
Display IPv4 route statistics. display ip routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] statistics
Display route attribute information in
the RIB. display rib attribute [ attribute-id ]
Display RIB GR state information. display rib graceful-restart
Display next hop information in the
RIB.
display rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
display rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ]
Display next hop information for direct
routes. display route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv4 route statistics. reset ip routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all }
Display IPv6 routing table information.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
[ verbose ]
Display information about routes to an
IPv6 destination address.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address [ prefix-length ][ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 basic ACL.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] acl
acl6-number [ verbose ]
Display information about routes to a
range of IPv6 destination addresses.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
ipv6-address1 to ipv6-address2 [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
permitted by an IPv6 prefix list.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
prefix-list prefix-list-name [ verbose ]
Display information about routes
installed by an IPv6 protocol.
display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
protocol protocol [ inactive | verbose ]
Display IPv6 route statistics. display ipv6 routing-table [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
statistics
Display route attribute information in
the IPv6 RIB. display ipv6 rib attribute [ attribute-id ]
Display IPv6 RIB GR state information.
display ipv6 rib graceful-restart
Display next hop information in the
IPv6 RIB.
display ipv6 rib nib [ self-originated ] [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
display ipv6 rib nib protocol protocol-name [ verbose ]
Display next hop information for IPv6
direct routes. display ipv6 route-direct nib [ nib-id ] [ verbose ]
Clear IPv6 route statistics. reset ipv6 routing-table statistics protocol [ vpn-instance
vpn-instance-name ] { protocol |all }
7
Configuring static routing
Static routes are manually configured. If a network's topology is simple, you only need to configure static
routes for the network to work correctly.
Static routes cannot adapt to network topology changes. If a fault or a topological change occurs in the
network, the network administrator must modify the static routes manually.
Configuring a static route
Before you configure a static route, complete the following tasks:
•Configure the physical parameters for related interfaces.
•Configure the link-layer attributes for related interfaces.
•Configure the IP addresses for related interfaces.
You can associate Track with a static route to monitor the reachability of the next hops. For more
information about Track, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
To configure a static route:
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure a static
route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask-length |
mask } { interface-type interface-number
[ next-hop-address ] | next-hop-address [ track
track-entry-number ] | vpn-instance
d-vpn-instance-name next-hop-address [ track
track-entry-number ] } [ permanent ]
[ preference preference-value ] [ tag tag-value ]
[ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance
s-vpn-instance-name dest-address { mask-length
| mask } { interface-type interface-number
[ next-hop-address ] | next-hop-address
[ public ] [ track track-entry-number ] |
vpn-instance d-vpn-instance-name
next-hop-address [ track track-entry-number ] }
[ permanent ] [ preference preference-value ]
[ tag tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, no static route is
configured.
3. (Optional.)
Configure the default
preference for static
routes.
ip route-static default-preference
default-preference-value The default setting is 60.
8
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
4. (Optional.) Delete all
static routes,
including the default
route.
delete [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ]
static-routes all
To delete one static route,
use the undo ip route-static
command.
Configuring BFD for static routes
IMPORTANT:
Enabling BFD for a flapping route could worsen the situation.
BFD provides a general-purpose, standard, medium-, and protocol-independent fast failure detection
mechanism. It can uniformly and quickly detect the failures of the bidirectional forwarding paths between
two routers for protocols, such as routing protocols and MPLS.
For more information about BFD, see High Availability Configuration Guide.
Bidirectional control mode
To use BFD bidirectional control detection between two devices, enable BFD control mode for each
device's static route destined to the peer.
To configure a static route and enable BFD control mode, use one of the following methods:
•Specify an output interface and a direct next hop.
•Specify an indirect next hop and a specific BFD packet source address for the static route.
To configure BFD control mode for a static route (direct next hop):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
2. Configure BFD
control mode for a
static route.
•Method 1:
ip route-static dest-address { mask-length | mask }
interface-type interface-number next-hop-address
bfd control-packet [ preference preference-value ]
[tag tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
•Method 2:
ip route-static vpn-instance s-vpn-instance-name
dest-address {mask-length |mask } interface-type
interface-number next-hop-address bfd
control-packet [ preference preference-value ] [ tag
tag-value ] [ description description-text ]
Use either method.
By default, BFD control
mode for a static route is
not configured.
To configure BFD control mode for a static route (indirect next hop):
Ste
p
Command
Remarks
1. Enter system view. system-view N/A
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5
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