HP 5328A User manual

UNIVERSAL COUNTER
5328A
(Including Options 010, 011, 020, 021, 030, and 040)
USERS MANUAL
Unless otherwise specified by a Manual Change Sheet,
this manual applies to all Hewlett-Packard Model
5328A Universal Counters and the Options described in
Section lI.
Copyright HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY 1975
5301 STEVENS CREEK BLVD., SANTA CLARA, CALIF. 95050
Printed: APR 1975
MANUAL PART NUMBER 05328-90002
MICROFICHE PART NUMBER 05328-90010 PRINTED IN U.S.A.
HEWLETT (hp, PACKARD

Section
Model 5382A
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
GENERAL
INFORMATION:
5022
ve
cade
oe
olidees
ie
cdNle
ee
aw
evcens
1-1
d>Ue”.
SCOPEIOh
MANUAL
Sox.
ccnia
sea
ee
dens
caste
the
ese
tee
boduatocoe
kan
1-1
Tete.
SDOSCMIPUON:
siseaes
Satan
Bak
phd
Yau
bx
Rasen
ee
Boas
on
abee
le
nea.
1-1
1-6.
Instrument
Identification
........0..
00.
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1-1
TAO
APDINGATIONS
5
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sor
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yausietes
Pen,
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1-2
Weis
OPUS
xno
ah
hannitasad
Vari
eoG
Bud
a
uecee
tlle
cua
lta
kets
Ml
gn
1-2
1-19.
Equipment
Supplied
and
Accessories
Available
..................
1-3
De2lie
DPOCICANONS:
savers
atau
mata
cau
ahata
at
datuatatattien
Yon
cecil,
fuse
1-3
WINS
TALE
ATION
cece
crtcas
€
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te
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le-
IMM
OAUCHON
aise.
das
Seeee
nduthimn
sere
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ah
@aneon
abe
mes
2-1
2-3.
Unpacking
and
Inspection
.........0
00.00.
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ccc
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2-1
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fOr
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os
be
meetin
tes
hg
hoes
2-1
2-6.
POWSEREQUIFEMON
US:
2:5
dies
iid
and
Seed Sind
eon
eect
Oe
cae
od
ca
2-1
2-8.
Fuse
Replacement
and
Installation
...........................
2-1
2-10.
POWER
CAD
GSS
i
jcc.
scgienlit
aanemaintes
sucemie
ea
eg
oceanic
ene
lee
2-1
2-13.
Operating
Environment
............
0...
e
ccc
cecececccceccece.
2-2
2-15.
Benichy
Operation:
ttc
suis
at
tuk
west
s
wh
ecto
ena
tevela
sc
2-2
2-17.
Rack
MOUNTING
0
22.couie
itp
ees
osee
cut.
t
ia
ceed
ots
owenein
ns
2-2
2-19.
Packaging
for
Reshipment
................
cece
ccccceeccceeee
ee.
2-2
2-20.
OFC
inal
PACKAGING
oi
ge
sairn
bn
ane
sacar
elo
dare cake
aes
Semel
Selec
2-2
2-24.
|
Other
Packaging
Methods
............
00.
ccc
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eee.
2-3
Br2O>
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astevl
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e
nya
tatiatd
tat
AU
Sa
wdc
Gch
oa
iis
duneade
pacuen
te
2-3
2-28.
Options
Installation
...........
00...
cece
ceecccucccceecccceccce.
2-3
OPERATION
ict.cs
latest
th
ese
tacnccet
NGA
a
fe
aa
AG
Py
es
ie
3-1
pele,
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UCUON
oe
Sects
waachace
ct
hhc
Fate
ap.
4b
caeergs
client
aruettenes
3-1
3-3.
Basic
Counter
Operation
.........0
00.0.
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ec
cce ccc
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3-1
3-5.
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EY
ceiss
a
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blade
aimadl
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yacht
unite
bavi
ocak
oc
3-1
3-13.
ROMO
Anas
z
one
ae
aentane
dea
uean
ben's
suaeacea
Pwd
wooo
oe
3-2
3-16.
RANG
ut
sacit
Wo
te
GS.
cehgaee
om
dmura
awe
nte
Raa
ey
hope
aie
3-3
3-18.
FOG
MIGIVAL
ido
ani
Sariads
heats
ed
snatr
aes
noe
a
Wen
kancuci.
May
chat
3-3
3-20.
WOtali
ze
BAC
Scales
eicng
oe
hele
ede
are
are
2a
chia
cecike
Mace
Aras
3-3
3-22.
Time
Interval,
Resolution,
and
Averaging
Techniques
............
3-3
3-24,
RGSOlMEON
cca
tears
tmtetee
atineetacnin
oOduun
bicesad
hace
cnk
ike
3-4
3-27.
Time
Interval
Averaging:
o...65.0.0.sscecnersavaddavhucebeceus
3-4
3-34.
Sources
of
Measurement
Error
.........
00.
c
cece
ccc
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ee
3-5
3-36.
SP
COUNLAMDIBUIRY
2.205
ated
bth
tdsretaiaw
ba.acy
auidals
ola
en
3-5
3-41.
DUNE
Base
PRO
0s
2208
Gomi
ta
race
dg
ey
Rares
Weeden
2
asta
|
Mees
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3-6
3-43.
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GED
EREOM
26.58
Seaedeiaeted
2
Satie
esteal
oe
Bhs
asec
tug
Sedu
capa
eds
3-7
3-48.
Function
of
Controls,
Indicators,
Inputs
and
Outputs
...........
3-19
3-50.
DISDIAY
sag
stints
dicts
ta
Mende
ei
aang
tang
teee
a
Ping
teh
tse
3-19
3-52.
POW
OE.
sscratearapicnts
sidss
owed
tari
ee
Sa
ak
att
cna
edad
3-19
3-54.
CSE
Aas
ater
dh
be
eee
ab
eins
tered
wie
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oe
che
hha
Sed
«
3-19
3-56.
palnple:
Rate
COntOl
dsc
ak
od
attasamsics
uk
o'teg
eaters
tune
a.
3-19
Bas0).,
pAPNNING®
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we
See
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any
Ag
ty
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occten
deh
aeons
3-19
3-60.
RESOIUTONS
IN
SWITCH
sore
hardin
diane
ose
Serta
hs
Sock
ddatety
de
Been
aoe
3-20
3-63.
Input
Channel
Selection
...........00.
0.00.
c
ec
eecceceeceeceee
3-21
3-71,
Signal
Conditioning
(Standard
and
Option
040)
...............
3-23
3-76.
RIYStQTOSIS.
sedan
agi
dias
e
suetteee
iat
d
iy
BHO
deg
al
cea
ntnaasers
3-24
3-80.
External
Frequency
Standard
Input
....................0-....
3-25
3-83.
Warker
Outputs:
1005)
aheay
hati
alate.
Ga
taxa
zed
aaneticset
a
3-25

Model 5328A
Table of Contents
List of Figures
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
Title
Page
II
OPERATION
(Continued)
3-87.
Grate
OU
sec
ies
esearch
ace
leat
Sigs
Joecatedeia
cata
Bata
aesh
te
oh
eee
eaa
ais
3-25
3-89.
Time
Base
Out’
wes
cites
ana
eS
pe
ciao
ie
ariitece
she
ated
Heres
3-25
3-91.
External
Frequency
Standard
...........
00.
e
cece cece
reece
eee
3-25
3-93.
Trigwer
LIGNE”
4.2)cnwbnsse
ney
eh
eee
eee
Sate
alee
se
4
3-26
3-96.
Delay
(OptioncG40).
rants
eweis
nese
as
eaot
eee
aes
eles
3-26
IV
APPLICATIONS
#3
308
os
Aes
oo
ease
Shan
eiteath
ode
eee
I
ea
Ree
aa
See
eat
4-1
4-1
introduction’
45.23
es
Seed
vues
Abe
S
Sead
eae
aatiainie
tel
ohare
4-1
4-3.
Frequency
Measurements
......-..
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eee
eee
eee
eee
e
eens
4-1
4-9.
Period
Measurements
.........0
0c
cece
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teen
eeeee
4-1
4-13.
Time
Interval
Measurements
...........
0.
ccc eee
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teen
een
eee
4-3
4-21.
Totalizing
Measurements
............0ce
cece
ence
ene
e
seen
eetaee
4-5
4-24.
DVM
Measurements
...........00
eee
eee
eens
SAMAR
dei
aloredacga
eee
4-5
4-25.
Option
020
2.6...
eee
eee
eee
ence
eens
4-5
4-29.
Option
021
20...
cc
cee
tenet
nnn
t
teen
eees
4-5
4-37.
Ratio
Measurements
..........
0c
cece
cee
tenet
eee
tenet
eee
47
V
PROGRAMMING
(OPTION
011
HP-IB
INTERFACE)
.........-0-20ee
eee
5-1
5.
INMOUUCHON
<.04candisceseine
ces
eden
sda
erga
sake
5-1
5-4.
Setting
Address
Switches
............-cccceeeee
neers
eeneneeeens
5-1
5-9.
Programming
the
5328A
..........ecceee
ence cece ener
erence
eens
5-3
5-12.
Triggering
a
Measurement
........-.
0.
eee eee eee eee
eee
eee
5-6
5-15.
Reading
a
Measurement
...........
0.
cece
cence
eee
e
eee
e
ee
eees
5-7
5-19.
Programming
Example
...........0.ceceeeee
cee
e
eee
eeeeeeeees
5-7
5-21.
Measurement
Output
Format
.......
0...
eee
eee
eee
ee
eee
ees
5-9
5-23.
Bus
Commands.
vs:5
4
sass
coke
uvewae
eekewa
wed
weeke
oes
be
re
ee
de
5-9
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Page
1-1
Equipment
Supplied
w2csaccssdaiese
vid
aes
a
tery
exer
eevee
wes
eee
ae.
13
1-2.
Accessories
Available
..........
0.0
ccc
c
cece
cece
een
eee
t
nena
eees
1-3
1-3
SHECIIGAHONS:
cc
cu
Sawd
varnnsag
phases
ie
oh
cae
h
een
Baniaea
np
area
els
aad
1-4
3-1
Arming
Status
2.2.0...
.
cece
cece
eee
ween
cette
tence
nena
neneee
3-20
3-2.
Resolution
Switch
Settings
and
Gate
Times
.........
0.0:
e
cece
eens
3-20
3-3
Functions
and
Resolution
Switch
Settings
.............
60.
c
eee
ee
ences
3-21
5-1
Polo)
(cal
3)
ee
ee
ee
een
rye
ee
ree
eee
Sere
Smee
5-2
5-2.
Program
COde
SOt
nein
csun
tees
Leap
Ges
ee
ees
ee
eset
eee
aes
5-4
5-3.
Progran)
Explanation
xs.
Mates
tia
Se
eee
nee
Ries
we
sume
E
ae
yaa
as
5-18
5-4
American
Standard
Code
for
Information
Interchange
(ASCII)
..........
5-10

Model 5328A
List of Figures
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1-1. Model 5328A Universal Counter with Options .................. 00.0005 1-0
2-1. Power Cables- 3. c:cc 2.25 hod Leen teak ote Sac dae ee eg enietieels wae edalted 2-4
3-1. Basic Elements of the Frequency Counter ........... 0.2 cece cece eee 3-1
3-2. Measliting Period: “socsucestacaeaned ssuan i thisaninaies eee Y hatamats 3-2
3-3. Basic Elements of a Time Interval Counter ........... 02. cece eee eee 3-3
3-4. Clock: Pulses. 2jscc. cise. nanhs sie aaa daring aa Ya ead iaGaee Eu eee 3-4
3-5. Synchronizer Operation with Time Interval Averaging ...............4.. 3-5
3-6. +1 Count Ambiguity ............. 2 cece cence eee cece eet n eee eseaeeeeas 3-6
3-7. THIBBOMEROR seccacice eth oes Sete cise elas gece k Ha Wid Saisle Wg Bstae a alae Risse et STE 3-7
3-8. Standard 5328A Front Panel Operation Summary ............0.. see ee eee 3-8
3-9. Model 5328A Rear Pane! Controls and Connectors .........-..0000008. 3417
3-10. Model 5328A Option 040, Front Panel Operation Summary ............ 3-12
3-11. Model 5328A Option 030, Channel C Front Panel
Operation Summary ........ ccc cece cece cee cent e nn eees 3-15
3-12. Model 5328A Option 020, DVM Front Panel Operation Summary ....... 3-16
3-13. Model 5328A Option 021, High Performance DVM Front Panel
Operation SUMMALY ..... 66. cece eee teen tees 3-17
3-14 Standard Universal Module Input Switch Configuration for COMA .... 3-22
3-15 Option 040 Universal Module Input Switch Configuration for COMA .. 3-22
3-16. Slope Switch SEtings 2.8.0 edad eat cwuetls oon neeinGse hehe aass 3-23
3-17. Level Control Settings ......... 0. cece eee cece ete e nee eens 3-24
3-18 Hysteresis Band’ 22... c2atatencinb aide bdedagennne Hee eo eeeeacene eek. 3-24
3-19 Delay Mode pinches ete e inane ed ar aeewtnegecaateeeraaes 3-26
3-20 Time Interval Average Delay Mode ........... 0. cece eee eee neces 3-27
4-1 Measuring Linearity 2.0.2.0... cece cee eee eet ee eee eee nes 4-2
4-2 Tone Burst MeasureMent 2.6... . eee eee ene eennee 4-2
4-3 Dead TIME id seoiaset Ped eaaidacet ugly Fait Se Oe Biot AAs GA a aes 4-3
4-4. Multiple STOP Pulses: ccccc-tx tact anwaa cote piso ele wage eadae taeavany 4-3
4-5 Monitoring Marker Outputs ........ 0.00 cece eee e eee eens 4-4
4-6 Slope Switch Effect on Hysteresis Band .......... 6 ccc e cece eee een eee 4-4
4-7 Armed DVM Measurement ......... 00:0 cece eee eect eee e een e ene 4-6
5-1. 5328A Measurement Cycle .......... 60. cece eee eee nes 5-6

Model 5328A
Safety Considerations
vi
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL
This is a Safety Class | instrument. This instrument has been designed and tested according to IEC
Publication 348, “Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus”, and has been
supplied in safe condition.
This manual contains information, cautions, and warnings which must be followed by the user to
ensure safe operation and to retain the instrument in safe condition.
SAFETY
If this instrument is to be energized via an autotransformer for voltage reduction, make sure the
common terminal is connected to the earthed pole of the power source.
BEFORE SWITCHING ON THIS INSTRUMENT, the protective earth terminals of this instrument
must be connected to the protective conductor of the (mains) power cord. The mains plug shall
only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. The protective action
must not be negated by the use of an extension cord (power cable) without a protective
conductor (grounding).
Make sure that only fuses with the required rated current and of the specified type (normal blow,
time delay, etc.) are used for replacement. The use of repaired fuses and the short-circuiting of
fuse holders must be avoided.
Whenever it is likely that the protection offered by fuses has been impaired, the instrument must
be made inoperative and be secured against any unintended operation.
GROUNDING
Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor (inside or outside the instrument) or
disconnecting the protective earth terminal is likely to make this instrument dangerous.
Intentional interruption is prohibited.
HIGH VOLTAGE
Any adjustment, maintenance, and repair of the opened instrument under voltage should be
avoided as much as possible and, when inevitable, should be carried out only by a skilled,
qualified person who is aware of the hazard involved.
Capacitors inside the instrument may still be charged even if the instrument has been dis-
connected from its source of supply.
Adjustments and service described herein are performed with power supplied to the instrument
while protective covers are removed. Energy available at many points may, if contacted, result in
personal injury.

Model 5328A
Safety Considerations
CAUTIONS
LINE VOLTAGE SELECTION
BEFORE
SWITCHING
ON
THIS
INSTRUMENT,
make
sure
the
instrument
is
set
to
the
voltage
of
the
power
source.
Verify
that
the
power
transformer
primary
is
matched
to
the
available
line
voltage.
Verify
that
the correct
fuse
is
installed.
GROUNDING
BEFORE
SWITCHING
ON
THIS
INSTRUMENT,
ensure
that
all
devices
connected
to
this
instrument
are
connected
to
the
protective
(earth)
ground.
(Grounding
one
conductor
of
a
two-conductor
outlet
is
not
sufficient.)
!\ ATTENTION J\
This
symbol:
/\
,
which
appears
on
the
instrument
means:
Read
the
instruction
manual
before
operating
the
instrument.
If
the
instrument
is
operated
without
reading
the
instructions,
it
may
not
operate
correctly.
vii

Model 5328A
General Information
ee emer cee ee
HOB Seams
ergeen
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
= Loses 4
ve
FREQ. ADJ.
OPTION 010 OPTION 011
OVEN HP-iB
OSCILLATOR INTERFACE
DIGITAL VOLTMETER
OPTION 020 OPTION 021 OPTION 030 OPTION 040
DVM DVM CHANNEL C UNIVERSAL MODULE
Figure 1-1. Model 5328A Universal Counter with Options
1-0

Model 5328A
General Information
SECTION |
GENERAL INFORMATION
1-1. SCOPE OF MANUAL
1-2. This manual provides operating information for the Hewlett-Packard Model 5328A
Universal Counter including all options. Maintenance information for the 5328A mainframe
(without options) is covered in the 5328A Service Manual. A separate Installation and Service
Manual is provided for each option supplied with the 5328A.
1-3. This manual is divided into five sections containing the following information:
SECTION I GENERAL INFORMATION covers a description of the counter, options, equip-
ment supplied, accessories available, and specifications.
SECTION II INSTALLATION provides instructions for unpacking, inspection, preparation for
use, shipment, and storage for the overall instrument. Installation instructions for the options
are covered in separate Installation and Service Manuals for each option.
SECTION II! OPERATION covers basic counter operation, sources of measurement error,
time interval measurements, front and rear panel operation summaries for the standard
instrument and each option, and descriptions of controls, connectors, indicators, inputs,
and outputs.
SECTION IV APPLICATIONS contains information on how to use the 5328A to measure
frequency, period, time interval, and ratio. DVM and totalizing measurements are also
covered in this section.
SECTION V PROGRAMMING covers information for instruments equipped with Option 011.
Included is an introduction to the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus and instructions for setting
the address switches, programming, using the program code set, triggering ameasurement,
reading a measurement, and program examples. Also included are bus commands, the ASCII
codes and the measurement output format.
1-4. DESCRIPTION
1-5. The standard 5328A mainframe measures frequency, period, period average, time interval,
time interval average, and ratio. A totalize function is also provided. The capabilities of the
instrument are expanded (as shown in Table 1-3) by installing the options described in paragraph
1-17. The 5328A provides an 8-digit (9 with Option 030) LED display, display storage, and leading
zero blanking. Decimal point and unit readouts are displayed automatically. Two independent
selectable input channels are provided for time interval measurements. Each input channel has
an attenuator, trigger slope selector, level control, ac-dc coupling, and an oscilloscope marker
output. Rear panel connectors provide a gate output, a time base output and an input for an
external frequency standard. An ARM switch on the rear panel allows arming by the signal being
measured (switch OFF) or by another input signal (switch ON).
1-6. INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
1-7. Hewlett-Packard instruments have a 2-section, 10-character serial number (0000A00000),
which is located on the rear panel. The 4—digit serial prefix identifies instrument changes. If the
serial prefix of your instrument differs from that listed on the title page of this manual, there are
differences between this manual and your instrument. Instruments having higher serial prefixes
are covered with a “Manual Changes” sheet included with this manual. If the change sheet is
missing, contact the nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office listed at the back of this
manual.
1-1

Model 5328A
General Information
1-2
1-8. APPLICATIONS
1-9. Specific applications information is provided in Section IV. The general application
features of the 5328A are described in the following paragraphs.
1-10. The high sensitivity, frequency range, and signal conditioning controls (see Table 1-3)
make the 5328A ideally suited for a wide range of applications. The direct count feature of the
5328A means that prescaling techniques are not used to achieve the 100 MHz frequency range (up
to 512 MHz with Option 030). Direct count speed is required in high-speed totalizing or system
applications. The dynamic range, input attenuators and trigger level range (see Table 1-3) permit
measurements to be made on virtually any signal.
1-11. The controlled “arming” feature of the 5328A is useful in applications such as burst fre-
quency measurements, and pulse amplitude measurements.
1-12. The optional integrating digital voltmeters measure trigger levels (critical in most time
interval measurements) and external voltages. The hysteresis compensation feature of Option 040
means that the trigger level does not need resetting when the slope switch cha
ges the polarity.
1-13. The standard 5328A single-shot resolution of 100 ns meets the requirements for appli-
cations such as mechanical and electromechanical device (relays) timing, time of flight
measurements (ballistics), sonar ranging, radio ranging and navigation. The Option 040 provides
increased resolution (to 10 ns) useful in applications such as computer/peripheral timing mea-
suremnts, logic timing measurements, radar ranging and optical ranging. The delay feature of
Option 040 allows unwanted signals to be ignored which would otherwise trigger the counter.
1-14. Using time interval averaging, time intervals as short as 100 ps, with resolution to 10 ps may
be measured. Applications include cable length measurements, phase measurements, logic
timing measurements, and integrated circuit propagation delay measurement.
1-15. Full bandwidth, sensitivity, and signal conditioning of the Channel A,B (andC for Option
030) input amplifiers is provided for ratio, totalizing, and scaling measurements.
1-16. The 5328A with Option 011 HP-IB Interface is able to output measurement data and be
controlled (fully programmed) via the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB). The 5328A is
interfaced to HP-IB compatible instruments, calculators, or computers by simply interconnecting
with an HP-IB cable.
1-17. OPTIONS
1-18. Several options are available with the 5328A, as listed below. If purchased as part of an
initial order, options are installed at the factory and the instrument is ready for operation when
received. Procedures for field installation of an option are described in the Installation and
Service Manual supplied with each option (except for Option 010, Oscillator which is covered in
the 5328A Service Manual). The following options are available:
a. Option 010, High Stability Time Base. Oven oscillator with aging rate <5 x 10-1°/day.
b. Option 011, HP-IB Interface. Allows 5328A to output data and be controlled via the HP
Interface Bus.
c. Option 020, Digital Voltmeter (DVM). Single ended DVM for trigger level and external
dc voltage measurements.
d. Option 021, High Performance DVM. Floating high accuracy DVM for trigger level and
external dc voltage measurements.

Model 5328A
General Information
e. Option 030, Channel C. Frequency measurements to 512 MHz; 15 mV rms sensitivity;
direct count.
f. Option 040, High Performance Universal Module. Same as standard 5328A but with 10 ns
single shot time interval; improved T.!. averaging; improved T.I. accuracy; measure-
ments with delay; 1.1. A+B marker; hysteresis compensation; switchable input
impedance (1 MQ/500).
1-19. EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED AND ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE
1-20. Table 1-1 lists equipment supplied with the 5328A and Table 1-2 lists accessories available.
Table 1-1. Equipment Supplied
DESCRIPTION HP PART NO.
| Detachable Power Cord 7%, ft (231 cm) long | 20-134 |
Table 1-2. Accessories Available
DESCRIPTION HP PART NO.
10631A, 3 ft long
(914 mm)
10631B, 6 ft long
(1828 mm)
10631C, 12 ft long
(3656 mm)
HP Interface Bus Interconnect Cable
5020-8873 (2 each)
5020-8861 (2 each)
Rack Mount Flange (for mounting 5328A with handles)
(for mounting 5328A without handles)
1-21. SPECIFICATIONS
1-22. Table 1-3 lists detailed specifications for the 5328A including all options.
1-3

Model 5328A
General Information
Table 1-3.
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Channel A and B (standard and option 040)
Sensitivity:
25 mV rms, O—40 MHz (dc coupled)
20 Hz—40 MHz (ac coupled)
200 KHz—40 MHz (ac coupled and 5082 with
Opt. 040)
50 mV rms, 40 MHz—100 MHz
Min. pulse width: 5 ns, 140 mV p-p
Coupling: Ac or Dc, switch selectable
Impedance: 1 M2 || <40 pF (switch selectable 1 MQ or
5002 nominal with Opt. 040)
Trigger Level: Variable over +2.5 voits times attenuator
setting with 0 volt preset position.
Trigger Slope: independent selection of + or - slope
Attenuators: X1, X10, X100 (X1, X2, X20 with Opt. 040)
Dynamic Range: 25 mV to 1 Vrms x attenuator setting for
0—40 MHz; 50 mV to 500 mV rms x attenuator setting for
40—100 MHz
put (dc Coupied):
X1: 250 V rms, dc—50 kHz
1.25 x 10’ V rms/freq., 50 kHz—2.5 MHz
5 Vrms, 2.5—100 MHz
250 V rms, dc—5 MHz
1.25 x 10° V rms/freq., 5—100 MHz
250 V rms, dc—500 kHz
1.25 x 108 V rms/freq., 0.5—25 MHz
5 V rms, 25—100 MHz
Vmax = 200 V (peak + dc) for dc—20 Hz;
same as dc coupled for frequency greater
than 20 Hz.
X10, X100:
X2, X20:
(Opt. 040)
Ac coupled:
Opt. 040 502
position: 5 Vrms, dc—100 MHz
Channel Input: Common A or separate, switch selectable.
In COM A position, sensitivity remains the same. Impedance
becomes 1 M{2|| <65 pF for the standard and
500 k£2 || <65 pF for the Option 040 high impedance
position. 502 position remains nominal 5092.
Channel C (option 030)
Sensitivity: 15 mV rms, 5 MHz—512 MHz
Coupling: dc
Trigger Level: 0 V, fixed
Impedance: 5082 nominal
Maximum Input: 5 V rms
Input Protection: Fused
FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS
Frequency A (standard and option 040)
Range: 0 — 100 MHz direct count
Resolution: 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz in decade steps
Accuracy: +1 count +timebase error
Display: kHz, MHz
Frequency C (option 030)
Range: 5 — 512 MHz direct count
Resolution: 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz in decade steps
Accuracy: +1 count +timebase error
Display: kHz, MHz
"Trigger error is <0.3% of one period for sinewaves of 40 dB
S/N of better and amplitude equal to sensitivity of counter
For any waveshape, trigger error is less than
12x peak noise voitage
signal slope
* 0025 yisec
rE ___ for 40 dB S/N.}
signal slope in V/usec
1-4
Specifications
PERIOD MEASUREMENTS
Period A (standard and option 040)
Range: 0 — 10 MHz
Resolution: 100 ns to 1s in decade steps
(10 ns to 0.1 s with opt. 040)
Accuracy: +1 count +timebase error + trigger error”
Display: ns, js, ms, s
Period Average A (standard and option 040) — the period of
the signal at the A input is averaged over the number of
periods, N, indicated by the resolution switch (N=1 to 107).
Range: 0 — 10 MHz
Resolution: 100 ns to .01 ps in decade steps
(10 ns to .001 ps with opt. 040)
Accuracy: +1 count displayed + timebase error
4 trigger error”
~no. periods averaged
TIME INTERVAL MEASUREMENTS
Time Interval A to B (standard and option 040)
Range: 100.ns — 10° s (10 ns — 10’ s with opt. 040)
Resolution: 100 ns to 1s in decade steps
(10 ns to 0.1 s with opt. 040)
Accuracy: +1 count + timebase error + trigger error”
Time Interval Average A to B (standard and option 040) —
The time interval between a start signal at A and a stop signal
at B is averaged over the number of time intervals, N, indicated
by the resolution switch (N=1 to 10’).
Range: 0.1 ns — 10s (0.1 ns — 1 s with opt. 040)
+100 ns
: it
Resohition 4 | no. intervals averaged Ops
+10 ns
( 4 [no. intervals averaged
Accuracy: = ne 2 thegerertar® +4ns +timebase error
no. intervals averaged
( £10 fis SAriggen-error +2ns +timebase error
no. intervals averaged
with opt. 040. The opt. 040 has a ‘jittered” clock in
time interval averaging for those cases when the
input is coherent with the 5328A’s clock frequency.)
Minimum pulse width: 25 ns (10 ns with opt. 040)
Minimum dead time: 150 ns (:(40 ns ‘ith opt. 040 and maxi-
mum repetition rate of 10 MHz) (“dead time” is the time
between the preceding time interval’s stop event and the
current time interval’s start event).
+10 ps with opt. 040)
RATIO MEASUREMENTS
B/A and C/A (standard and option 040) — The ratio of the
frequency at B (or C for C/A function when option 030 is
installed) to the frequency at A is measured for N counts of A
where N is selected by the resolution switch (N=1 to 107).
Range: A: 0 — 10 MHz
B: 0 — 100 MHz
C: 5 — 512 MHz
Resolution: 1 part in ox N (orEx N)
Accuracy: + 1 count of B (or C) + trigger error” of A x freq.
of B (or C) (N >1)
For N = 1, add + 120 ns x freq. of B (or C)
{+ 12 ns x freq. of B (or C) with Opt. 040)

Model 5328A
General Information
Table 1-3. Specifications (Continued)
DIGITAL VOLTMETER MEASUREMENTS TOTALIZING AND SCALING MEASUREMENTS
DVM (option 020 and 021) — Trigger levels of input channels Start A (standard and option 040) — The number of counts at
A and B and external voltages may be measured.t
OPT. 020
Maximum Sensitivity:
Meas. Time (N=):
10s (N=10")
1s (N=108)
0.1 s (N=105)
10 ms (N=10*)
1 ms (N=10°)
1mv
1mv
2mvVv
20 mV
200 mv
Range: 0 to#125 Vde
+0.9999, +9.999,
+99.99, +125.0
Full range display
resolution (1 sec
measurement time):
Accuracy:
{20 min. warm-up)
+.5% reading
+4mv
Temp. Coefficient:
(0 to 40°C)
+ .05% reading/°C
+0.5 mV/°C
input Terminals: Single ended
Input Impedance: 10 M92
Normal Mode
Rejection Ratio: > 60 dB at 60 Hz
(50 Hz) + 0.1%
Effective Common
Mode Rejection Ratio
(1 kQ unbalance):
Response Time
(step input):
Maximum Input:
Trigger Level
Measurements:
2 mV display
resolution
OPT. 021
10 UV
100 LV
mv
10 mV
100 mV
+10, +100,+1000 Vdc,
and AUTORANGE
+12.5000, +125.000,
+1000.00
+.03% reading + .004%
range; for 1000 V
range: +.087% reading
+ .004% range
+ .002% reading/°C
+.001% range/°C
Floating pair
10 MQ2
>80 dB at 50 Hz or
greater with filter on
DC: >120 dB
AC: >120 dB for
multiples of 60 Hz (50
Hz) with filter on
10 ms (filter off)
HI to LO: +1100 V ail
ranges; LO to chassis
ground: +500 V
1 mV display
resolution; trigger level
reading automatically
multiplied by setting of
attenuator switch if
using option 040 uni-
versal module
the A input are totalized for N=1 on the resolution switch.
For N>1, A/N is totalized and the scaled output (A/N) is
available at the Timebase Out rear panel connector.
Range: 0 — 100 MHz for N=1
0 — 10 MHz for N >1
EVENTS C, A TO B (standard and option 040) — The number
of events at the C input are totalized during the synchronized
time interval (i.e., a Multiple of 100 ns, or 10 ns for opt. 040)
defined by inputs to channel A and B.
Accuracy: +1 count of C + trigger error* of A and Bt
freq. of C x 120 ns
(41 count of C + trigger error” of Aand B + freq. of C
x 12 ns with opt. 040)
MEASUREMENTS WITH DELAY (Option 040)
Delay mode is activated by inner concentric knob on LEVEL A
contro! of option 040 Universal Module (red LED indicates
delay is activated). In delay mode, Channel A triggers and is
then disabled from triggering again until the delay times out
(disabled state occurs within 1 us after triggering). Channel B
is continuously disabled until the delay times out. After the
delay, both A and B are enabled. The delay time may be
measured by placing the counter in T.1. A—*B and the Universal
Module in check (CHK).
Delay range: 201s to 20 ms continuously adjustable
Minimum Dead Time: 1s between stop and next start (TJ.
average measurements only)
Meaningful Functions: FREQ. A, PER A, PER AVG A, T.I.
A-~B, T.|. AVG A-*B, RATIO C/A, START A,
EVENTS C, A+B
HP-IB INTERFACE (Option 011)
Provides digital output of measurement data (“talker”) as well
as input for remote program control (‘listener’).
Programmable Functions: Function, Resolution, Sample rate
(max, Or manual control), Arming, Display modes, Meas-
urement modes, Output modes, and Reset commands
HP-IB commands: responds to the following bus com-
mands (see HP-IB Users Guides for definitions) — Unlisten,
Untalk, Local Lockout, Device Clear, Serial Poll Enable,
Serial Poll Disable, Go to Local, Selected Device Clear,
and Group Executive Trigger.
Service Request (SRQ): if enabled, indicates end of
measurement.
Maximum data output rate: 500 readings/sec

Model 5328A
General Information
Table 1-3. Specifications (Continued)
GENERAL
Display: 8 digit (9 with Opt. 030) LED display
Blanking: Suppresses display of unwanted zeros to left of
most significant digit
Storage: Holds reading between samples; can be overridden
by rear panel switch.
Sample rate: Variable from less than 2 ms between measure-
ments to HOLD which holds display indefinitely.
Gate output: Rear panel output; TTL levels; high when
counter gate open
Timebase output: Rear panel output; TTL levels
Check signal: With function switch in CHECK, counter
should display 10 MHz +1 count. (With opt. 040, place
function switch in Freq A and universal module in CHECK
(CHK) — counter should display 100 MHz +1 count.)
Timebase:
standard crystal
Aging rate: <3 x 10~’/month
Temperature: <2.5 x 1076 0° to 50°C
Line voitage: <1 x 10-7 for 10% change
Opt. 010 over oscillator
Aging rate: <5 x 10-'°/day after 24-hour warm-up
Short term: <1 x 10-'° rms/sec
Temperature: <7 x 107° 0° to 50°C
Line voltage: <+5 x 10-8 for 10% variation
Warm-up: <+5 x 10-9 in 20 min.
Ext. Freq. Std. Input: 30 kHz to 10 MHz signal of amplitude
>1.0 V rms into 1 kQ2. Maximum input: 5 V p-p. For
opt. 040 only, the following constraints apply: ext. freq.
std. must be 10 MHz for Period Avg., T.I. Avg., Period
(N=1), and T.1. (N=1).
Trigger Lights: Light is ON when input is above trigger level;
OFF when input is below trigger level; BLINKING when
channel is triggering. Operative over frequency range
0—100 MHz.
Marker Outputs: inverted channel A and channel B Schmidt
trigger outputs available on front panel; 0 to -100 mV
levels into 502 ;<20 ns delay. (With Opt. 040, inverted
channel A Schmidt trigger and T.I. A*B marker outputs
(0 to -50 mV) available on front panel—T.!. A—*B is high
during the time interval measured by the counter). Outputs
protected from inadvertently applied voltage to + 5 Vdc.
ARM: Rear panei switch turns arming ON or OFF. With
arming ON, the measurement is armed by an input other
than the input involved in the measurement. The following
are armed by an event at B: FREQ A, PERIOD A, PERIOD
AVG A, FREQ C, DVM, C/A; the following are armed by an
event at C: T.l. AB, T.l. AVG A+B, EVENTS C, AB,
B/A.
Operating Temperature: 0° to 50°C
Power Requirements: 100/120/220/240 V rms, +5%, -10%
(switch selectable), 48—66 Hz; 150 VA max.
Accessories Furnished: Power cord, 200 cm (7% ft.)
Weight: Net 8.5 kg (18 lb, 12 0z). Shipping 11.2 kg (24 Ib. 12.02)
Dimensions:
ees (18 18) ——»|
NOTE |
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS } : f
AND (iNCHES)
HANDLES ARE REMOVABLE
ae a le =}
«422 (16-5'8)
)
89
(31/2)
T= Jil 7]
| 438
: (171-4)
Available Accessories
HP Rack Mount Ears (2 each required)
(for use with handles)
(for use without handles)
5020-8873
5020-8861

Model 5328A
Installation
SECTION Il
INSTALLATION
2-1. INTRODUCTION
2-2.
This
section
provides
instructions
for
unpacking,
inspection,
preparation
for
use,
shipment,
and
storage.
2-3. UNPACKING AND INSPECTION
2-4.
If
the
shipping
carton
is
damaged,
inspect
the
counter
for
visible
damage
(scratches,
dents,
etc.).
If
the
counter
is
damaged,
notify
the
carrier
and
the
nearest
Hewlett-Packard
Sales
and
Service
Office
immediately
(offices
are
listed
at
the
back
of
this
manual).
Keep
the
shipping
carton
and
packing
material
for
the
carrier’s
inspection.
The
HP
Sales
and
Service
Office
will
arrange
for
repair
or
replacement
of
your
instrument
without
waiting
for
the
claim
against
the
carrier to be settled.
2-5. PREPARATION FOR USE
CAUTION
BEFORE CONNECTING THIS INSTRUMENT TO AN AC
POWER LINE, BE SURE THAT THE 100-, 120-, 220-,
240-VOLT LINE SELECTOR SWITCHES ON THE REAR
PANEL ARE SET TO THE PROPER POSITIONS AND
PROPER LINE FUSE 1S INSTALLED.
2-6. Power Requirements
2-7.
This
instrument
can
be
operated
on
single
phase
100,
120,
220,
or
240
(-10%
+5%)
volts
ac.
Power
required
is
approximately
150
VA
maximum.
To
avoid
instrument
damage,
the
rear-panel
line
selector
switch
must
be
set
to
the
correct
position
(““100V,
120V, 220V,
or
240V”’)
and
the
correct
fuse
(as
labeled
on
the
rear
panel)
must
be
installed.
See
Section
III
for
rear-panel
features
photograph.
When
shipped,
the
switch
is
set
for
120-volt
ac
operation.
2-8. Fuse Replacement and Installation
2-9.
Two
fuses
are
supplied
with
the
instrument.
The
instrument
is
shipped
with
a
2.0
amp
fuse
installed
for
100
or
120
volt
operation.
To
configure
the
instrument
for
220
or
240
volt
operation
disconnect
the
ac
power
cable,
set
the
line
selector
switch
and
install
the
1.0
amp
fuse.
2-10. Power Cables
WARNING
TO PROTECT OPERATING AND SERVICING
PERSONNEL, THIS INSTRUMENT IS EQUIPPED WITH A
THREE-PIN POWER RECEPTACLE. THE CENTER PIN
OF THE RECEPTACLE CONNECTS THE INSTRUMENT
CHASSIS AND PANELS TO EARTH GROUND WHEN
USED WITH A PROPERLY WIRED THREE CON-
DUCTOR OUTLET AND POWER CABLE. IMPROP-
ERLY GROUNDED EQUIPMENT CAN RESULT IN
HAZARDOUS POTENTIALS BETWEEN EQUIPMENTS.

Model 5328A
Insallation
2-11. To accommodate the different power receptacles used throughout the world, this
instrument is supplied with one of the power cables shown in Figure 2-1. The cable supplied for
use in the United States meets the specifications established by the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC). The male connector of this cable is a NEMA type and the female connector is a
C.E.E. type.
2-12. Connect the power cable to a power source receptacle that has a grounded third
conductor. If the line power receptacle is a two-pin type instead of a three-pin receptacle, usea
two-to-three pin adapter (HP Part No. 8120-1348 for USA applications) and connect the green
lead on the adapter to earth ground. See warning above. If your counter is to be operated with
220-240 Vac line power, an Underwriters Laboratories listed connector should be used to connect
power.
2-13. Operating Environment
2-14. Maximum and minimum allowable operating temperatures are listed in Table 1-3. If
these limits are exceeded at the installation site, auxiliary cooling or heating should be used to
keep the environment within limits. A 1-inch space above the counter should be clear to allow
cooling air circulation. The fan intake at rear is to be kept clear.
2-15. Bench Operation
2-16. The instrument cabinet has plastic feet and foldaway tilt stands for convenience in bench
operation. The tilt stands permit inclining the instrument for ease in using front-panel controls
and indicators.
2-17. Rack Mounting
2-18. The counter is ready for bench operation as shipped from the factory. To mount the
counter ina rack, it is necessary to attach side flanges at the front of the counter. The side flanges
may be ordered from the factory. For rack installation of counters with handles, use Flange, Part
No. 5020-8873. For installation of counters without handles use Flange, Part No. 5020-8861. To
convert to rack installation, proceed as follows:
a. Remove tilt stand.
b. Remove feet (press the foot-release button, slide foot toward center of instrument, and
lift off).
c. Remove trim strips (and handles if desired) at front end of sides.
d. Attach flanges to front end of sides. Instrument is now ready to mountin standard rack.
CAUTION
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IN RACK DURING
OPERATION SHOULD NOT EXCEED 122°F (50°C). BE
SURE INSTRUMENT POSITION IN RACK PERMITS
ADEQUATE AIR CIRCULATION AND THAT NEARBY
EQUIPMENT DOES NOT DISCHARGE HOT AIR
DIRECTLY ON THE INSTRUMENT.
2-19. PACKAGING FOR RESHIPMENT
2-20. Original Packaging
2-21. Thesame containers and materials used in factory packaging can be obtained through the
Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Offices listed at the rear of this manual.

Model 5328A
Installation
2-22.
Ifthe
counter
is
being
returned
to
Hewlett-Packard
for
service,
attach
a
tag
indicating
the
type
of
service
required,
return
address,
model number,
and
full
serial
number.
Mark the
container
FRAGILE
to
assure
careful
handling.
2-23.
In
any
correspondence
refer
to
the
counter
by
model
number
and
full
serial
number.
2-24. Other Packaging Methods
2-25. If factory packaging is not available, good commercial packing should be used. Contract
packaging
companies
in
many
cities
can
provide
dependable
custom
packaging
on
short
notice.
The
following
general
instructions
should
be
followed
when
repackaging
with
commercially
available materials.
a.
If
shipping
to
a
Hewlett-Packard
Service
Office
or
Service
Center,
attach
a
tag
indicating
the
type
of
service
required,
return
address,
model
number,
and
full
serial
number.
b. Wrap the counter in heavy paper or plastic.
c.
Useastrong
shipping
container.
A
double-wall
carton
made
of
350-pound
test
material
is adequate.
d.
Use
enough
shock-absorbing
material
(3-
to
4-inch
layer)
around
all
sides
of
the
counter
to
provide
a firm cushion
and
prevent
movement
inside
the
container.
Protect
the
control
panel
with
cardboard.
e. Seal the shipping container securely.
2-26. STORAGE
2-27.
If
the
counter
is
to
be
stored
for
an
extended
period
of
time,
it
should
be
enclosed
in
a
clean,
dry,
sealed
container.
See
specifications
in
Section
I
for
storage
environmental
limitations.
2-28. OPTIONS INSTALLATION
2-29.
Instructions
for
field
installation
of
each
option
(listed
in
paragraph
1-17)
are
contained
in
the
Installation
and
Service
Manual
for
each
option,
with
the
exception
of
Option
010,
High
Stability
Time
Base.
Field
installation
instructions
for
Option
010
are
provided
in
Section
V
of
the
5328A
Service
Manual.
2-3

Model 5328A
Installation
POWER CABLE HP NO. 8120-1689
(Germany, France, Sweden, Netherlands,
Yugoslavia, Belgium, Norway, Finland)
POWER CABLE HP NO. 8120-1351
Great Britain
POWER CABLE HP NO. 8120-1369
Australia, New Zealand
POWER CABLE NO. 8120-1348
U.S.A., Canada
Figure 2-1. Power Cables
2-4

Model 5328A
Operation
SECTION Ill
OPERATION
3-1. INTRODUCTION
3-2.
This
section
contains
operating
information
necessary
to
understand
operation
and
control
of
the
instrument.
A
description
of
basic
counter
operation
is
provided,
followed
by
a
front
panel
operation
summary
for
the standard
mainframe
(Figure
3-8)
and
a
separate
operation
summary
for
each
option
(Figures
3-10
through
3-13).
Rear
panel
controls
and
connectors
are
described
in
Figure
3-9.
Detailed
information
is
provided
on
the
use
of
controls
and
indicators.
Information
on
how
to
make
measurements
in
the
various
measurement
modes
is
provided
in
Section
IV.
3-3. BASIC COUNTER OPERATION
3-4.
The
operation
of
the
frequency
counter
is
best
understood
by
describing
how
the
counter
performs
a
frequency
measurement.
ifn
is
the
number of
cycles
of
a signal
that
occurs
in
a time
period t, the
average frequency
f
of
that
signal
over
the
time
period
t
is
given
by
pel.
t
(1)
3-5. Frequency
3-6. The counter measures the frequency f by accumulating the number of cycles n of the input
signal that occurs over the time period t. The basic counter elements necessary to perform this
measurement are shown in Figure 3-1.
INPUT INPUT AMP
SIGNAL & TRIGGER DECADE COUNTING
ASSEMBLIES
MAIN GATE
FLIP FLOP DISRLAN.
TIME BASE DECADE
OSCILLATOR DIVIDERS
Figure 3-1. Basic Elements of the Frequency Counter
3-7.
INPUT
AMPLIFIER
AND
TRIGGER
—
essentially
conditions
the
input
signal
to
a
form
that
is
compatible
with
the
internal
circuitry
of
the
counter.
As
Figure
3-1
indicates,
the
output
of
the
amplifier/trigger
is
a
pulse
train
where
each
pulse
corresponds
to
one
cycle
or
event
of
the
input
signal.

Model 5328A
Operation
3-2
3-8. TIME BASE OSCILLATOR — is that element of the counter from which the time t of
Equation (1) is derived. From Equation (1) it may be seen that the accuracy with which t is
determined has a significant effect on the measurement accuracy of the frequency f.
Consequently the 5328A employs a 10 MHz precision crystal oscillator as the time base element.
3-9. DECADE DIVIDERS — takes the time base oscillator signal as the input and provide as an
output a pulse train whose frequency is variable in decade steps. The operator can control this
frequency with the FREQ RESOLUTION, N switch. The time t of Equation (1) is determined by the
period of this pulse train.
3-10. MAIN GATE — is the heart of the counter. When this gate is opened, pulses from the
amplifier/trigger are allowed to pass through. The opening and closing of the main gate is
controlled by the decade divider output to the main gate flip-flop.
3-11. DECADE COUNTING ASSEMBLIES — totalizes the output pulses from the main gate and
displays this total after the gate is closed. If, for example, the gate is open for precisely 1-second,
the decade counting assemblies (DCA’s) display the frequency, in Hertz, of the input signal.
3-12. Other basic measurements the counter can perform are described in the following
paragraphs.
3-13. Period
3-14. Period, the inverse of frequency, can be measured by the counter by reversing the inputs
to the main gate. Now the input signal controls the duration over which the main gate is open and
the decade divider output is counted by the DCA’s. The duration of the count is, of course, one
cycle or period of the input signal (see Figure 3-2).
3-15. Unused decades in the decade divider chain can be used to divide the amplifier/trigger
output so that the gate remains open for decade steps of the input period rather than a single
period. This is the basis for multiple period averaging. Period and period averaging techniques
are used to increase measurement accuracy on low frequency measurements as explained further
in paragraph 4-9.
INPUT
AMP/TRIGGER
DECADE
COUNTING
ASSEMBLIES
TIME BASE DECADE
OSCILLATOR DIVIDERS
Figure 3-2. Measuring Period
NOTE
The roles of the amplifer/trigger and decade divider
outputs are reversed in measuring the period. This
same configuration also serves for ratio measurements
with the second input replacing the time base
oscillator.

Model 5328A
Operation
3-16. Ratio
3-17.
By
replacing
the
time
base
with
asecond
input
of
frequency,
fz;
the
same
configuration
as
in
Figure
3-2
can
be
used
to
measure
the
ratio
f2/f.
For
higher
resolution
the
signal
at
frequency
f
can
be
divided
in
decade
steps
in
a
manner
identical
to
multiple
period
averaging.
3-18. Time Interval
3-19.
Figure
3-3
shows
the
configuration
for
the
measurement
of
time
between
two
events
or
time
interval.
The
main
gate
is
now
opened
by
the
START
input
and
closed
by
the
STOP.
The
decade
divider
output
is
again
counted
and
the
display
shows
the
elapsed
time
between
START
and
STOP
signals.
The
measurement
of
time
interval
is
considered
in
more
detail
in
paragraph
3-22.
3-20. Totalize and Scale
3-21.
The
5328A
also
provides
a
totalizing/scaling
mode
where
an
input
can
be
divided
in
it
which
is
coherent
with
the
input.
arr | paar Lawes feaniin v2 it
t vil oe
decade
steps
and
totalized
to
provide
a
low
frequency
ou
AMP-
TRIGGER
DECADE COUNTING
ASSEMBLIES
|
AMP
DISPLAY
TRIGGER
TIME BASE DECADE
OSCILLATOR DIVIDERS
Figure
3-3.
Basic
Elements
of
a
Time
Interval
Counter
3-22.
TIME
INTERVAL,
RESOLUTION,
AND
AVERAGING
TECHNIQUES
3-23.
Time
interval,
the
measurement
of
the
time
between
two
events,
is
shown
in
the
block
diagram
shown
in
Figure
3-3.
The
main
gate
is
now
controlled
by
two
independent
inputs,
the
START
input
opening
the
gate
and
the
STOP
input
closing
it.
Clock
pulses
are
accumulated
for
the
duration
the
gate
is
open
and
this
accumulated
count
represents
the
time
interval
between
START
and
STOP.
This
is shown
by
Figure
3-4.