Kathrein UFS 903 sw User manual

Operating manual English
UFS 903 si/sw

2
Dear customer,
this operating manual is intended to help you make the fullest use of the extensive range of functions
offered by your new satellite receiver.
We have tried to make the operating instructions as easy as possible to understand, and to keep them as
concise as possible. To help you understand particular specialist terms that cannot be translated, we have
added a short glossary at the end of the manual.
The power switch is an environmentally friendly feature. If you will not be using your receiver for an extended
period, you should use the power switch to disconnect it from the power supply and save energy. For shorter
breaks, you can use the remote control to switch the receiver to standby, which uses only a minimal amount
of energy.
We want you a good reception and hope you will enjoy using your new HDTV receiver.
Your
KATHREIN team
Preface
The difference between PAL and HDTV
High-resolution TV is characterised by
a significantly higher number of picture
lines on the TV set. The usual European
standard PAL achieves a resolution of 576
lines vertically and 720 lines horizontally.
The high-resolution TV provides an
impressive resolution, up to five times
higher than the usual PAL standardTV, and
hence delivering more detail sharpness
and responsiveness.
A HDTV picture can contain up to five times as many picture points, that is, approximately 2 million pixels
compared to a conventional PAL picture with only approximately 400,000 pixels.
Worldwide there are currently two HDTV standards, based on the two formats 1080i and 720p. The two
standards differ in the number of picture lines and in the transmission procedure. For the human eye, the
difference between the two HDTV standards is hardly perceptible, however; in comparison to the PAL
system, moving pictures look much more dynamic. Transmission technology and reception equipment will
be able to handle both standards in the future.
PAL 720 x 576
720p 1280 x 720
1080i 1920 x 1080

3
List of contents
Preface.................................................................................................................................... 2
List of contents...................................................................................................................... 3
Safety instructions - Important Information........................................................................ 6
Important Information........................................................................................................... 8
Receiver features/scope of supply.................................................................................... 10
Features................................................................................................................................. 11
Connection and setup......................................................................................................... 12
First installation ................................................................................................................... 18
General operating instructions.......................................................................................... 46
Alphanumeric Inputs............................................................................................................ 46
Editing and selection options in the menus......................................................................... 47
Remote control code........................................................................................................... 48
Basic operation in TV or Radio mode (live operation)..................................................... 49
Remote control for live operation (TV/Radio)...................................................................... 49
Switching between TV and Radio operation........................................................................ 50
Adjusting the volume........................................................................................................... 50
Display of 4:3 broadcasts and HDMI format........................................................................ 50
Channel selection................................................................................................................ 50
Direct channel selection..................................................................................................................... 50
Channel selection from the channel list............................................................................................. 51
Channel messages.............................................................................................................. 53
Channel information............................................................................................................ 53
Calling up the options channel............................................................................................ 54
Select Audio track................................................................................................................ 54
Select subtitle...................................................................................................................... 55
Videotext (Teletext).............................................................................................................. 55
One-Touch Recording (OTR) .............................................................................................. 56
EPG (Electronic Programme Guide).................................................................................. 57
Calling up the EPG.............................................................................................................. 57
Selection options (remote control buttons in the EPG) ....................................................... 58
Views using the EPG........................................................................................................... 59
Current View...................................................................................................................................... 59
Preview view (programme listings).................................................................................................... 60
Categories view ................................................................................................................................. 61
Search function ................................................................................................................... 62
Recording settings (programming the timer)....................................................................... 63
Recording “once” ............................................................................................................................... 65
Recording “daily”................................................................................................................................ 65
Recording “weekly”............................................................................................................................ 66
Recording “user-defined”................................................................................................................... 66
“Series recording” .............................................................................................................................. 67
Reminder function (switch over to programme) .................................................................. 68
Timer list view...................................................................................................................... 69
Editing a recording............................................................................................................................. 70

4
Editing the channel list....................................................................................................... 71
Calling up the “Edit TV Channellist” menu........................................................................... 71
Selecting the channel list/favourites list to be edited........................................................... 71
Selecting the channels to be edited .................................................................................... 72
Editing channels (channel lists)........................................................................................... 72
Move.................................................................................................................................................. 72
Delete................................................................................................................................................. 73
Skip.................................................................................................................................................... 73
Lock ................................................................................................................................................... 74
To Favorite......................................................................................................................................... 74
Start Blockselection ........................................................................................................................... 75
Editing channels (favourites lists)........................................................................................ 75
Remove from Favoritelist................................................................................................................... 75
Lock ................................................................................................................................................... 76
Start Blockselection ........................................................................................................................... 76
Rename Favourites List..................................................................................................................... 76
Recording archive (play back/edit recordings) ................................................................ 77
Calling up the recording archive.......................................................................................... 77
Selection options (remote control buttons in the recording archive) ................................... 78
Views of the recording archive (sorting the recordings)...................................................... 79
Playback of a recording....................................................................................................... 81
Playback functions .............................................................................................................. 81
Selecting the recordings to be edited.................................................................................. 83
Editing recordings................................................................................................................ 83
Delete................................................................................................................................................. 83
Lock ................................................................................................................................................... 84
Rename ............................................................................................................................................. 84
Change category................................................................................................................................ 84
Main Menu............................................................................................................................ 85
Calling up the main menu and introduction......................................................................... 85
Menu overview.................................................................................................................... 86
Main menu - Channel search.............................................................................................. 87
Automatic Channel Search.................................................................................................. 87
Manual Channel Search...................................................................................................... 89
Search with service ID......................................................................................................... 92
Main menu - Parental control............................................................................................. 94
Main menu - Settings .......................................................................................................... 96
First Installation................................................................................................................... 96
TV, Video and Audio............................................................................................................ 96
Customize Screen Menu..................................................................................................... 98
Date and Time..................................................................................................................... 99
Common Interface............................................................................................................. 100
Important Information....................................................................................................................... 100
Inserting the Smartcard and the CA Module.................................................................................... 100
Antenna Configuration....................................................................................................... 102
List of contents

5
List of contents
Main menu - Service menu............................................................................................... 103
Software update................................................................................................................ 103
Software Update over air................................................................................................................. 104
Software updating via the USB port................................................................................................. 106
Auto Software update ...................................................................................................................... 107
Factory Reset.................................................................................................................... 108
USB Device Management................................................................................................. 108
Manage data carrier......................................................................................................................... 108
Manage channel list......................................................................................................................... 110
Activate sleep timer............................................................................................................ 111
Main menu - Language settings........................................................................................ 111
Operation without the remote control.............................................................................. 112
Backup operation ............................................................................................................... 112
Software updating via the USB port................................................................................... 113
Performing the software update....................................................................................................... 113
Troubleshooting ................................................................................................................. 114
Technical appendix ............................................................................................................ 115
Technical Specification....................................................................................................... 115
Sat IF connections.............................................................................................................. 116
Stand-alone systems ....................................................................................................................... 116
Party systems (4 x Sat-IF) ............................................................................................................... 116
Party systems (8 x Sat-IF), multifeed............................................................................................... 117
Party systems (16 x Sat-IF), multifeed............................................................................................. 117
Single-cable systems....................................................................................................................... 118
Short technical guide........................................................................................................ 120
Service................................................................................................................................ 123

6
Safety instructions - Important Information
Mains cable
Make sure that the mains cable
(power supply cable) is not damaged.
Units with a damaged mains cable
must be disconnected from the mains
(unplug it at the socket) and repaired
by an electrical specialist before
setup. Only use the power pack
supplied (if available)!
Risk of fatal injury due to electric
shock!
Danger!
Cleaning
Disconnect the mains plug before
cleaning the unit. Only use a dry
cloth for cleaning and only clean
the outer surface. Never open the
casing of the unit.
Touching the parts inside the unit
carries a risk of death due to electric
shock!
Playing children
Make sure that children do not push
any objects into the ventilation slots.
Risk of fatal injury due to electric
shock!
Earthing
The antenna system must be earthed
as specified or equipotentially
bonded.
EN 60728/11 and any national
regulations must be complied with.
Risk of voltage surges due to lightning
strikes!
Power supply voltage
Only operate the unit at the specified
mains voltage (indicated on the
rear of the unit or on the external
power pack). The unit may only be
connected to the mains and turned
on once it has been connected to the
antenna and to the TV set or the cable
network and PC.
If the mains voltage is too high, there
is a risk of fire!
Moisture, direct sunlight, heat,
naked flames
Protect the unit against moisture,
dripping and splashed water (do not
place any filled objects such as vases
on top of the unit). Do not place the
unit close to a heater or expose it to
direct sunlight and do not operate it
in damp locations. Only use the unit
in a moderate climate, not in tropical
conditions! Place no naked flames
such as candles on top of the unit!
There is a risk of fire!
Ventilation
The heat generated in this unit is
adequately dissipated. However,
the unit should never be installed
in a cupboard or on shelves with
inadequate ventilation. Never cover
the cooling slots on the unit (e.g.
with other equipment, magazines,
tablecloths, clothing or curtains)!
Batteries
If your unit was supplied with batteries
(e.g. for the remote control), take care
that the batteries are not exposed
to excessively high temperatures,
direct sunshine or fire. Exchange
the batteries only with types that are
identical or equivalent. Otherwise the
batteries and also the remote control
may be damaged. Comply also with
the safety instructions stated on the
batteries:
There is a risk of explosions!
Warning!
Warning!
Warning!
These two pages contain important information about operation, installation location and connection of the
unit. Read these instructions carefully before setting up the unit.
Do not
cover

7
Safety instructions - Important Information
Periods of extended absence,
thunderstorms, mains socket
accessibility
In order to disconnect the unit from
the mains completely, the mains plug
must be unplugged from the wall
socket! Therefore install the unit close
to a mains socket and make sure that
socket is accessible at all times, so
that you can disconnect the unit from
the mains if necessary.
If you are away for an extended
period, and during thunderstorms,
always switch the unit off at the mains
and unplug it from the socket. This
also applies to the other equipment
connectedtotheunit.Isolationfromthe
cable network is also recommended.
Note any timer programs (receiver)
and turn the unit on again promptly
before the recording time.
Installation location
All electronic equipment generates
heat, However, the heating of this
unit lies within the permissible range.
Sensitive furniture surfaces and
veneers may become discoloured by
the effects of constant heat over time.
The feet of the unit can also cause
colour changes to treated furniture
surfaces. If necessary, place the unit
on a suitable stable and flat base!
Repairs
Ensure that any repairs to your unit
are carried out by qualified personnel.
Opening the unit and attempting to
repair it yourself voids all warranty
claims!
Improper work on the unit may
jeopardise the electrical safety of the
unit.
The manufacturer accepts no liability
for accidents caused by the user
opening the casing of the unit!
Connections
Incorrect wiring of the connections
can lead to malfunctions or defects
on the unit!
Important!
Do not place any objects on top of
the unit. Unless stated to the contrary
in the “Connection and Set-Up” and
“Installation” sections in the manual
supplied, maintain a clearance of at
least 10 cm above the unit, 2 cm to
either side and 5 cm behind the unit,
to allow unobstructed dissipation of
the heat generated.
There is a risk of fire!
Electronic equipment is not domestic
waste - it must be disposed of
properly in accordance with directive
2002/96/EC OF THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL
dated 27th January 2003 concerning
used electrical and electronic
appliances.
At the end of its service life, take this
unit for disposal to an appropriate
official collection point.
Spent batteries are special waste!
Do not throw spent batteries into
your domestic waste; take them to a
collection point for spent batteries!

8
Important Information
Make sure that the ventilation slots on the unit are not covered in any way.
Otherwise the unit may overheat.
There is a risk of fire!
The channels available on the satellites and transponders are subject to continual change. In such
cases, it is necessary to reset the channels as the factory preset programming corresponds to the
situation at the date of manufacture. The information for these settings can be found on the Internet or
in relevant magazines.
Your receiver was equipped in the factory with the latest software version at that time. We
are, however, constantly working on adapting the software to the wishes of our customers
and to developments in technology. Further information on this can be found in the chapters
“Main Menu - Service Menu”, “Software Update”.
Please keep the original packaging in case you need to return the product at any time. Receivers are
liable to damage by impacts; they are adequately protected only when in their original packaging.
If the receiver is not shipped correctly the guarantee/warranty on it will be voided.
Before you switch the receiver using the power switch, you must switch the remote control into stand-by
mode by pressing the stand-by button (?). In standby mode, any changed or new data that is
broadcast will be saved by the receiver. Once the receiver is in standby mode it can be fully switched off at
any time at the power switch on the front of the unit.
Do not switch the receiver off at the power switch directly from operating mode!
This can lead to a loss of data and corruption of the software.

9
Important Information
This unit makes use of legally protected technologies, which are protected by patents in the USA and
also by other intellectual property rights in other countries.
KATHREIN-Werke KG has obtained licences from Audio MPEG Inc. and Societa‘ Italiana per lo sviluppo
dell‘elettronica, S.I.SV.EL, S.P.A to use these technologies. These licences carry certain restrictions,
which apply also to you as the customer. Accordingly this unit may only be used by the end customer
for private non-commercial purposes and for the licensed content. It may not be used for commercial
purposes. The use of products or processes that are sold or used with this unit is not included in this
statement. The use of reverse engineering is not permitted in respect of the licensed technologies,
nor is disassembly.
The information in this operating manual was correct at the time of going to print. We reserve the right
however to make changes at any time and without prior notice. If new software is released for your
receiver, and this affects the information in the operating manual (e.g. changes to the menus and/or
functions), if we believe it necessary we will make available a new operating manual for download under
“www.kathrein.de”.
Included in the software for this receiver is software that is licensed under the GNU (General Public Licence).
The source code of the program is obtainable under: http://www.kathrein.de/linux/receiver/ufs903
Make a note of the receiver's basic settings (these are set during the first installation), so you can restore
them if necessary!
The term DiSEqC™ used in this operating manual is a registered trade mark of the European
Telecommunication Satellite Organisation (EUTELSAT).
Manufactured under licence from Dolby Laboratories. “Dolby” and the double-D
symbol are registered trademarks of Dolby Laboratories.
HDMI, the HDMI logo and High-Definition Multimedia Interface are trademarks
or registered trademarks of HDMI Licensing LLC.
®

10
UFS 903si or UFS 903sw
Remote control RC 671
HDMI cable
2 batteries AAA 1.5 V
Power supply cable
Operating Manual
Safety instructions (multi-lingual)
Receiver features/scope of supply
The UFS 903 HDTV receiver is suitable for the reception of digital satellite TV and radio channels.
The receiver can be used to receive both high resolution and also conventional TV.
The built-in Common Interface offers capacity for one CA module for pay TV channels. The receiver
indicates the channel name on the 12-character alphanumeric display.
The HDMI interface is ideal for connecting the receiver to a flat-screen TV set. Via the optical and electrical
audio output, the receiver can output the Dolby Digital data stream AC 3 to a Dolby Digital system.
The integrated Kathrein Convenience EPG is not only a clearly laid out electronic TV guide, but also
enables programmes to be copied directly from the related EPG view to the timer.
The receiver is very easily serviced, due to its capability for automatic downloading of new software and
new programme lists. The USB interface at the rear of the unit allows software updates to be loaded
to the receiver and external storage media (USB stick/hard disk) to be connected for recording TV
and radio broadcasts.
The receiver is available in a silver or black casing.

11
Features
Features
Reception of digital satellite TV and
radio channels in the DVB-S2 (HDTV) and
DVB-S transmission standards
Video decoding of MPEG-2 and
MPEG-4/H.264 signals (HDTV)
12-character alphanumerical display
shows channel names (TV and radio)
Kathrein Convenience EPG with
intuitive timer programming ¹)
Common Interface for one
CA module ²)
HDMI output for best picture quality
on your flat-screen TV set
Up-scaler for upscaling the PAL
signal (576i) to 576p, 720p and 1080i
Facility for recording TV and radio
broadcasts to an external USB hard disk
Guided first installation
Pre-programmed channel list - view TV
immediately without channel search
Automatic software and programme lists
download
Optical and electrical audio output for
Dolby 4) Digital data stream (AC 3)
Cinch sockets for AV signals (composite
CVBS, stereo audio)
One USB 2.0 port at the rear of the unit
for software updates with a USB stick
8 pre-programmed favourite channel lists
for TV and 8 for radio
1,000 timers
(series and interval timers)
Software updates via satellite and from a
USB stick (both the operational software and
the programme lists can be updated)
Videotext decoder with 800 page memory
capacity and Videotext generation (only via
Scart)
Language selection for multilingual
broadcasts
On-screen display (OSD) in
8 languages (D, GB, F, I, E, CZ, PL, TR)
DiSEqCTM1.0/-1.1/-1.2, USALS and SCR
single cable system control signals
Memory for 4,000 channels
Infrared remote control with
command set switching
Connection for external IR sensor
(available as accessory)
Stand-by: < 0.4 W
Power switch on the front of the unit 3)
Items supplied:
Infrared remote control, batteries,
HDMI cable, operating manual,
safety instructions, power supply cable
¹)Only displayed if this information is broadcast by the channel provider
²)CA modules and Smartcards are not included with this product
3) The unit is not completely disconnected from the mains (see the sections “Periods of extended absence, thunderstorms,
mains socket accessibility”)
4) Dolby is a registered trademark of Dolby Laboratories

12
Connection and setup
1. LNB loop-through output
2. LNB input
3. Optical data stream output (SPDIF/Sony
Philips Digital Interface Format) for Dolby
Digital AC 3 audio
4. 1 x USB 2.0 port (USB-A connectors)
5. HDMI connection
6. Audio outputs (L/R) - cinch sockets
7. Electrical data stream output (SPDIF/Sony
Philips Digital Interface Format) for Dolby
Digital AC 3 audio
8. Video output (composite colour)
9. Scart socket for TV connection
10. Data interface (for service/optional IR sensor)
11. Mains power cable
The UFS 903 device label is located on the bottom side of the unit.
The label features the following information:
- type description (e.g. UFS 903sw)
- order no. and
- serial number of the unit.
You do not require this information to operate the unit. However, in the event of a warrranty claim,
you can find the necessary information on this label in case you no longer have the receiver
packaging.

13
Connection and setup
1. On/Off switch
1)
2. 12 character alphanumeric display
3. Channel selection buttons
4. TV/R button (switching between
TV and radio mode)
5. Front flap swung down
6. Common Interface for one CA module
for Pay-TV cards 2)
7. Ejection button for CA module
1) Theunit is notcompletelydisconnected fromthepower supply(seechapter „Safety Instructions- Important
notes“, „Periods of extended absence, thunderstoms, mains socket accessibility“)
2) CA modules and Smartcards are not included with this product
LED in the front panel display:
The LED lights up:
red Receiver is in stand-by mode
green Stand-by mode: A recording is about to start in the next five minutes
in operation: the USB storage medium is connected and ready for use
To open the front flap, please
apply light pressure here

14
When fitting the connector, make sure that no strands of the braid are touching
the inner conductor, otherwise a short circuit will occur.
The quality of the reception signal depends on a good connection at this point!
Connection and setup
Connect the Sat IF input on the receiver to the satellite reception system.
Use a coaxial cable with a standard F connector.
If the F standard connectors have not yet been fitted on the cables, strip
the insulation from the cables as shown in the following illustration and
carefully screw the F standard connectors on to the ends of the cables to form
a secure attachment.
Make sure that your own satellite antenna system is equipped for digital reception
in the high-band range with at least one universal LNB.
The presets for the control signals have been made for standard reception systems, i.e. 14/18 V for
polarity reversal and 22 kHz switching signal for low/high band changeover on multi-feed reception
systems.

15
For recording a broadcast you need an external USB storage medium (such as an external hard disk
with a USB connection), which you can connect to the USB 2.0 interface at the rear of the receiver.
The USB storage medium must be formatted in the format “FAT” or “FAT 32”. Instructions on how
to format an external USB storage medium can be found in the section “Main menu”, “Service menu”,
“USB device management”.
Please note that the current available from the receiver at the USB 2.0 port is limited
to only 500mA. For some hard disks that is not sufficient for correct operation.
In order to ensure the optimum power supply to the hard disk you can either use
an external hard disk with its own power supply or interpose a USB 2.0 hub
with its own power supply.
Connection and setup

16
Connection and setup
Dolby Digital system
External hard disk
Hi-fisystem

17
Connection and setup
Connect the satellite receiver (HDMI or alternatively TV Scart socket) and the TV set using an HDMI or
Scart cable (see “Connection example”). If your TV is stereo, you can receive the sound in stereo via
the HDMI or Scart connection.
For system reasons, the same video signals are present at both the TV Scart socket and also the video
cinch output.
Use a Scart cable to connect the satellite receiver (TV Scart socket) to the video recorder/PVR.
If you want to play the sound on your hi-fisystem, connect the audio cinch sockets to the input sockets
on the hi-fisystem, using an appropriate cable (see “Connection example”).
The fibre-optic output is intended for the connection of a Dolby Digital system (see “Connection example”).
Remove the cover on the rear of the remote control. Insert the two batteries supplied into the remote
control. Ensure correct polarity of the batteries; the + and – markings as indicated inside the battery
compartment. Slide the cover back onto the housing until it locks in place.
Connecting a video recorder/PVR to the TV Scart socket allows you only
to record. It does not allow you to play back on the TV set via the receiver.
If you are recording via an external video recorder/PVR, remember not to
operate the receiver during recording, otherwise all the on-screen displays will
appear on your recording.

18
Connection and setup
Buttons on the remote control required for first installation:
... Numeric input $(green) Proceed to next step in
first installation
#(red) Go back one step in the
first installation Confirm the changed
values/setting
@Select/change individual
menu parameters, navigation
Cancel input, go back
Before you start to use the UFS 903, read the chapters “Safety Instructions -
Important Instructions”, “Important Information” and “Connection and Getting
Started” through to the item “First Installation”.
Do not connect the unit to the mains until all installation work has been properly
carried out.
The guidance given in the “First Installation” item assumes that the receiver has
been properly connected as per the “Safety Instructions - Important Instructions”,
“Important Information” and “Connection and Getting Started” through to the item
“First Installation”.
First switch your TV set on and select the AV channel slot you have used to connect the UFS 903
to your TV set. Start up the UFS 903 by switching on the power switch on the front of the unit.
The following display appears:
Use the  buttons to select the
desired menu language for your receiver
and confirm your selection using the
button. The language selected will
Always check the bar
at the bottom of the
on-screen display. This
provides information on
what to do next.
be shown highlighted in yellow. The following languages are available: German, English, French, Italian,
Spanish, Czech, Polish and Turkish.
Press the $(green) button to move to the next menu.

19
The following display appears:
Use the @buttons here to select the
basic settings for the video and audio
output from the receiver to the TV set.
For this, refer to the operating manual
for your TV set and take care to select
only those settings that your TV set can
process.
Video Output via
Select the connection on the receiver to which you have connected your television.
Either
HDMI Format
Here you can select the picture resolution that
will be sent to your TV set. Either
- 1080i (resolution 1920 x 1080, half-screen
images)
- 576p (resolution 720 x 576, full-screen images)
or
- 720p (resolution 1280 x 720, full-screen
images)
- Automatic
TV aspect ratio
Select the TV's picture format. Either
- 4:3 or
- 16:9
HDMI SCART
or
Connection and setup
Press the $(green) button to move to the next menu.
Use the  buttons to select whether
to replace the factory pre-programmed
channel list by a pre-sorted channel list
for a specific country (at present only
a limited number of pre-sorted channel
lists are available). If you prefer to use
the factory pre-programmed channel list,
choose “No” under “Restore Channellist”.

20
Connection and setup
Show 4:3 event
Here you can select the type of screen display
mode for 4:3 broadcasts on a 16:9 TV set:
- normal (pillarbox)
- Stretched (Full Screen) or
- Zoomed in (Pan & Scan)
Audio format via HDMI
Here you can select the type of audio signal
that is transmitted by the HDMI interface.
Select the signal that your TV set can process:
- Decoded PCM or
- S/PDIF format
Picture format
Select the type of screen display, depending
on your setting for the TV format:
- TV format “4:3”: Pan & Scan or Letterbox
- TV format “16:9”: Always 16:9 or automatic
TV-Scart-Output
Select the type of video signal at the TV Scart
socket here. Select the signal that your TV set
can process.
- CVBS – Colour Video Baseband Signal
- RGB – Red/Green/Blue signal or
- Y/C – S-Video signal (luminance/chrominance)
Press the $(green) button to move to the next menu.
System
Use the @buttons here to select the setting to match your reception system. You can set up the
tuner configuration for the following types of reception systems:
- DiSEqC™1.0
- DiSEqC™1.1
- DiSEqC™1.2
- USALS
- One cable system
- Simple LNB
The settings for the tuner
configuration should be
performed by a specialist
engineer for this reception
system.
You should only perform the tuner
configuration yourself if you are fully
familiar with the particulars of your
reception system.
Continue as described in the first installation for the type of reception you have selected.