Kenwood CK 231 DF User manual

1
Before operating this cooker,
please read these instructions carefully
GB
GAS COOKER with
ELECTRIC DOUBLE
OVEN
model CK 231 DF
Instructions for use - Installation advice

2
CONTENTS
Page Number
Introduction............................................... 3
Important Safeguards & Recommendations ..................... 4-6
Cooking Hob ............................................. 7
Control Panel ............................................. 8
Use of hob burners ........................................ 9 - 11
Top conventional electric oven ...............................12 - 13
Bottom main oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Cooking guide ............................................15
Electronic programmer......................................16 - 20
Cleaning & maintenance ....................................21 - 26
Advice For The Installer ....................................27
Installation ...............................................28 - 30
Gas installation ...........................................30 - 36
Electrical section ..........................................37 - 38
Guarantee & After Sales Service .............................39

3
DECLARATION OF CE CONFORMITY
This cooker has been designed, constructed, and marketed in compliance with:
• Safety requirements of EU Directive “Gas” 2009/142/EC;
• Safety requirements of EU Directive “Low Voltage” 2006/95/EC;
• Protection requirements of EU Directive “EMC” 2004/108/EC;
• Requirements of EU Directive 93/68/EEC;
• Requirements of EU Directive 2011/65/EU. GB
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR CORRECT DISPOSAL OF THE PRODUCT
IN ACCORDANCE WITH EC DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC.
At the end of its working life, the product must not be disposed of as
urban waste. It must be taken to a special local authority differentiated
waste collection centre or to a dealer providing this service.
Disposing of a household appliance separately avoids possible negati-
ve consequences for the environment and health deriving from inappro-
priate disposal and enables the constituent materials to be recovered
toobtainsignicantsavingsinenergyandresources.Asareminderof
the need to dispose of household appliances separately, the product is
marked with a crossed-out wheeled dustbin.
Dear Customer,
Thank you for purchasing the Kenwood CK 231 DF dou-
ble oven dual fuel cooker.
The safety precautions and recommendations listed be-
low are for your own safety and that of others. They will
also provide a means by which to make full use of the
features offered by your appliance.
Please retain this booklet for future reference.
This appliance must be used only for the task it has
explicitly been designed for, that is for cooking fo-
odstuffs. Any other form of usage is to be considered
as inappropriate and therefore potentially dangerous.
The manufacturer declines all responsibility in the
event of damage caused by improper, incorrect or illo-
gical use of the appliance.

4
IMPORTANT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
IMPORTANT: This appliance is designed and manufactured
solely for the cooking of domestic (household) food and is
not suitable for any non domestic application and therefore
should not be used in a commercial environment.
The appliance guarantee will be void if the appliance is used
within a non domestic environment i.e. a semi commercial,
commercial or communal environment.
Read the instructions carefully before installing and using
the appliance.
• After having unpacked the appliance, check to ensure that it is not
damaged and that the oven door closes correctly.
In case of doubt, do not use it and consult your supplier or a profes-
sionallyqualiedtechnician.
• Packing elements (i.e. plastic bags, polystyrene foam, nails, packing
straps, etc.) should not be left around within easy reach of children,
as these may cause serious injuries.
• Some appliances are supplied with a protective lm on steel and
aluminium parts. This lm must be removed before using the ap-
pliance.
• IMPORTANT: The use of suitable protective clothing/gloves is re-
commended when handling or cleaning of this appliance.
• Do not attempt to modify the technical characteristics of the applian-
ce as this may become dangerous to use. The manufacturer declines
all responsability for any inconvenience resulting from the inobser-
vance of this condition.
• CAUTION: this appIiance must only be installed in a permanently
ventilated room in compliance with the applicable regulations.
• Do not carry out cleaning or maintenance operations on the applian-
ce without having previously disconnected it from the electric power
supply.
• WARNING: Ensure that the appliance is switched off before repla-
cing the oven lamp to avoid the possibility of electric shock.
• Do not use a steam cleaner because the moisture can get into the
appliance thus make it unsafe.

5
• Do not touch the appliance with wet or damp hands (or feet).
• Do not use the appliance whilst in bare feet.
• If you should decide not to use this appliance any longer (or decide to
substitute another model), before disposing of it, it is recommended
that it be made inoperative in an appropriate manner in accordance
to health and environmental protection regulations, ensuring in par-
ticular that all potentially hazardous parts be made harmless, espe-
cially in relation to children who could play with unused appliances.
• The various components of the appliance are recyclable. Dispose of
them in accordance with the regulations in force in your country. If the
appliance is to be scrapped, remove the power cord.
• After use, ensure that the knobs are in the off position.
• Children less than 8 years of age shall be kept away unless conti-
nuously supervised.
• This appliance can be used by children aged from 8 years and above
and persons with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities
or lack of experience and knowledge if they have been given super-
vision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way
and understand the hazards involved. Children shall not play with
the appliance. Cleaning and user maintenance shall not be made by
children without supervision.
• The manufacturer declines all liability for injury to persons or damage
to property caused by incorrect or improper use of the appliance.
• WARNING: During use the appliance and its accessible parts beco-
me hot; they remain hot for some time after use.
– Care should be taken to avoid touching heating elements (on the
hob and inside the oven).
– The door is hot, use the handle.
– To avoid burns and scalds, young children should be kept away.
• Make sure that electrical cables connecting other appliances in the
proximity of the cooker cannot come into contact with the hob or be-
come entrapped in the oven door.
• WARNING: Unattended cooking on a hob with fat or oil can be dan-
gerousandmayresultinre.NEVERtrytoextinguisharewith
water,butswitchoftheapplianceandthencoveramee.g.withalid
orareblanket.

6
• WARNING:Dangerofre:donotstoreitemsonthecookingsurfa-
ces.
• WARNING: When correctly installed, your product meets all safety
requirements laid down for this type of product category. However
special care should be taken around the rear or the underneath of
the appliance as these areas are not designed or intended to be tou-
ched and may contain sharp or rough edges, that may cause injury.
• FIRST USE OF THE OVEN - it is advised to follow these instructions:
– Furnish the interior of the oven as described at chapter “CLEA-
NING AND MAINTENANCE”.
– Switch on the empty oven on max to eliminate grease from the
heating elements.
– Disconnect the appliance from the electrical power supply, let the
oven cool down and clean the interior of the oven with a cloth soa-
ked in water and neutral detergent; then dry carefully.
• CAUTION: Do not use harsh abrasive cleaners or sharp metal scra-
pers to clean the oven door glass since they can scratch the surface,
which may result in shattering of the glass.
• Do not line the oven walls with aluminium foil. Do not place baking
trays or the drip tray on the base of the oven chamber.
• FIRERISK!Donotstoreammablematerialintheovenorinthe
storage compartment.
• Always use oven gloves when removing the shelves and food trays
from the oven whilst hot.
• Do not hang towels, dishcloths or other items on the appliance or its
handle–asthiscouldbearehazard.
• Clean the oven regularly and do not allow fat or oils to build up in the
oven base or tray. Remove spillages as soon as they occur.
• Do not stand on the cooker or on the open oven door.
• Always stand back from the appliance when opening the oven door
to allow steam and hot air to escape before removing the food.
• SAFE FOOD HANDLING: Leave food in the oven for as short a time
as possible before and after cooking. This is to avoid contamination
by organisms which may cause food poisoning. Take particular care
during warmer weather.
• WARNING: Taking care NOT to lift the cooker by the door handle.

7
GAS BURNERS
1. Auxiliary burner (A) 1,00 kW
2. Semi-rapid burner (SR) 1,75 kW
3. Triple-ring burner (TR) 3,50 kW
1 - COOKING HOB
Notes:
• The electric ignition is incorporated in the knobs.
• Theappliancehasasafetyvalvesystemtted,theowofgaswillbestoppedifand
whentheameshouldaccidentallygoout.
Fig. 1.1
1
2 2
3

8
A
910
1234567
8
Controls description
1. Front right burner control knob
2. Rear right burner control knob
3. Rear left burner control knob
4. Front left burner control knob
5. Conventional oven temperature knob (Top oven)
6. Conventional oven function selector knob (Top oven)
7. Fan oven switch and temperature knob (Bottom main oven)
8. Electronic programmer (main oven only)
Pilot lamps:
9. Main oven temperature light
10. Conventional oven temperature light
2 - CONTROL PANEL
Fig. 2.1
Please note: This appliance incorporates a safety cooling fan which you will hear opera-
ting whenever the oven or grill is being used.
The cooling fan may even run on after the appliance has been switched off.
The duration of this time is dependent on several factors, including previous cooking tem-
perature, duration and ambient temperature. Times in excess of 30 minutes are not on
common.

9
3 - USE OF THE HOB BURNERS
Caution!
The cooking hob becomes very hot
during operation.
Keep children well out of reach.
N.B. When the cooker is not being
used, set the gas knobs to their closed
positions.
GAS BURNERS
Gasowtotheburnersisadjustedbytur-
ningtheknobs(illustrateding.3.1)which
control the safety valves.
Turning the knob, so that the indicator line
points to the symbols printed on the panel,
achieves the following functions:
- symbol 0closed valve
- symbol maximum
apertureorow
- symbol minimum
apertureorow
√The maximum aperture position per-
mits rapid boiling of liquids, whereas
the minimum aperture position allows
slower warming of food or maintaining
boiling conditions of liquids.
√ To reduce the gas ow to minimum
rotate the knob further anti-clockwise
to point the indicator towards the small
amesymbol.
√Other intermediate operating
adjustments can be achieved by posi-
tioning the indicator between the maxi-
mum and minimum aperture positions,
and never between the maximum
aperture and closed positions. Fig. 3.2
Fig. 3.1

10
DEEP FAT FRYING
For safety purposes when deep fat frying,
donotllthepanmorethanonethirdfull
of oil.
DO NOT cover the pan with a lid and DO
NOT leave the pan unattended.
In the unfortunate event of a re, leave
the pan where it is and turn off the control
knobs.
Place a damp cloth or lid over the pan to
smothertheames.Leavethepantocool
for at least 30minutes before moving the
pan.
DO NOT USE WATER ON THE FIRE.
LIGHTING THE BURNERS
To ignite the burner, the following instruc-
tions are to be followed:
1. Press in the corresponding knob and
turncounter-clockwise(g.3.2)tothe
fullamepositionmarkedbythe
symbol(g.3.1);hold the knob in unt il
theamehas been lit.
In the case of a mains failure light the
burner with a match or lighted taper.
2. Wait for a few seconds after the gas
burner has been lit before letting
go of
the knob (valve activation delay).
3. Adjust the gas valve to the desired po-
sition.
Iftheburnerameshouldgooutforsome
reason, the safety valve will automatically
stopthegasow.
To re-light the burner, return the knob to
the closed 0position, wait for at least 1
minute and then repeat the lighting proce-
dure.
Ifyourlocalgassupplymakesitdifcultto
light the burner with the knob set to maxi-
mum, set the knob to minimum and repeat
the operation.
CHOICE OF THE BURNER
On the control panel, near every knob the-
re is a diagram that indicates which burner
is controlled by that knob.
The suitable burner must be chosen accor-
ding to the diameter and the capacity used.
As an indication, the burners and the pots
must be used in the following way:
DIAMETERS OF PANS WHICH MAY
BE USED ON THE BURNERS
BURNERS MINIMUM MAXIMUM
Auxliliary 12 cm 14 cm
Semi-rapid 16 cm 24 cm
Triple-ring 26 cm 28 cm
Wok max 36 cm
do not use pans with concave or con-
vex bases
It is important that the diameter of the pot
be suitable to the potentiality of the burner
so as not to compromise the high output
of the burners and therefore energy waste.
A small pot on a large burner does not give
you a boiling point in a shorter amount of
time since the capacity of heat absorption
of a liquid mass depends on the volume
and the surface of the pot.
Fig. 3.3

11
CORRECT USE OF THE TRIPLE-RING BURNER
Theat-bottomedpansaretobeplaceddirectlyontothepan-support.
When using a WOK you need to place the supplied stand in the burner to avoid any faulty
operation of the triple-ring burner (Figs. 3.4a - 3.4b).
IMPORTANT:
Thespecialgrilleforwokpans(g.3.4b)MUST BE PLACED ONLY over the pan-rest for
the triple-ring burner.
WRONG CORRECT
Fig. 3.4a Fig. 3.4b

12
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Heating and cooking in the conventional
oven are obtained:
a. by natural convection
The heat is produced by the upper and
lower heating elements.
b. by radiation
The heat is irradiated by the infra red grill
element.
Before introducing the food, preheat the
oven to the desired temperature.
For a correct preheating operation, it is
advisable to remove the tray from the oven
and introduce it together with the food,
when the oven has reached the desired
temperature.
Check the cooking time and turn off the
oven 5 minutes before the theoretical time
to recuperate the stored heat.
GENERAL FEATURES
2 different thermostatic control functions
are available to satisfy all cooking require-
ments, provided by 3 heating elements:
• Top element 700 W
• Bottom element 1100 W
• Grill element 2100 W
NOTE: Upon rst use, it is advisable to
operate the oven for 60 minutes in the po-
sition and for another 15 minutes at the
maximum temperature (thermostat knob
on position 175) in the position , to eli-
minate possible traces of grease on the
heating elements.
Clean the oven and accessories with warm
water and washing-up liquid.
Smells and fumes produced during this
burn off process are not a cause of alarm.
Adequate ventilation should however be
provided in the room where the appliance
is installed, e.g. by opening a window.
Attention: The oven door becomes
very hot during operation.
Keep children away.
WARNING:
The door is hot, use the handle.
ATTENTION - MOST IMPORTANT
Pay special attention not to touch the
hot heating element inside the oven
cavity.
4 - TOP CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC OVEN
Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

13
TEMPERATURE KNOB (g.4.1)
This only sets the cooking temperature but does not switch the oven on.
Rotate clockwise until the required temperature is reached (from 50°C to the maximum
position, 250°C).
The light above the knob will illuminate when the oven is switched on and turns off when
the oven reaches the correct temperature.
The light will cycle on and off during cooking in line with the oven temperature.
FUNCTION SELECTOR KNOB (g.4.2)
Rotate the knob clockwise to set the oven for one of the following functions:
OVEN LIGHT
By setting the knob to this position, only the oven light comes on.
The light remains on whilst any of the cooking modes are selected.
TRADITIONAL CONVECTION COOKING
The upper and lower heating elements are switched on.
The heat is diffused by natural convection and the temperature must be set between 50°
C and 250° C.
It is necessary to preheat the oven before adding the foods to be cooked.
Recommended for:
For foods which require the same cooking temperature both internally and externally, i. e.
roasts, spare ribs, meringue, etc.
TRADITIONAL CONVECTION COOKING
The infra-red heating element is switched on.
The heat is diffused by radiation.
Use with the oven door closed and the temperature knob to 175°C maximum.
Leave to warm up for approximately 5 minutes with the door closed.
Place the food inside positioning the rack as near as possible to the grill.
Insert the drip pan under the rack to collect the cooking juices.
Recommended for:
Intense grilling, browning, cooking au gratin and toasting etc.
Grill with the oven door closed.
Do not grill for longer than 30 minutes at any one time (Grilling for longer than
the reccomended time may mean the appliance overheats).
Caution: The oven door becomes very hot during operation. Keep children well
out of reach.

14
COOKING WITH FORCED AIR
Fan cooking is more economical and qui-
cker than cooking in a conventional oven.
The moving hot air surrounds the food and
penetrates it more quickly than in a con-
ventional oven.
Theovencanbelledwithdifferentdishes
all requiring the same cooking temperature.
Subtract 10 minutes per hour for every dish
requiring a cooking time of more than 1
hour and reduce the heat by 10-20°C; the
hotter the oven, the more the temperature
can be reduced.
Generally, there is no need to pre-heat
the oven, but it is advisable to pre-heat for
about 5 minutes to ensure the best results;
use the indicator light as a guide, it goes
out when the set temperature is reached.
Fan cooking is ideal for gelatine based
dishes and softening ice cream - a micro-
wave oven is much too strong for these
dishes.
Cooking yeast based dishes is also spee-
ded up this way. If the oven door has been
opened, the oven quickly regains its tem-
perature once the door is closed.
5 - BOTTOM MAIN OVEN
Attention: The oven door becomes
very hot during operation.
Keep children away.
SWITCH AND TEMPERATURE
SELECTOR
Turntheselectorknob(g.5.1)tothere-
quired function.
0OFF-asperg.5.1
The oven light is switched on.
The fan operates without the
heating element, this function
can be used for defrosting.
50-250°C The oven light is switched on.
The oven temperature can be
set between 50°C - 250°C.
The set temperature has been
reached when the temperatu-
re indicator light goes out.
Several different meals may
be cooked simultaneously on
various shelves, as the hea-
ted air circulates evenly throu-
ghout the oven.
The hot air system cooks
more quickly than conventio-
nal static system, therefore
the temperature should be set
15°C - 20°C below the values
recommended in your recipe
books.
The oven door may be ope-
ned briey while cooking as
any heat losses are quickly
recovered when the door is
closed.
WARNING:
The door is hot, use the handle.
During use the appliance becomes hot.
Care should be taken to avoid touching
heating elements inside the oven.
Fig. 5.1

15
6 - OVEN TEMPERATURE GUIDE
Cooking process Oven heat Gas mark
Electric oven temperature
°C °F
Keeping food hot,
milk puddings very cool ½120 250
Egg custards cool 1 140 275
Rich fruit cakes,
braising cool 2 150 300
Low temperature
roasting, shortbread moderate 3 160 325
Victoria sandwich,
plain fruit cake,
bakedsh
moderate 4 180 350
Small cakes, choux
pastry fairly hot 5 190 375
Short pastry, Swiss
rolls,soufés fairly hot 6 200 400
High temperature
roasting,aky
pastry, scones
hot 7 220 425
Puff pastry, bread very hot 8 230 450
Small puff pastries,
browning cooked
foods
very hot 9 240 475
These temperatures relate to the centre oven temperature.
Remember to use ovenproof dishes and to adjust the oven temperature during cooking if
necessary.
NOTE: Reduce the oven temperature by 10 – 20°C for fan assisted ovens.
For dishes that take over an hour to cook, reduce the cooking time by 10 minutes per
hour.

16
7 - ELECTRONIC PROGRAMMER (BOTTOM MAIN OVEN ONLY)
The electronic programmer is a device which groups together the following functions:
• 24 hours clock with illuminated display
• Timer (up to 23 hours and 59 minutes)
• Program for automatic oven cooking
• Program for semi-automatic oven cooking
Description of the buttons:
Timer
Cooking time
End of cooking time
Simultaneously: Switching to
manual and program reset.
To increase the numbers on
the digital display
To decrease the numbers on
the digital display.
Description of the illuminated
symbols:
Aashing-Programmerinautoma-
tic position but not programmed
A
illuminated - Programmer in au-
tomatic position with program in-
serted.
Automatic cooking taking place
Timer in operation
and A-ashing-Programerror.
(The time of day lies between the
calculated cooking start and end
time).
Note:
Select a function by the respective but-
ton and, in 5 seconds, set the required
time with the / buttons (“one-hand”
operation).
After a power cut the display resets to
zero and cancels the set programs.
Caution: If the electricity supply is cut
off (the display numbers will ash), the
clock will reset and all the programs en-
tered will be cancelled.
A
Fig. 7.1

17
SETTING TIME OF DAY(g.7.2)
The programmer is provided with an elec-
tronicclockwithluminousguresshowing
the hour and minutes.
Thersttimetheovenisconnectedupto
the electricity supply and after a power cut,
threezeroeswillashontheprogrammer
display.
To adjust the time, the two buttons
must be pressed simultaneously and then
the button or until the correct time
is set.
Setting speed automatically increases if
you keep the setting buttons pressed.
MANUAL OPERATION
To use the oven manually, i.e. without the
programmer,youmustcanceltheashing
Aby pressing the two buttons si-
multaneously (the letter Awill go out and
the symbol will come on).
CANCELLING A PROGRAMME
If the letter Aisnotashing(whichmeans
that a cooking program has already been
set) by pressing the two buttons si-
multaneously you will cancel the program
and switch to manual.
If the oven is on, you must switch it off
manually.
Fig. 7.2 Fig. 7.3

18
MINUTE MINDER
The minute counter function consists sim-
ply of an acoustic signal which can be set
for a maximum of 23 hours 59 minutes.
If the letter Aisashing,pressthetwobut-
tons simultaneously.
To set the time, press button and then
button or until the required time ap-
pears on the display (Fig. 7.4).
The symbol will come on.
Countdown will begin immediately and can
be seen on the display at any time by sim-
ply pressing button .
When the time expires, the symbol will
go out and an intermittent acoustic signal
will come on which can be switched off by
pressing any of the buttons.
AUDIBLE SIGNAL
The audible signal sounds at the end of a
minute minder cycle or of a cooking pro-
gramme for a period of 7 minute.
The signal can be cancelled by pressing
any function button.
Pressing the button without having pre-
viously selected a function the frequency
of the signal change. You can choose from
three variations.
The selected signal is audible as long as
the button is pressed.
Fig. 7.4 Fig. 7.5

19
SEMI - AUTOMATIC COOKING
This automatically switches the oven off
after the required cooking time. There are
two methods of semi-automatic cooking:
1° METHOD: Programming the coo-
king time (Fig. 7.6)
• Set the cooking time by pressing but-
ton and then button to move
forward or to move back if you have
gone beyond the required time.
The letter Aand the symbol will appear.
2° METHOD: Programming the end of
cooking time (Fig. 7.7)
• Set the end of cooking time by pres-
sing button and then button
to move forward or to move back
if you have gone beyond the required
time.
The letter Aand the symbol will appear.
Having programmed according to one of
the above methods, set the temperature
and function via the function selector and
thermostatknob(seespecicchapters).
The oven will come on immediately and
when the set time or programmed end of
cooking time expires, it will automatically
switch off.
During cooking the letter Aand the symbol
remains on; press button to display
the remaining time until end of cooking or
press button to display the end of co-
oking time.
The cooking program can be cancelled at
any time by pressing the two buttons
simultaneously.
At the end of cooking, turn the oven knob to
the off position the symbol will go out.
The letter Awillashandtheacousticsi-
gnal will come on - this can be switched off
by pressing any of the buttons.
Reset the function selector and thermostat
knob and set the programmer to manual by
pressing the two buttons simulta-
neously.
Important: Also if oven is turned off auto-
matically by the programmer, remember to
turn to the off position the function selector
and the thermostat knob. If not, when pres-
sing two buttons simultaneously for
manual use, the oven will start to operate.
Remember to press the two buttons
simultaneously to be able to use the
oven in manual setting.
AA
Fig. 7.6 Fig. 7.7

20
AUTOMATIC COOKING
To cook in the oven in automatic mode
follow the instructions below:
1. Set the cooking time
2. Set the end of cooking time
3. Set the cooking temperature and
function
These operations are carried out as
follows:
1. Set the cooking time by pressing but-
ton and then to move forward
or to move back if you have gone
beyondtherequiredtime(g.7.8).
The letter Aand the symbol ap-
pear.
2. Press button ; the cooking time
already added to the clock time appe-
ar.
Set the end of cooking time by pres-
sing button if you go beyond the re-
quired time, you can go back by pres-
sing button .
The symbol go out and the letter A
remainson(g.7.9).
If during the setting the letter A begins
toashonthedisplayandtheacou-
stic signal comes on, this indicates a
programming error, i.e. the cooking
cycle has been superimposed on the
clock time. In this case alter the end
of cooking time or the cooking time as
above.
3. Set the cooking temperature and fun-
ction via the function selector and ther-
mostatknob(seespecicchapters).
The oven is now programmed and
everything will work automatically; the
ovenwillcomeonasrequiredand-
nish cooking at the programmed time.
At the start of the cooking the symbol
appear.
During cooking the letter Aand the symbol
remains on; press button to display
the remaining time until end of cooking or
press button to display the end of co-
oking time.
The cooking program can be cancelled at
any time by pressing the two buttons
simultaneously.
At the end of cooking, the oven switch off,
the symbol go out, the letter A ash
and the acoustic signal come on - this can
be switched off by pressing any of the but-
tons.
Reset the function selector and thermostat
knob and set the programmer to manual by
pressing the two buttons simulta-
neously.
Important: Also if oven is turned off auto-
matically by the programmer, remember to
turn to the off position the function selector
and the thermostat knob. If not, when pres-
sing two buttons simultaneously for
manual use, the oven will start to operate.
Remember to press the two buttons
simultaneously to be able to use the
oven in manual setting.
AA
Fig. 7.8 Fig. 7.9