KNEX Education Simple Machines Deluxe GEARS User manual

KNX 7 520-V1-11/10
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and its licensors.
K NEX is a trademark of K NEX Limited Partnership Group.
Website: www.knexeducation.com
Email: [email protected]
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USA
TEACHER’S
GUIDE
SIMPLE MACHINES DELUXETM
GEARS

Simple Machines Deluxe Introduction ...................................4
Standard Alignments .....................................................5
All A out Gears
WhatisaGear?...........................................................8
eyWordsandDefinitions..................................................8
eyConcepts ............................................................8
Student Reference Sheets ...............................................10
Spur Gears
LessonPlan .............................................................17
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................19
Sprocket Bicycle Gear
LessonPlan .............................................................20
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................22
Crown Gears
LessonPlan .............................................................23
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................25
Rack and Pinion Gears
LessonPlan .............................................................26
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................28
Worm and Worm Gear
LessonPlan .............................................................29
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................31
Planetary Gears
LessonPlan .............................................................32
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................34
Simple Transmission
LessonPlan .............................................................35
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................37
Car Window
LessonPlan .............................................................38
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................40
Lawnmower
LessonPlan .............................................................41
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................43
Egg eater
LessonPlan .............................................................44
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................46
Food Mixer
LessonPlan .............................................................47
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................49
Differential
LessonPlan .............................................................50
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................52
Clock
LessonPlan .............................................................53
StudentActivitySheet.....................................................55
Part & Model List ........................................................56
Table of Contents

4
VERVIEW
This Teacher’s Guide has been developed to support you as your students investigate the
’NEX Education Simple Machines Deluxe Set. In conjunction with the ’NEX materials and
individual student journals, the information and resources here can be used to build your
students’ understanding of scientific concepts and channel their inquiries into active and
meaningful learning experiences.
SIMPLE MACHINES DELUXE
This ’NEX Education set is designed to introduce students to the scientific concepts
associated with simple machines. Students are provided with the opportunity to acquire skills
using a hands-on, inquiry based approach to information and concepts. Working cooperatively,
students are encouraged to interact with each other as they build, investigate, discuss and
evaluate scientific principles in action.
TEACHER’S GUIDE
Designed as a resource for the teacher, this guide provides a glossary of key terms and
definitions, includes an overview of the concepts associated with the different simple machines,
identifies student objectives for each investigation, and offers plans and scripts to successfully
present selected models and their associated activities.We have also provided Student Activity
and Reference Sheets. These comprise illustrations and definitions of some of the concepts
featured in the model building activities. Most lessons can be completed in 30 to 45 minutes.
We recommend that teachers review their curriculum and science education standards to
identify those activities that best support their academic needs.
STUDENT J URNALS
It is expected that students will have journals available for recording information.They should
be encouraged to enter initial thought at the start of an inquiry – what they “think” will happen.
These initial thoughts many be amended, based upon their ongoing inquiry and analysis, until the
students feel comfortable about drawing conclusions. Their journal entries will help make a
connection between the models they have built, the experiments they have conducted, and how
this information is applied to the real-world machines they use on a regular basis.The journals
will also provide students with a place to practice making drawings and diagrams of systems.
Finally, the journals will serve as a method of assessment for the Simple Machines units. Journal
Checklists are also included in the Teacher’s Guide for each model and it’s associated activities.
Introduction:

5
Alignment with National Standards Grades K-4
Reprinted with permission from National Science Education Standards, 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences,
Courtesy of the National Academies Press,Washington, D.C.
The National Science Education Standards
Unifying Concepts
and Processes
Physical Science
Science and echnology
• Systems, order, and organization
• Evidence, models, and explanation
• Change, constancy, and measurement
• Form and function
• Properties of objects and materials
• Position and motion of objects
• Abilities of technological design
• Understandings about science and
technology
Alignment with National Standards Grades 5-8
Reprinted with permission from National Science Education Standards, 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences,
Courtesy of the National Academies Press,Washington, D.C.
The National Science Education Standards
Unifying Concepts
and Processes
Physical Science
Science and echnology
• Systems, order, and organization
• Evidence, models, and explanation
• Change, constancy, and measurement
• Form and function
• Motions and Forces
• Transfer of Energy
• Abilities of technological design
• Understandings about science and
technology
Science as Inquiry • Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
• Understanding about scientific inquiry

6
Alignment with Standards for Technological Literacy Grades 3-5
Abilities of a echnological World
Design
he Nature of echnology
Apply design process
• Collecting information
• Visualize a solution
• Test and evaluate solutions
• Improve a design
The Attributes of design
• Requirements of design
Engineering Design
• Engineering design process
• Creativity and considering all ideas
• Models
The role of troubleshooting, research and
development, invention and innovation, and
experimentation in problem solving
• Troubleshooting
• Invention and innovation
• Experimentation
Core Concepts of Technology
• Systems
• Processes
• Requirements
Relationships among technologies
• Technologies integrated
Used with permission of ITEEA (www.iteea.org)
Standards for Technological Literacy

7
Alignment with Standards for Technological Literacy Grades 6-8
Used with permission of ITEEA (www.iteea.org)
Standards for Technological Literacy
he Nature of echnology
Design
Abilities of a echnological World
Core Concepts of Technology
• Systems
• Processes
• Requirements
Relationships among technologies
• Interaction of systems
• nowledge from other fields of study
and technology
The Attributes of design
• Design leads to useful products and
systems
• There is no perfect design
Engineering Design
• Brainstorming
• Modeling, testing, evaluating, and
modifying
The role of troubleshooting, research and
development, invention and innovation,
and experimentation in problem solving
• Troubleshooting
• Invention and innovation
• Experimentation
Apply design process
• Indentify criteria and constraints
• Test and evaluate
• Make a product or system

8Graphics courtesy of ClickArt® 65,000 Incredible Image PakTM; ©1996-97,T/Maker Co. knexeducation.com
All About
GEARS
Effort - the force that is applied to do work; the
push, pull, squeeze or lift provided to use gears to
move an object
Resistance - the force provided by the object on
which one is trying to do work; the object works
against (pushes back) the effort
Mechanical Advantage (MA) -
a mathematical calculation that reveals how many
times easier a job is to do
MA greater than 1 shows that the gear system
multiplied the effort force, but must move through
a greater distance. MA less than 1shows that the
gear system requires greater effort force to
operate but the driven gear moves more quickly
Gear ratio - a mathematical relationship that
indicates the difference in the size of gears in a
gear system; the rate at which one gear turns
another based on the number of teeth or
diameter of each gear
Diameter - the distance through the center of an
object; a straight line passing through the center
of a circle ended at the circumference
Work - the job being done while using the gears
Load - the object (weight) lifted or moved; provides
resistance to the gears
Force -
any kind of push or pull applied to an object
Bevel - an angle that is not a right angle; slanted
Key Words and Definitions
What is a Gear?
•A gear is a wheel with teeth along its outer edge.
•One gear can make another gear turn when the teeth of the
two gears interlock, mesh or connect.
•Gears can change the amount of force, the direction and the
speed of rotation needed to do a job.
num er of teeth
(driven gear)
num er of teeth
(drive gear)
MA =
÷
diameter
(driven gear)
diameter
(drive gear)
MA =
or
÷
num er of teeth
(large gear)
num er of teeth
(small gear)
Gear
Ratio =
÷
diameter
(large gear)
diameter
(small gear)
MA =
or
÷
How do gears help you?
•Gears can change the force needed to make
something move and the speed it moves.
•One gear affects the way another gear moves
based on how the gears are configured in
the system.
•Many gears, working together in different
arrangements, allow a single machine to do work
at both different speeds and directions.
•
The Mechanical Advantage, or gear ratio, of a set
of gears, is determined by ratios of: the number of
teeth; the diameters; the speeds of the two gears;
and the amounts of force with which they turn.
Key Concepts
:1
:1

9
1-888-ABC- NEX
How do gears affect force?
•Gears can reduce the amount of force needed to
do a job.
•A small gear requires less force to turn than a big
gear but must be turned many times in order to
make the big gear turn once.
•When a small gear turns a big gear, the
Mechanical Advantage tells how many times
easier your job is.
How do gears affect speed?
•When using two gears of different sizes, the small
gear turns more quickly than the big gear.
•When a big gear turns a small gear, the gear ratio
tells how many times faster the job is done.
How do gears affect direction?
•When two gears are linked together, they turn in
opposite directions and can make different parts
of machines turn in opposite directions.
•Gears can change the angle of rotation when
a gear on a vertical plane turns a gear on a
horizontal plane.
•Special gear systems can change circular motion
into back-and-forth motion.
What are spur gears?
•Spur gears lie in the same plane and turn in
opposite directions when meshed.
•Different-sized spur gears turn at different
speeds and with different amounts of force.
What are sprocket gears?
•Sprocket gears are a special type of spur gears
consisting of two gears on the same plane, set
apart from each other and linked by a chain.
•Sprocket gears turn in the same direction.
•Different-sized sprocket gears turn at different
speeds and with different amounts of force.
What are crown gears?
•Crown gears lie in different planes (at right angles
to each other) and turn in opposite directions.
•Different-sized crown gears turn at different
speeds and with different amounts of force.
What are rack and pinion gears?
•Rack and pinion gears consist of a toothed bar
and a toothed wheel.
•Rack and pinion gears change circular motion
into back-and-forth motion.
What are worm gears?
•Worm gears consist of a spiral-edged cylinder
called the worm and a toothed wheel called the
worm gear.
•A worm and its worm gear turn in different
directions, at different speeds and with different
amounts of force.
•Worm gears change fast motion into slow
motion.
Key Concepts
REMEMBER
Special types of gears can e used to
change the direction of circular motion
and to gear up or down depending on
the need for speed.

10 Graphics courtesy of ClickArt® 65,000 Incredible Image PakTM; ©1996-97,T/Maker Co. knexeducation.com
How do gears help you?
Gears can help you in three different ways.
Force
Gears can change the force you need to make
something move. When you turn a small gear, it
can make a big gear move. You have to turn it lots
of times to make the big gear turn around once,
but the small gear doesn’t take much force to
turn.
Speed
Gears can change the speed that a machine
moves. If two gears are different sizes, the smaller
gear will turn faster than
the larger gear.
Many machines use gears
of different sizes to make
certain parts of the
machine turn faster or
slower than others.
Direction
Gears can also change the
direction something
moves.When two gears
are linked together, they turn in opposite direc-
tions and can make parts of machines turn in op-
posite directions too. Gears can also be set up
where one gear is lying flat, but it makes an up-
right gear turn. Different arrangements of gears
make it possible for machines to do work in
many different directions.
Getting Started
With Gears
What is a gear?
•A gear is a wheel with teeth along its outer edge.
•One gear can make another gear turn when the teeth of the
two gears interlock, mesh or connect.
•Gears can make work easier by letting you use less force to do a job.
•
Some gears let you move a gear in one direction by turning another gear in a different direction.
•Other gears help by changing the speed of the turning parts.
Here’s an example of how gears
can help.
Imagine you work for a zoo. Your job is to build a
feeder to adjust the meals for an elephant named
Moe. Moe eats whatever food is put out for him so
his intake must be watched closely or he’ll overeat.
The zoo manager asked you to find a machine to
feed Moe specific amounts at the proper times. Im-
possible? NO! Not with the help of gears.
Picture this.
You could design a
huge plate which
rotates in a
circle. Along
the outside
of the plate are
large bowls with elephant-sized helpings for Moe’s
meals. Your design puts only one bowl in Moe’s
reach at a time. The speed the plate turns is con-
trolled by a series of gears underneath the plate.
This allows it to run at the right speed so Moe gets
fed at the proper time without your help.
A Bright Idea!
Gears were a pretty modern invention. Conduct
research to find out about the earliest use of this
simple machine.
STUDENT REFERENCE SHEET