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  9. Kurzweil K2000R User manual

Kurzweil K2000R User manual

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,
..
KURZWEIL
K2000lK2000R
SERVICE
MANUAL
KURZWEIL
~--s~~-
Kurzweil
is
a product line
of
Young Chang America,
Inc.
----
-"
-- ---..... -
Young Chang America
13336 Alondra Blvd.
Cerritos,
CA
90701-2205
PIN
92002000
techwarn.doc
12/22/92
!** IMPORTANT INFORMATION **!
READ THIS PAGE BEFORE PROCEEDING!
THERE
ARE
NO
USER SERVICEABLE
COMPONENTS
OR
ASSEMBLIES
INSIDE
THIS
INSTRUMENT.
This
service
manual
is
written
for
use
by
qualified
service
personnel
only.
Possession
of
this
service
manual
does
not
qualify
its
owner
or
user
as
a
competent
service
technician
on
this
product.
Any
attempts
to
repair,
modify,
adjust
or
service
any
internal
component
or
assembly
by
non-approved
personnel
may
void
all
existing
warranties
on
this
instrument
and
any
installed
options.
Only
the
Kurzweil
Service
Department
has
the
authority
to
make
the
determination
as
to
who
is
a
qualified
technician.
For
further
information,
contact
the
Kurzweil
National
Service
Manager
at
(310)
926-3200.
&
'fllllllIillLL
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHIC SYMBOLS:
RISK
OF
ELEC'l'RK:
SB>CJ[
DO
NOT
OPEN
WARNKx
TO
RF.DU:E
TIiE
RISK
Cf
ELFCTIOC
SID<X
DO
f\OT
RFMJVE
TIiE
BOITQ\1.
NO
lliER
SERVaABLE
B\RTS
IN)[)E
REFER
SEIMJNG
TO
QlWJFIED
SERVU
1'ERSCNN8...
The lightning
tIash
with
the
arrowhead symboL within
an
equiIIatenI triangle,
i5
intended to alert the userto the presence
ofWlinsulated "dangerous voltage" wiithin the producrs
enclosure that may
be
of
sufficient magnitude
to
constirute a
risk
of
electric shock
to
persons.
The exclamation pointwithin an equilateral traiagle
is
intended
to alert the user
to
the presence
of
important operating and
maintenance (servicing) ins1ructions in the literature
accompanying
the
product
IMPORTANT
SAFETY
AND
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
PERTAINING
TO
THE
RISK
OF
FIRE,
ELECTRIC SHOCK,
OR
INJURY
TO
PERSONS
WARNING
-When
using
electric
products,
basic
precautions
should
always
be
followed,
including
the
following:
1.
Read
all
of
the
Safety
and
Installation
Instructions
and
Explanation
of
Graphic
Symbols
before
using
the
product.
2.
This
product
must
be
grounded.
If
it
should
malfunction
or
breakdown,
grounding
provides
a
path
of
least
resistance
for
electric
current
to
reduce
the
risk
of
electric
shock.
This
product
is
equipped
with
a
power
supply
cord
having
an
equipment-grounding
conductor
and
a
grounding
plug.
The
plug
must
be
plugged
into
an
appropriate
outlet
which
is
properly
installed
and
grounded
in
accordance
with
all
local
codes
and
ordinances.
DANGER
-
Improper
connection
of
the
equipment-grounding
conductor
can
result
in
a
risk
of
electric
shock.
Do
not
modify
the
plug
provided
with
the
product
-
if
it
will
not
fit
the
outlet,
have
a
proper
outlet
installed
by
a
qualified
electrician.
Do
not
use
an
adaptor
which
defeats
the
function
of
the
equipment-grounding
conductor.
If
you
are
in
doubt
as
to
whether
the
product
is
properly
grounded,
check
with
a
qualified
serviceman
or
electrician.
3.
WARNING
-
this
product
is
equipped
with
an
AC
input
voltage
selector.
The
voltage
selector
has
been
factory
set
for
the
main
supply
voltage
in
the
country
where
this
unit
was
sold.
The
setting
of
the
voltage
selector
can
be
seen
just
to
the
right
of
the
power
input
receptacle
on
the
back
of
the
product.
Changing
che
voltage
selector
may
require
the
use
of
a
different
power
supply
cord
or
attachment
plug,
or
both.
The
reduce
the
risk
of
fire
or
electric
shock,
refer
servicing
to
qualified
maintenance
personnel.
4.
Do
not
use
this
product
near
water
-
for
example,
near
a
bathtub,
washbowl,
kitchen
sink,
in
a
wet
basement,
or
near
a
swimming
pool,
or
the
like.
5.
This
product
should
only
be
used
with
a
stand
or
cart
that
is
recommended
by
the
manufacturer.
6.
This
product,
either
alone
or
in
combination
with
an
amplifier
and
speakers
or
headphones,
may
be
capable
of
producing
sound
levels
that
could
cause
permanent
hearing
loss.
Do
not
operate
for
a
long
period
of
time
at
a
high
volume
level
or
at
a
level
that
is
uncomfortable.
If
you
experience
any
hearing
loss
or
ringing
in
the
ears,
you
should
consult
an
audiologist.
7.
The
product
should
be
oriented
such
that
its
location
or
position
does
not
interfere
with
its
proper
ventilation.
8.
The
product
should
be
located
away
from
heat
sources
such
as
radiators,
heat
registers,
or
other
products
that
produce
heat.
9.
The
product
should
be
connected
to
a
power
supply
only
of
the
type
described
in
the
operating
instructions
or
as
marked
on
the
product.
10.
This
product
may
be
equipped
with
a
polarized
line
plug
(one
blade
wider
than
the
other).
This
is
a
safety
feature.
If
you
are
unable
to
insert
the
plug
into
the
outlet,
contact
an
electrician
to
replace
your
obsolete
outlet.
Do
not
defeat
the
safety
purpose
of
the
plug.
11.
The
power
supply
cord
of
the
product
should
be
unplugged
from
the
outlet
when
left
unused
for
a
long
period
of
time.
When
unplugging
the
power
supply
cord,
do
not
pull
on
the
cord,
but
grasp
it
by
the
plug.
12.
Care
should
be
taken
so
that
objects
do
not
fall
and
liquids
are
not
spilled
into
the
enclosure
through
openings.
13.
The
product
should
be
serviced
by
qualified
service
personnel
when:
A.
The
power
supply
cord
or
the
plug
has
been
damaged;
or
B.
Objects
have
fallen,
or
liquid
has
been
spilled
into
the
product;
or
C.
The
product
has
been
exposed
to
rain;
or
D.
The
product
does
not
appear
to
be
operating
normally
or
exhibits
a
marked
change
in
performance;
or
E.
The
product
has
been
dropped,
or
the
enclosure
damaged.
14.
Do
not
attempt
to
service
the
product
beyond
that
described
in
the
user
maintenance
instructions.
All
other
servicing
should
be
referred
to
qualified
service
personnel.
15.
WARNING
-
Do
not
place
objects
on
the
product's
power
supply
cord,
or
place
where
anyone
could
trip
over,
walk
on,
or
roll
anything
over
cords
of
any
type.
rest
on
or
be
installed
over
cords
of
any
type.
Improper
installations
of
this
a
fire
hazard
and/or
personal
injury.
the
product
in
a
position
Do
not
allow
the
product
to
type
create
the
possibility
of
SAVE
THESE
INSTRUCTIONS
WARNING.PUB
11/03/92
ii
radiotv.doc
12/22/92
RADIO
AND
TELEVISION
INTERFERENCE
Warning:
Changes
or
modifications
to
this
instrument
not
expressly
approved
by
Young
Chang
could
void
your
authority
to
operate
the
instrument.
Important:
When
connecting
this
product
to
accessories
and/or
other
equipment
use
only
high
quality
shielded
cables.
The
cable(s)
supplied
with
this
instrument
must
be
used.
Note:
This
instrument
has
been
tested
and
found
to
comply
with
the
limits
for
a
Class
B
digital
device,
pursuant
to
Part
15
of
the
FCC
Rules.
These
limits
are
designed
to
provide
reasonable
protection
against
harmful
interference
in
a
residential
installation.
This
instrument
generates,
uses,
and
can
radiate
radio
frequency
energy
and,
if
not
installed
and
used
in
accordance
with
the
instructions,
may
cause
harmful
interference
to
radio
communications.
However,
there
is
no
guarantee
that
interference
will
not
occur
in
a
particular
installation.
If
this
instrument
does
cause
harmful
interference
to
radio
or
television
reception,
which
can
be
determined
by
turning
the
instrument
off
and
on,
the
user
is
encouraged
to
try
to
correct
the
interference
by
one
or
more
of
the
following
measures:
•
Reorient
or
relocate
the
receiving
antenna.
•
Increase
the
separation
between
the
instrument
and
the
receiver.
•
Connect
the
instrument
into
an
outlet
on
a
circuit
different
from
the
•
If
necessary
consult
your
dealer
or
an
experienced
radio/television
technician
for
additional
suggestions.
You
may
find
the
following
booklet
prepared
by
the
Federal
Communications
Commission
to
be
helpful:
"How
To
Identify
and
Resolve
Radio-TV
Interference
Problems"
This
booklet
is
available
from
the
u.s.
Government
Printing
Office,
Washington,
D.C.
20402,
Stock
No.
004-000---345-4.
NOTICE
This
apparatus
does
not
exceed
the
Class
B
limits
for
radio
noise
emmissions
from
digital
apparatus
set
out
in
the
Radio
Interference
Regulations
of
the
Canadian
Department
of
Communications.
AVIS
Le
present
appareil
numerique
n'emet
pas
de
bruits
radioelectriques
depassant
les
limites
applicables
aux
appareils
numeriques
de
la
class
B
prescrites
dans
Ie
Reglement
sur
Ie
brouillage
radioelectrique
edicte
par
Ie
ministere
des
Communications
du
Canada.
©
1992
All
rights
reserved.
Kurzweil
is
a
product
line
of
Young
Chang
Akki
Co.,
LTD.
Kurzweil,
K2000,
and
MIDIScope
are
trademarks
of
Young
Chang
Akki
Co.,
LTD.
The
names
Akai,
S1000,
Apple,
MacIntosh,
DX7, IBM, DOS, MS-DOS,
and
Roland
are
registered
trademarks
of
the
respective
companies
using
these
names.
This
manual
is
current
with
K2000
version
1.00
software.
Product
features
and
specifications
are
subject
to
change
without
notice.
iii
content
•.
doc
01/04/93
K2000/K2000R
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
NOTE:
Any
sections
not
specifically
identified
with
the
K2000
or
the
K2000R
apply
to
both
units.
SPECIFICATIONS
GLOSSARY
SETUP
K2000
OPERATIONAL
CHECKOUT
K2000
POWER-UP
CHECK
K2000R
OPERATIONAL
CHECKOUT
K2000
DISASSEMBLY/ACCESS
K2000R
DISASSEMBLY/ACCESS
K2000
MAINTENANCE
K2000/K2000R
TROUBLESHOOTING
DIAGNOSTICS
K2000R
MAINTENANCE
OPTIONS
TECHNICAL
THEORY
K2000
PARTS
LIST
K2000R
PARTS
LISTS
1
5
1
5
11
17
1
7
1
7
11
47
A
1
1
9
K2000/K2000R
WIRING GUIDE 1
SCHEMATICS/DIAGRAMS
iv
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SECTION 1 2000SPEC.OOC
01/03/93
1.0
K2000 SPECIFICATIONS
1.1
K2000
FEATURES
•
61-key
spring
return
synth
action
keyboard
•
Sends
and
receives
mono
(channel)
pressure;
receives
poly
pressure
•
Spring
loaded
Pitch
Wheel
•
Full
throw
Modulation
Wheel,
programmable
•
Volume
Slider
•
Programmable
Controller
Slider
• Two
programmable
switch
pedal
inputs
•
Programmable
continuous
controller
input
•
240
x
64-pixel
backlit
graphic
display
with
adjustable
contrast
•
3.5
inch
floppy
disk
drive,
for
DO
or
HD
disks,
DOS
compatible
• MIDI
IN,
THRU
and
OUT
•
24-note
polyphony
with
dynamic
voice
allocation
•
Multi-timbral,
for
multi-track
sequencing
and
recording
•
199
factory
preset
programs,
and
100
factory
preset
setups
• Up
to
3
layers
per
program,
up
to
32
layers
for
programs
on
drum
channel
•
3-zone
setups
transmit
on
3
MIDI
channels
with
independent
programmable
controls
•
15,000
note
scratchpad
sequencer
for
recording
from
keyboard
or
via
MIDI;
loads
and
plays
MIDI
Type
0
sequences
•
Easy-to-use
programming
interface
including
soft
buttons,
Alpha
Wheel,
and
alphanumeric
pad
• 8
Megabytes
of
16-bit
sample
ROM,
including
acoustic
instrumental
sounds,
waveforms,
and
noise
•
20
KHz
maximum
bandwidth
•
Optional
stereo
sampler
with
analog
and
digital
inputs
•
Sound
ROM
expandable
to
a
total
of
24
Megabytes
•
Sound
sample
playback
• 4
SIMM
sockets
for
optional
sample
RAM
-
up
to
64
Megabytes
•
Akai™
S1000
sample
disk
compatibility
• Two
1/4
inch
mixed
audio
outputs
(stereo
pair)
•
Four
1/4
inch
audio
outputs
programmable
as
2
stereo
pairs
or
as
four
separate
outputs,
with
insert
capability
for
effects
patching
•
Stereo
headphone
jack
•
128
KB
battery
backed
RAM
for
user
programs,
setups
and
other
objects
•
SCSI
port
for
connection
with
external
SCSI
disk
or
CD-ROM
•
Optional
internal
hard
disk
•
Real-time
DSP
for
each
voice:
31
programmable
DSP
algorithms
incorporating
filters,
EQ,
distortion,
panning,
pulse
width
modulation,
and
more;
up
to
3
programmable
DSP
functions
per
voice
•
Filters:
Lowpass,
Highpass,
Allpass,
Bandpass,
Notch,
programmable
resonance
•
Programmable
stereo
multi-effects
on
MIX
outputs,
including
simultaneous
reverb,
chorus,
delay,
flanging,
EQ
-
and
more
•
Real-time
internal
and
MIDI
control
of
effects
parameters
• MIDI
standard
sample
dump
capability
•
System
Exclusive
implementation
•
MIDIScope™,
for
analyzing
MIDI
events
1
SECTION 1
2000SPEC.
DOC
01/03/93
1.2
K2000R
FEATURES
The
Kurzweil
K2000R
offers
the
same
powerful
features
as
the
K2000
including:
•
Convenient
3-space
rack
module
•
240
x
64-pixel
backlit
graphic
display
with
adjustable
contrast
•
3.5-inch
floppy
disk
drive,
for
DD
or
HD
disks,
DOS
compatible
• MIDI
In,
Thru,
and
Out
• MIDI
LED
to
indicate
MIDI
activity
•
24-note
polyphony
wiht
dynamic
voice
allocation
•
Multi-timbral,
for
multi-track
sequencing
and
recording
•
199
factory
preset
programs,
and
100
factory
preset
setups
•
Up
to
3
layers
per
program,
up
to
32
layers
for
programs
on
drum
channel
•
Receives
mono
(channel)
pressure
and
poly
(key)
pressure
•
3-zone
setups
transmit
on
3 MIDI
channels
with
independent
programmable
controls
•
15,000
note
scratchpad
sequencer
for
recording
from
keyboard
or
via
MIDI;
loads
and
plays
MIDI
Type
0
sequences
•
Easy-to-use
programming
interface
including
soft
buttons,
Alpha
Wheel,
and
alphanumeric
pad
•
20KHZ
maximum
bandwidth
•
Stereo
sample
playback
capability
Programmable
stereo
multi-effects
on
MIX
outputs,
including
simultaneous
reverb,
chorus,
delay,
flanging,
EQ
••.
and
more
•
Realtime
internal
and
MIDI
control
of
effects
parameters
•
Kurzweil's
proprietary
VASTTW
(Variable
Architecture
Synthesis
Technology)
system
• 31
sound
shaping
algorithms
•
Three
programmable
DSP
functions
for
each
voice
• 8
Megabytes
of
ROM
(16-bit)
samples
•
Built-in
3.5"
floppy
drive
(HD/DD)
•
Two
SCSI
buses,
for
connection
with
external
SCSI
disks,
CD-ROM,
or
MacIntosh
computers.
• Ten
analog
outputs,
including
four
stereo
pairs
and
a
stereo
master
pair
•
Internal
ROM
expansion
capability
to
24
Megabytes
•
Two
8
Megabyte
ROM
sound
blocks
(ROM-1,
ROM-2)
can
be
purchased
and
installed
separately
•
Sampling
Option
Kit
(DSMP-R),
which
allows
for
user
sampling
via
analog,
digital
or
optical
inputs
•
AES-EBU
and
SPDIF
digital
ins
and
outs
are
offered;
the
version
2.0
software*
included
with
this
kit
provides
extensive
sample
editing
and
audio
processing
capabilities
•
Sample
RAM
can
be
expanded
via
four
standard
SIMM
memory
modules
(up
to
64
Megabytes)
•
Program/Sequence
memory
expansion
option
(DP-RAM)
expands
battery
backed
memory
from
120K
to
760K
•
CD-ROM
compatible
with
Sony
and
Toshiba
drives
•
Capacity
for
an
optional
internal
hard
drive
(up
to
240
Megabytes
or
more)
•
Standard
equipped
with
version
1.27
software,
allowing
the
user
to
port
over
stereo
samples
via
the
SCSI
bus
(SMDI
protocol)
using
Passport's
AlchemyTW
or
through
sample
dump
over
MIDI
•
Reads
sample
data
from
Akai
S1000
HD
disks
*Version
2.0
software,
which
is
part
of
the
SMP-R
sampling
option,
allows
for
graphic
waveform
editing
via
the
built-in
240
x 64
display.
Features
include
powerful
sample
editing
and
DSP
functions
(time
compression/expansion,
sample
rate
conversion,
sample
mixing
and
splicing,
normalizing
gain,
audible
sample
cueing,
cross
fade
looping,
auto
looping,
fade
in/out
and
more)
.
2
SECTION 1 2000SPEC.DOC
01/03/93
Version
2.0
also
adds
extensive
library
compatibility
functions
to
the
K2000/K2000R,
including
the
ability
to
read
Ensoniqn.
EPS
disks
(samples,
keyrnaps
and
constructs
programs)
and
Akain.
S1000
(samples,
keyrnaps
and
constructs
programs).
This
version
also
provides
visual
editing
of
K2000/K2000R's
internal
ROM
samples
as
well
as
RAM
samples,
plus
user-
programmable
loop
type
per
sample
(forward,
bi-directional,
off)
and
direction
(forward,
reverse),
new
alternate
release
parameters
(samples
may now
play
after
the
release
loop)
and
much
more.
Version
2.0
software
will
also
be
available
separately
from
the
Sampling
Option
Kit.
1.3
ENVIRONMENTAL
SPECIFICATIONS
Temperature
ranges
For
operation:
minimum 410 F (50
C)
maximum 1040 F (400
C)
For
storage:
minimum
-13
0 F (_250
C)
maximum
186
0 F (850
C)
Relative
humidity
ranges
(non-condensing):
Operation
and
storage
= 5 -
95%
1.4
PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Overall
dimensions:
X2000
Width
Depth
Height
Weight
Overall
dimensions:
X2000R
Width
Depth
Height
Weight
40
15/16
in.
13
7/16
in.
4
1/8
in.
26
lb.
16.9
in
.•
13.9
in.
5.1
in.
22
lb.
•
Excluding
the
rack-mount
brackets
1.5
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
104
ern
34.1
ern
10.5
ern
11.
8 kg
43
cm
35.4
ern
13
cm
10 kg
AC
supply:
selectable;
100V, 120V, 220V, 240V;
.75
amps
at
120
volts
nominal
Safe
voltage
ranges
(volts
rms)
Voltage
setting:
100V 120V
220V
240V
Safe
voltage
range:
85
-
107V
95
-
125V
180
-
232V
190
-250V
Safe
frequency
range:
48 -
65
Hz
48
-
65
Hz
48
-
65
Hz
48 -
65
Hz
If
the
voltage
drops
below
the
minimum
safe
level
at
any
voltage
setting,
the
K2000
will
reset,
but
no
data
will
be
lost.
If
the
voltage
exceeds
the
maximum
safe
level,
the
K2000 may
overheat.
SPECIFICATIONS
SUBJECT
TO
CHANGE
WITHOUT
NOTICE
3
SECTION 1
GLOSSARY.
DOC
12/13/92
1.6
GLOSSARY
OF
TERMS
Algorithm
Aliasing
~litude
Analog
Bandwidth
Bank
Cent
Continuous
Control
Control
Source
DSP
In
the
K2000,
a
preset
configuration
of
programmable
digital
signal
processing
functions.
Each
of
a
program's
layers
uses
its
own
algorithm,
which
determines
the
type
of
synthesis
each
layer
uses
to
generate
its
sound.
A
type
of
distortion
which
occurs
in
digitally
sampled
sounds
when
higher
pitches
(increased
sample
playback
rates)
introduce
partials
that
were
not
present
in
the
original
sound.
These
partials
mayor
may
not
be
musically
useful.
The
intensity
of
a
signal,
perceived
as
loudness
in
the
case
of
audio
signals.
A
term
used
widely
in
electronics-related
fields
to
describe
a
method
of
representing
information,
in
which
the
method
of
representation
resembles
the
information
itself.
Analog
synthesizers,
for
example,
use
gradual
variations
in
electrical
voltage
to
create
and
modify
sounds.
The
oscillations
in
voltage
are
analogous
to
the
waveforms
of
the
sounds
they
generate.
Compare
digital.
In
terms
of
sound
generation,
the
range
of
frequencies
within
which
a
device
functions.
The
human
ear
has
a
"bandwidth"
of
almost
20
KHz
(it
can
distinguish
sound
at
frequencies
from
20
Hz
to
20
KHz).
The
K2000's
20
KHz
bandwidth
enables
it
to
produce
sounds
which
span
the
entire
range
of
human
hearing.
There
are
two
types
of
banks
in
the
K2000's
memory:
memory
banks,
which
store
and
organize
the
programs
and
other
objects
you
create,
and
Quick
Access
banks,
where
you
can
store
programs
and
setups
for
one-button
access
while
in
Quick
Access
mode.
1/100th
of
a
semi
tone.
The
standard
increment
for
fine
adjustment
of
pitch.
A
device
which
converts
motion
into
a
range
of
128
possible
values
which
can
modulate
a
sound
source.
The
Mod
Wheel,
a
standard
volume
pedal,
and
controllers
like
Breath
and
Aftertouch
are
continuous
controls.
Compare
switch
controls.
Anything
which
can
be
used
to
modify
some
aspect
of
a
program's
sound.
LFOs,
envelopes,
Mod
Wheel
messages
(MIDI
01),
and
FUNs
are
just
a
few
examples
of
the
K2000's
control
sources.
Digital
Signal
Processing.
5
SECTION 1
DSP
Functions
Default
Dialog-
Dig-ital
Drum
Prog-ram
DSP
GLOSSARY.DOC
12/13/92
the
K2000's
collection
of
digital
signal
processing
functions
are
what
give
the
Variable
Architecture
Synthesis
system
its
flexibility.
Within
each
layer's
algorithm,
you
can
select
from
a
long
list
of
DSP
functions
like
filters,
EQ,
oscillators,
and
a
few
that
are
unique
to
the
K2000.
Each
DSP
function
has
a
corresponding
page
which
enables
you
to
assign
numerous
control
sources
to
define
how
the
DSP
functions
affect
the
sound
of
the
program
being
edited.
The
starting
condition
of
a
system.
The
settings
for
the
K2000's
parameters
are
at
their
defaults
when
you
unpack
it,
and
they
stay
there
until
you
change
them.
A
hard
reset
will
erase
RAM
and
restore
all
parameters
to
their
defaults.
A
page
which
prompts
you
to
enter
information
that
the
K2000
needs
in
order
to
execute
an
operation.
Dialogs
appear,
for
example,
when
initiating
a
Save
or
Delete
operation.
A
term
used
widely
in
electronics-related
fields
to
describe
a
method
of
representing
information
as
a
series
of
binary
digits
(bits)
-
Is
and
Os.
Digital
computers
process
these
strings
of
Is
and
Os
by
converting
them
into
an
electrical
signal
that
is
always
in
one
of
two
very
definite
states:
"on"
or
"off."
this
is
much
more
precise
than
the
analog
method,
therefore
digital
computers
can
operate
at
speeds
unattainable
by
analog
devices.
Digital
synthesizers
like
the
K2000
are
actually
computers
which
process
vast
strings
of
digital
information
signals,
eventually
converting
them
(at
the
audio
output)
into
the
analog
signals
which
flow
into
PAs
and
other
audio
systems.
See
also
Analog.
The
only
difference
between
a
drum
program
and
an
ordinary
program
is
the
drum
program
can
contain
up
to
32
layers
instead
of
the
usual
maximum
of
three.
Since
each
layer
has
its
own
keyrnap
and
algorithm
(not
to
mention
all
the
other
control
sources),
this
gives
you
enormous
control
over
whatever
sounds
assigned
tot
he
layers
in
a
drum
program.
Digital
Signal
Processing;
this
term
refers
to
a
vast
range
of
functions,
all
of
which
have
in
common
the
fact
that
they
act
upon
an
electric
current
as
it
flows
through
a
circuit
or
group
of
circuits.
A
simple
form
of
signal
processing
is
the
distortion
box
used
by
many
guitarists.
Digital
signal
processing
refers
to
similar
processes
which
are
performed
by
digital
circuitry
as
opposed
to
analog
circuitry.
Many
of
the
effects
devices
available
today
use
digital
signal
processing
techniques.
6