LEM SATURN GEO X User manual

Operating Instructions
EARTH GROUND TESTER
SATURN GEO X

Order Codes Order No.
SATURN GEO X
SATURN GEO X BASIC SET A188506510
Incl.2 safety measuring leads with test tips and crocodile clips,
6 batteries, carrying strap, manual.
SATURN GEO X with INTERFACE and A188506512
GEO-MEASURING-SET 4pole
Incl.2 safety measuring leads with test tips and crocodile clips,
4 earth stakes,3 reels with 2x25m and 1x50 m wire,
Interface, Set-up Software, RS232 cable & PC adapter,6 batteries,
carrying strap and manual in carrying cse.
SATURN GEO X with GEO-MEASURING-SET 4pole
in carrying case UNIVERSAL A188506513
Incl.2 safety measuring leads with test tips and crocodile clips,
4 earth stakes, 3 reels with 2x25m and 1x50 m wire, 6 batteries,
carrying strap and manual in carrying case UNIVERSAL (ST0010Z).
Accessories:
GEO-CLAMP SET SELECTIVE A 6045 10305
includes:
1 current clamp 100A
1 cable for clamp connection.
GEO-CLAMP SET STAKELESS A 6045 10306
includes:
1 current clamp 100A
1 current clamp 1000A
1 cable for clamp connection
1 adapter for stakeless measurement + manual
REEL with 25 m wire A 6045 05102
REEL with 50 m wire A 6045 05103
Split-core current transformer
for measurements on high voltage pylons ø 310 mm A 6805 06211
Accuset 600 mAh
with NiCad-batteries and quick charge unit A 6403 06211

1
Contents
1SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS............................................................................ 2
2FIRST SETUP .............................................................................................. 3
3GENERAL .................................................................................................... 4
4ASSEMBLY.................................................................................................. 6
5DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONS.................................................................. 7
6TECHNICAL DATA ...................................................................................... 9
7DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATING ELEMENTS................................... 19
8PROCEDURE OF MEASUREMENTS........................................................ 22
8.1 General....................................................................................................... 22
8.2 Measurement of interference- voltages and frequencies ............................ 28
8.3 Measurement of earthing resistances......................................................... 29
8.4 Measurement of single earth electrode resistances in mesh operated
earthing systems......................................................................................... 32
8.5 Measurement of soil resistivity.................................................................... 41
8.6 Measurement of resistances.......................................................................43
8.7 Changing of all data settings with personalized CODE............................... 46
9DESCRIPTION OF DISPLAYS................................................................... 49
10 CARE AND MAINTENANCE...................................................................... 53
10.1 Recharging NiCad batteries........................................................................53
10.2 Replacing batteries..................................................................................... 53
10.3 Recalibration............................................................................................... 54
10.4 Storage....................................................................................................... 54
11 SERVICE.................................................................................................... 55
11.1 WARRANTY ............................................................................................... 55
12 Basic APPENDIX....................................................................................... 56
12.1 Earthing resistance..................................................................................... 56
12.2 Soil resistivity ρE......................................................................................... 57
12.3 Measuring method...................................................................................... 59
12.4 The potential gradient area.........................................................................60
12.5 The influence of potential gradient areas on earth resistance
measurement.............................................................................................. 61
12.6 Earth impedance (R*) on high voltage transmission lines.......................... 62

2
1 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
This measuring equipment is only to be operated by qualified staff and in
accord with its technical data in compliance with the safety precautions and
instructions set forth below. In addition, use of this equipment requires
compliance with the legal and safety instructions pertaining to the specific
application in question. Similar precuations apply to the use of accessories.
CAUTION:Operation of electrical equipment inevitably causes certain
parts of such equipment to carry dangerous voltage. Non-compliance
with precautions may therefore cause major physical or material
damage.
Fault-free and reliable operation of this instrument requires suitable transport and
storage, setting-up and assembly, as well as care in operation and maintenance.
If there is reason to believe that risk-free operation is no longer possible, the
instrument should be switched off immediately and protected against accidental
restarting. Risk-free operation shall be deemed to be no longer possible if and when
the instrument
•shows visible damage,
•fails to work in spite of functioning batteries,
•has been exposed for some time to unfavorable conditions ( e.g. storage beyond
the permissible climatic limits without adaptation to the ambient climate, dewing
etc.),
•has been exposed to major strain during transport ( e.g. been dropped from
some height without visible external damage etc.), or
•shows " E1 ... E5 " on the display.
Qualified Staff
consists of persons familiar with the setting up, assembly, starting up and operation
of the product and possess the qualifications required for such activities, such as
•training, instruction and/or authorization to perform the following operations on
circuits and equipment according to safety engineering standards: switching on
and off, disconnecting, earthing/grounding, labeling;
•training or instructions according to safety engineering standards in the care and
main tenance of adequate safety equipment.
•training in rendering first aid.

3
2 FIRST SETUP
Unpacking
When unpacking the instrument watch out for possible damages that may have
occurred during transport. In the case of defects the packing material must be kept
until the complaint is adjusted.
Keep the packing material also in case you need it to transport the instrument at a
later date.
Checking the scope of delivery
Upon unpacking immediately check the accessories for missing parts. The
accessories supplied are listed on page 2.
Although the instrument is easy to operate please read these operating instructions
carefully for safety reasons and in order to make optimum use of the instrument.
How to fasten the carrying strap
This test instrument is equipped with a mains power supply.
The measuring functions are only all activated when the instrument is
connected.

4
3 GENERAL
Microprocessor controlled universal earth resistance meter with fully automated
measuring frequency selection process as well as automatic testing of probe- and
auxiliary earth electrode resistances and possible interference voltages as per DIN
IEC61557-5/EN61557-5.
- Measurement of interference voltage (UST)
- Measurement of interference frequency (FST)
- Measurement of probe resistance (RS)
- Measurement of auxiliary earth electrode resistance (RH)
- Measurement of earthing resistance 3pole, 4pole, (RE)
with or without using the external clip-on current transformer for
selective measurement of single earthing branches in mesh
operated earthing systems ( )
- Resistance measurement 2pole with AC voltage (R~)
- Resistance measurement with DC voltage 2pole, 4pole, (R ... )
- Optional interface (RS 232)
With its various possibilities of measurement and the fully automated measuring
sequence control (incl. automatic frequency control AFC), this instrument offers the
latest measuring technology in the field of earthing resistance measurements. By
means of the selectable limit input with visual and accoustical confirmation/error
message and with the code programmable and customer defined special functions,
e.g. measuring voltage 20 V (for agricultural systems ), earthing impedance R*
(measuring frequency 55Hz) switched on or off etc., these instruments are
individually programmable for use as a simple meter as well as a high end fully
automated measuring device.

5
The instrument can be upgraded by using optional devices:
An external current transformer with a transformation ratio between 80 and 1200:1
for the measurement of a single branch in mesh operated earthing systems is
available as an option and enables the user to measure on high voltage pylons
without seperating the overhead earth wires or earth strips at the bottom of the pylons
and also to measure lightning protection systems without seperating the individual
lightning protection wires.
An interface for the output of measured values on a printer or to a memory pack or
for data interchange with a personal computer, is available as an optional retrofit kit.
A data output includes all values displayable ( RE, RS, RH, etc.) as well as date and
time of measurement and a customer defined text.
A NiCad battery pack which can be recharged from mains or car battery .
An adaptor for spikeless earth measurement allows fast and simple measurement of
"earth-loops"and testing of lightning protection systems without sonds and auxiliary
earth.

6
4 ASSEMBLY
The instrument is made up of two parts:
1) The base part which contains the entire measuring electronics.
2) The protective housing with attachable carrying strap.
The functions are selected with the central rotary switch. Four rubber buttons,which
start measurements, read out supplementary measuring values and select special
functions, are located on the left hand side of the front panel. This design enables
quick and clear one-hand operation.
The measured values are displayed on a liquid crystal display with correct decimal
point and unit. Various additional special characters indicate measuring mode,
operating condition and error messages.
The auxiliary power supply consists of 6 x 1,5 V batteries (IEC R6 or LR6) or NiCad
battery pack (optional).
The measuring instrument is manufactured complying with IP 56 (splash water proof).
Air and leakage paths are dimensioned according to IEC61010-1/EN61010-1. The
instrument complies with protection class II ( ).
This device has been developed, designed and manufactured in compliance with
quality system DIN ISO 9001.

7
5 DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONS
Measurement of interference voltage (UST)
Fullwave rectification for DC and AC (DC without operational sign, AC signal sinus
calibrated for r.m.s. values). If limit values are exceeded no measurement will be
started.
Measurement of interference frequency (FST)
For interference voltage >1V its frequency is derived from the period time.

8
Measurement of earthing resistance (RE)
The earthing resistance is determined by a 3- or 4-pole current and voltage
measurement. The measuring voltage is a square pulse AC voltage with 48 / 20 V
and a frequency of 94 ,105 , 111 or 128 Hz. The frequency can be selected manually
or automatically (AFC) .
Selective measurement of earthing resistance* (RE)
Measurement of a single earth electrode in a mesh operated (parallel) earthing
system. The current flowing through the single earth electrode is measured with an
external current transformer.
Resistance measurement (R~)
The resistance is determined by a 2 pole current and voltage measurement. The
measuring voltage is a square pulse AC voltage with 20 V and a frequency of 94,
105, 111 or 128 Hz. The frequency can be selected manually or automatically (AFC).
Low resistance measurement (R ... )
The resistance is determined by DC current and voltage measurement. 2- as well as
4-pole measurement is possible. The short circuit current is > 200 mA. The
resistance of both current directions is measured and stored.
Checking for correct measuring connection
Via split socket and following detection circuit, the processor checks if the measuring
lead is properly connected according to the selected function. A wrong or missing
connection is indicated by an optical or acoustical signal.
Beeper
The built in beeper has two functions:
1. Giving messages if set limit values are exceeded.
2. Indicating dangerous conditions or maloperation.
Controlling is done by means of the microprocessor.
LO-BAT
Supervision of the battery charge status is done with a comparator circuit. Via
microprocessor, a drop in battery capacity down to typ. 10 % of its specified value is
indicated on the display with symbol LO-BAT .
* Patent applied for.

9
6 TECHNICAL DATA
General: Microprocessor controlled, fully automated earth
measuring instrument with additional functions
Measuring function: interference voltage and frequency, earthing
resistance 3- and 4-pole with / without clip-on
current transformer, resistance 2-pole with AC, 2-
and 4-pole with DC
Display: 4 digit (2999 Digit) - 7 segment liquid crystal
display, digit size 18 mm with supplementary
signs and active illumination.
Operation: Central rotary switch and function keys
Working temperature range: -10 °C … +50 °C
Operating temperature range: 0 °C … +35 °C
Nominal temperature range: 18 °C … +28 °C
Storage temperature range: -30 °C … +60 °C
Temperature coefficient: ± 0.1 % of range / Kelvin
Operating errors: refer to operating temperature range
and RH< 20 RE, RS< 100 RE
The maximum percentage operating error within the measurement range does not
exceed ± 30 % with the measured value as fiducial value, as determined in
accordance with table 6-1 on page 12.
The operating error applies under the rated operating conditions given in IEC1557-1
and the following:
−injection of series interference voltages with system frequencies of 400 Hz, 60 Hz,
50 Hz, 16 2/3Hz or with d.c. voltage respectively across the terminals E (ES) and
S. The r.m.s. value of the series interference voltage shall be 3 V;
−resistance of the auxiliary earth electrode and of the probes: 0 to 100 x RAbut ≤
50 kΩ;

10
−system voltages between 85 % and 110 % of the nominal voltage and between 99
% and 101 % of the nominal system frequency for measuring equipment with a
mains supply and/or measuring equipment deriving its output voltage directly from
the distribution system.
Limits of error: refer to nominal temperature range
Climate class: JWE as per DIN 40040 ( 3 / 73 ) annual mean of
relative humidity £ 65 % , max 85 %, no dewing.
Type of protection: IP 56 as per DIN 40050 (7/80)
Protection class: Protection class II ( ) as
IEC61010-1/EN61010-1
Max voltage: socket to socket
Urms = 0 V
Sockets ” E ES S H " to each other in any
combination, max. Urms= 250 V
Safety standards: IEC61010-1/EN61010-1 300 V CATIII
IEC61557-1, -5/EN61557-1, -5
Electromagnetic compatibility:
Emission: Class B as per EN 50081-1/
IEC(EN) 61326-1: 1997
Immunity: IEC61000-4-2 8 kV (air) B
IEC61000-4-3 3 V/m A
Quality standard: developed, designed and manufactured to
comply with DIN ISO 9001
External field influence: complies with DIN 43780 (8/76)
Auxiliary power: 6 x 1,5 V alkali-manganese-batteries
(IEC LR6 ) or 1,2 V NiCad batteries
(optional)
Battery life span: with IEC LR6: typ. 3000 measurements
(RE+RH≤1 kΩ)
with NiCd batteries: typ. 1500 measurements
(RE+ RH≤1 kΩ)
with IEC LR6 : typ. 6000 measurements
(RE+ RH>10 kΩ)
with NiCd batteries: typ. 3000 measurements
(RE+ RH>10kΩ)
Dimensions: 240 mm (Ω) x 220 mm (D) x 90 mm ( H )
Weight: ≤1.1 kg without accessories
≤5.5 kg incl. accessories and batteries in
carrying case
Case material: NORYL, shock -and scratch proof thermoplast

11
Measurement of interference voltage DC + AC (UST)
Measuring method: fullwave rectification
Measuring
range Display range
Resolution Frequency range Limits of error
1…50 V 0.0…50 V 0.1 V DC/AC 45…400 Hz sine ± (5% of mv +5 digit)
Measuring sequence: approx. 4 measurements /s
Internal resistance: approx. 1.5 MΩ
Max. overload: Urms = 250 V
Measurement of interference frequency (FST)
Measuring method: Measurement of oscillation period of the
interference voltage
Measuring range Display range Resolution Range Limits of error
16.0 … 400 Hz 16.0…299.9…999 Hz 0.1 … 1Hz 1 V … 50 V ± (1% v. mv +2 digit)

12
Earthing resistance (RE)
Measuring method: current and voltage measurement with probe as
IEC61557-5/EN61557-5
Open circuit voltage: 20 / 48 V, AC
Short circuit current: 250 mA AC
Measuring frequency: 94 , 105 , 111 , 128 Hz selected manually or
automatic.(AFC) 55 Hz in function R*
Noise rejection: 120 dB ( 16 2/3, 50 , 60, 400 Hz )
Max. overload: Urms = 250 V
Intrinsic error or
influence quantity Reference conditions or specified operating
range
Designation code Requirements or test in
accordance with the
relevant parts of
IEC 1557
Type of
test
Intrinsic error Reference conditions APart 5, 6.1 R
Position Reference position
±90° E1 Part 1, 4.2 R
Supply voltage At the limits stated by
the manufacturer E2 Part 1, 4.2, 4.3 R
Temperature 0 °C and 35 °C E3 Part 1, 4.2 T
Series interference
voltage See 4.2 and 4.3 E4 Part 5, 4.2, 4.3 T
Resistance of the
probes and
auxiliary earth
electrodes
0 to 100 x RA
but ≤50 kΩE5 Part 5, 4.3 T
System frequency 99 % to 101 % of the
nominal frequency E7 Part 5, 4.3 T
System voltage 85 % to 110 % of the
nominal voltage E8 Part 5, 4.3 T
Operating error
)
8
2
E
7
2
E
6
2
E
5
2
E
4
2
E
3
2
E
2
2
E
1
2
E15,1A(B +±=
Part 5, 4.3 R
A = intrinsic error
En = variations
R = routine test
T = type test
[]
100%x
valuefiducial
B
%B ±=
table 6-1
Measuring
range
Display range Resolution
instrinsic error max.
operating
error
0.001 Ω...2.999 Ω0.001 Ω
3.00 Ω...29.99 Ω0.01 Ω
0.020 Ω... 30.0 Ω...299.9 Ω0.1 Ω± ( 2 % of mv ± ( 5% of mv
300 kΩ0.300 kΩ...2.999 kΩ1 Ω+2 digit ) +5 digit )
3.00 kΩ...29.99 kΩ10 Ω

13
30.0 kΩ...299.9 kΩ100 Ω
Measuring time: typ. 8 sec. with a fixed frequency
30 sec. max. with AFC and complete cycle of all
measuring frequencies
Additional error because of probe-and auxiliary earth electrode resistance:
RRRdigits
HS
E
()
,%
+×× +
−
2000 125 10 5
6
Ω
Measuring error of RHand RS: typ. 10% of ()RRRESH
+
+
Max. probe resistance: ≤1 MΩ
Max. auxiliary earth electrode
resistance: ≤1 MΩ
Automatic check if error is kept within the limits required by IEC61557-5/EN61557-5:
If after a measurement of probe- , auxiliary earth electrode- and earthing resistance,
a measurement error of higher than 30 % is assumed because of the influencing
conditions (see diagramm), the display shows a warning symbol and a notice
that RSor RHare too high.
1000%
F
100%
10%
1%
0,1%
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
0,3
1
3
10
30
100
R/R= HE 300
10003000
R
S

14
Automatic switchover of measuring resolution in dependence to auxiliary earth
electrode resistance RH:
RHwith Umeas = 48 V RHwith Umeas = 20 V Resolution
< 300 Ω< 250 Ω1 m Ω
< 6 kΩ< 2,5 kΩ10 m Ω
< 60 kΩ< 25 kΩ100 m Ω
< 600 kΩ< 250 kΩ1 Ω
Selective measurement of the earthing resistance ( RE)
Measuring method: current and voltage measurement with probe as per
DIN VDE 0413 part 7 (7 / 82) and current measurement in
the individual branch with additional current transformer
(patent applied for).
Open circuit voltage: 20 / 48 V AC
Short circuit current: 250 mA AC
Measuring frequency: 94, 105, 111, 128 Hz selected manually or automatically
(AFC), 55 Hz (R*)
Noise rejection: 120 dB (16 2/3, 50 , 60 , 400 Hz)
Max. overload: max. Urms = 250 V (measurement will not be started)
Measuring
range
Display range Resolution intrinsic error * Operating error *
0.001...2.999 Ω0.001 Ω
3.00...29.99 Ω0.01 Ω
0.020 Ω... 30.0...299.9 Ω0.1 Ω± (7 % of m.v. ± (10% of m.v.
30kΩ0.300...2.999 kΩ1 Ω+2 digit) +5 digit)
3.00...29.99 kΩ10 Ω
* With recommended current clamps / transformers.
Additonal error because of probe- and auxiliary earth typ.electrode resistance:
RR
Rdigits
HS
ETOTAL
()
,%
+×× +
−
2000 125 10 5
6
Ω
Measuring error of RHand RS:
typ.of 10% of ( )RRR
ETOTAL S H+
+
Measuring time: typ. 8 sec. with a fixed frequency
30 sec.max. with AFC and complete cycle of all measuring
frequencies

15
Minimal current in
single branch 0.5 mA with transformer (1000 :1)
to be measured: 0.1 mA with transformer (200 :1)
Max. interference current
through transformer: 3A with a transformer (1000:1)
Resistance measurement (R ˜ )
Measuring method: current and voltage measurement
Measuring voltage: 20 V AC, square pulse
Short circuit current: > 250 mA AC
Measuring frequency: 94 , 105 , 111 , 128 Hz selected manually or
automatically (AFC)
Measuring
range
Display range Resolution intrinsic error Operating
errors
0.001 Ω... 2.999 Ω0.001 Ω
3.0 Ω... 29.99 Ω0.01 Ω
0.020 Ω... 30 Ω... 299.9 Ω0.1 Ω± ( 2 % of m.v. ± ( 5% of m.v.
300 kΩ300 Ω... 2999 Ω1 Ω+2 digit ) +5 digit )
3.0 kΩ... 29.99 kΩ10 Ω
30.0 kΩ... 299.9 kΩ100 Ω
Measuring time: typ. 6 sec.
Max. interference voltage: 24 V, with higher voltages measurement will not be
started
Max overload: Urms max. = 250 V
Resistance measurement (R ... )
Measuring method: current- voltage measurement as per
IEC61557-4/EN61557-4 possible
Open circuit voltage: 20 V DC
Short circuit current: 200 mA DC
Formation of measured value: with 4-pole measurement wires on H ,S , ES can be
extended without additional error.
Resistances >1 W in wire E can cause additional error
of 5m Ω/Ω.
Measuring
range
Display range Resolution intrinsic error Operating
error
0.001 Ω... 2.999 Ω0.001 Ω
0.020 Ω... 3.0 Ω... 29.99 Ω0.01 Ω±( 2 % of m.v. ±( 5% of m.v.
3 kΩ30.0 Ω... 299.9 Ω0.1 Ω+2 digit) +5 digit)

16
300 Ω... 2999 Ω1 Ω

17
Measuring sequence: approx. 2 measurements/s
Measuring time: typ. 4 sec. incl. reversal of polarity (2 pole or 4 pole)
Max. interference voltage: ≤3 V AC or DC, with higher voltages measurement will
not be started
Max inductivity: 2 Henry
Max. overload: Urms = 250 V
Compensation of lead resistance (RK)
Compensation of lead resistance (RK) can be
switched on in functions RE3pole , RE4pole ,
R~ , and R ... 2pole
Formation of measured value:
R
display = Rmeasured - Rcompensated*
* Value of setpoint entry RK= 0.000 W, variable
from 0.000…29.99 W by means of measuring
adjustment

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