RFL Electronics GARD 8000 User manual

April 1, 2010 i 973.334.3100
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
GARD 8000 DISTANCE RELAY MODULE
(This manual should always be used in conjunction with the GARD 8000 System Instructional Manual)
NOTICE
GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
The information in this manual is proprietary and confidential to RFL Electronics Inc. Any reproduction
or distribution of this manual, in whole or part, is expressly prohibited, unless written permission is given
by RFL Electronics Inc.
This manual has been compiled and checked for accuracy. The information in this manual does not
constitute a warranty of performance. RFL Electronics Inc. reserves the right to revise this manual and
make changes to its contents from time to time. We assume no liability for losses incurred as a result of
out-of-date or incorrect information contained in this manual.
RFL Electronics Inc.
353 Powerville Road ●Boonton Twp., NJ 07005-9151 USA
Tel: [phone] ●Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected] ●www.rflelect.com
Publication Number MC8000DIS
Printed in U.S.A.
April 1, 2010

GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
WARRANTY
The GARD 8000 Distance Relay comes with a ten-year warranty from date of shipment for replacement of any part, which
fails during normal operation. RFL will repair or, at its option, replace components that prove to be defective at no cost to
the Customer. All equipment returned to RFL Electronics Inc. must have an RMA (Return Material Authorization) number,
obtained by calling the RFL Customer Service Department. A defective part should be returned to the factory, shipping
charges prepaid, for repair or replacement FOB Boonton, N.J.
RFL Electronics Inc. is not responsible for warranty of peripherals, such as printers and external computers. The warranty
for such devices is as stated by the original equipment manufacturer. If you have purchased peripheral equipment not
manufactured by RFL, follow the written instructions supplied with that equipment for warranty information and how to
obtain service. WARRANTY STATEMENT
The GARD 8000 product family is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for ten years from the date of
shipment. During the warranty period, RFL will repair or, at its option, replace components that prove to be defective at no
cost to the customer, except the one-way shipping cost of the failed assembly to the RFL Customer Service facility in
Boonton, New Jersey. RFL warrants product repair from one-year from the date of repair or the balance of the original
warranty, whichever is longer.
This warranty does not apply if the equipment has been damaged by accident, neglect, misuse, or causes other than
performed or authorized by RFL Electronics Inc.
This warranty specifically excludes damage incurred in shipment to or from RFL. In the event an item is received in
damaged condition, the carrier should be notified immediately. All claims for such damage should be filed with the carrier.
NOTE
If you do not intend to use the product immediately, it is recommended that it be opened immediately after receiving and
inspected for proper operation and signs of impact damage.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, whether expressed, implied or statutory, including but not limited to implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall RFL be liable, whether in contract, in
tort, or on any other basis, for any damages sustained by the customer or any other person arising from or related to loss of
use, failure or interruption in the operation of any products, or delay in maintenance or for incidental, consequential,
indirect, or special damages or liabilities, or for loss of revenue, loss of business, or other financial loss arising out of or in
connection with the sale, lease, maintenance, use, performance, failure, or interruption of the products.
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GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... III
TABLE OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................................V
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................VII
WARNING LABELS AND SAFETY SUMMARY ....................................................................................................IX
SECTION 1. PRODUCT INFORMATION ............................................................................................................ 1-1
SECTION 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND OVERVIEW ............................................................................... 2-1
2.1 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-1
SECTION 3. SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................................................... 3-1
SECTION 4. DISTANCE RELAY OPERATING TIMES....................................................................................... 4-1
SECTION 5. STANDARDS AND TYPE TESTS .................................................................................................. 5-1
SECTION 6. CONFIGURATION .......................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.2 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION................................................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.3 LOGIC SIGNALS AVAILABLE FROM THE DISTANCE PROTECTION MODULE............................................................... 6-8
SECTION 7. DISTANCE RELAY SETTINGS ...................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1 GENERAL SETTINGS................................................................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 LINE PROTECTION SYSTEM SETTINGS .................................................................................................................................. 7-2
7.3 DISTANCE ELEMENTS................................................................................................................................................................ 7-7
7.4 CURRENT ELEMENTS............................................................................................................................................................... 7-15
7.5 RECLOSER AND SYNC CHECK ............................................................................................................................................... 7-24
7.6 BREAKER FAILURE................................................................................................................................................................... 7-27
7.7 VOLTAGE ELEMENTS............................................................................................................................................................... 7-28
7.8 FAULT RECORDER (DFR)......................................................................................................................................................... 7-30
7.9 OSCILLOGRAPHY MASK.......................................................................................................................................................... 7-31
7.10 SOE MASK ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-33
SECTION 8. DISTANCE RELAY SETTING EXAMPLES .................................................................................... 8-1
8.1 GARD 8000 21L SETTING EXAMPLES – STEPPED DISTANCE ............................................................................................. 8-1
8.2 GARD 8000 21L SETTING EXAMPLES – DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON BLOCKING...................................................... 8-13
SECTION 9. DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION ................................................................................................... 9-1
9.1 DISTANCE ELEMENTS................................................................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.2 NON-PILOT AND PILOT SCHEMES ......................................................................................................................................... 9-15
9.3 PHASE SELECTOR ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9-28
9.4 FAULT DETECTOR..................................................................................................................................................................... 9-29
9.5 LOSS-OF-POTENTIAL BLOCK.................................................................................................................................................. 9-29
9.6 OPEN POLE LOGIC..................................................................................................................................................................... 9-30
9.7 CLOSE-INTO-FAULT.................................................................................................................................................................. 9-31
9.8 LOAD ENCHROACHMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 9-33
9.9 POWER SWING BLOCK UNIT .................................................................................................................................................. 9-33
9.10 REMOTE OPEN BREAKER DETECTION............................................................................................................................... 9-35
9.11 OVERCURRENT ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................. 9-37
9.12 DIRECTIONAL UNITS.............................................................................................................................................................. 9-55
9.13 DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT PILOT SCHEMES............................................................................................................. 9-61
9.14 STUB BUS PROTECTION......................................................................................................................................................... 9-62
9.15 BROKEN CONDUCTOR (PHASE UNBALANCE) UNIT (46)................................................................................................ 9-63
9.16 THERMAL IMAGE UNIT.......................................................................................................................................................... 9-63
9.17 VOLTAGE UNITS...................................................................................................................................................................... 9-65
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GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
9.18 FREQUENCY UNITS (81) ......................................................................................................................................................... 9-68
9.19 BREAKER FAILURE RELAY UNIT ........................................................................................................................................ 9-70
9.20 SYNCH CHECK UNIT............................................................................................................................................................... 9-72
9.21 POLE DISCORDANCE .............................................................................................................................................................. 9-74
9.22 TRIP LOGIC ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9-75
9.23 RECLOSING UNIT .................................................................................................................................................................... 9-76
9.24 BREAKER SUPERVISION FUNCTIONS................................................................................................................................. 9-84
9.25 SERIES COMPENSATED APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................................. 9-85
SECTION 10. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS REPORTS AND FAULT RECORDING........................................... 10-1
10.1 MEASURED VALUES, TRIP STATUS, SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND FAULT RECORDS ............................................. 10-1
10.2 MEASURED VALUES AND TRIP STATUS............................................................................................................................ 10-1
10.3 FAULT LOCATOR................................................................................................................................................................... 10-13
SECTION 11. DISTANCE RELAY LOGIC PROGRAMMING........................................................................... 11-1
11.1 OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................................................................ 11-1
11.2 FACTORY DEFAULT PROGRAMMING................................................................................................................................. 11-1
11.3 INPUTS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.4 OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-4
11.5 ZIVERCOM ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11-6
11.6 DISTANCE MODULE COMPLETE SIGNAL LIST............................................................................................................... 11-24
SECTION 12. DISTANCE RELAY COMMISSIONING ...................................................................................... 12-1
12.1 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2 POWER CONNECTIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 12-2
12.3 BOOT-UP PROGRESS ............................................................................................................................................................... 12-2
12.4 ETHERNET CONNECTION...................................................................................................................................................... 12-3
12.5 LOGIC/SOFTWARE VERIFICATION...................................................................................................................................... 12-3
12.6 DISTANCE RELAY WIRING VERIFICATION ....................................................................................................................... 12-4
12.7 DISTANCE RELAY CONFIGURATION SETTINGS VERIFICATION.................................................................................. 12-5
12.8 NOMINAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VERIFICATION ..................................................................................................... 12-6
12.9 INPUT/OUTPUT MAPPING VERIFICATION ......................................................................................................................... 12-7
12.10 LED LOGIC ASSIGNMENTS VERIFICATION ..................................................................................................................... 12-9
12.11 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION VERIFICATION ..................................................................................................................... 12-9
12.12 DISTANCE RELAY FUNCTIONAL TESTING.................................................................................................................... 12-10
SECTION 13. INDEX .........................................................................................................................................13-1
SECTION 14. APPLICATION NOTES ...............................................................................................................14-1
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GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
Table of Figures
Figure 4-1. Three Phase Operating Times............................................................................................................................. 4-1
Figure 4-2. Two Phase Operating Times ............................................................................................................................... 4-1
Figure 4-3. Single Phase Operating Times ............................................................................................................................ 4-2
Figure 6-1. Front and Rear views of 3U chassis with Distance Relay (Typical) ..................................................................... 6-2
Figure 6-2. External connections for the 3U chassis.............................................................................................................. 6-2
Figure 6-3. Input Mapping web page ..................................................................................................................................... 6-3
Figure 6-4. Output Mapping web page .................................................................................................................................. 6-4
Figure 6-5. Distance relay rear connections .......................................................................................................................... 6-4
Figure 6-6. AC Schematic for GARD 8000 Distance Protection ............................................................................................ 6-5
Figure 6-7. Distance Relay Inputs, schematic diagram.......................................................................................................... 6-6
Figure 6-8. Distance Relay Outputs, schematic diagram ....................................................................................................... 6-7
Figure 8-1. Trip Mask Enable and Element Enable (Stepped Distance) ................................................................................ 8-3
Figure 8-2. Trip Mask Enable and Element Enable (Directional Comparison Blocking)....................................................... 8-14
Figure 8-3. Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) Distance Relay Scheme..................................................................... 8-27
Figure 8-4. Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) Directional Overcurrent Scheme ........................................................ 8-28
Figure 9-1. MHO Phase-Ground Characteristic (I)................................................................................................................. 9-3
Figure 9-2. Mho Phase-Ground Characteristic (II) ................................................................................................................. 9-4
Figure 9-3. Phase-Phase Mho Characteristic (I).................................................................................................................... 9-5
Figure 9-4. Reactance Characteristic (I) ................................................................................................................................9-7
Figure 9-5. Reactance Characteristic (II) ............................................................................................................................... 9-8
Figure 9-6. Directional Unit .................................................................................................................................................... 9-9
Figure 9-7. Resistive Blinder................................................................................................................................................ 9-10
Figure 9-8. AG Distance Element Operational Logic ........................................................................................................... 9-12
Figure 9-9. AB Distance Element Operational Logic............................................................................................................ 9-13
Figure 9-10. Zone Logic....................................................................................................................................................... 9-15
Figure 9-11. Stepped Distance Logic................................................................................................................................... 9-15
Figure 9-12. Zone 1 Extension............................................................................................................................................. 9-16
Figure 9-13. Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip (PUTT) ................................................................................................. 9-17
Figure 9-14. PUTT ............................................................................................................................................................... 9-18
Figure 9-15. Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) ............................................................................................................................... 9-19
Figure 9-16. Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT) ................................................................................................... 9-19
Figure 9-17. Permissive Overreach ..................................................................................................................................... 9-20
Figure 9-18. Directional Comparison Blocking With Directional Carrier TX ......................................................................... 9-21
Figure 9-19. Directional Comparison Blocking..................................................................................................................... 9-22
Figure 9-20. Directional Comparison Unblocking................................................................................................................. 9-23
Figure 9-21. Directional Comparison Unblocking Diagram .................................................................................................. 9-24
Figure 9-22. Transient Block Logic ...................................................................................................................................... 9-25
Figure 9-23. Transient Block Logic ...................................................................................................................................... 9-25
Figure 9-24. Transient Block Logic Diagram........................................................................................................................ 9-25
Figure 9-25. Weak Infeed Logic........................................................................................................................................... 9-27
Figure 9-26. Phase selector................................................................................................................................................. 9-28
Figure 9-27. Loss-of-Potential Block .................................................................................................................................... 9-29
Figure 9-28. Open Pole Logic with Individual 52b Inputs ..................................................................................................... 9-30
Figure 9-29. Open Pole Logic with One Common 52b Input................................................................................................ 9-31
Figure 9-30. Close-Into-Fault Block Diagram....................................................................................................................... 9-32
Figure 9-31. Load Encroachment Characteristic.................................................................................................................. 9-33
Figure 9-32. Power swing Unit............................................................................................................................................. 9-34
Figure 9-33. Open breaker detector..................................................................................................................................... 9-36
Figure 9-34. Minimum Operating Time for time overcurrent curve....................................................................................... 9-39
Figure 9-35. Minimum Operating Time when set Fixed Time exceeds curve time delay at 1.5 x pick-up............................ 9-39
Figure 9-36. ANSI Moderately Inverse................................................................................................................................. 9-40
Figure 9-37. ANSI Inverse ................................................................................................................................................... 9-41
Figure 9-38. ANSI Very Inverse ........................................................................................................................................... 9-42
Figure 9-39. ANSI Extremely Inverse................................................................................................................................... 9-43
Figure 9-40. ANSI Short time............................................................................................................................................... 9-44
Figure 9-41. Inverse (IEC) ................................................................................................................................................... 9-45
Figure 9-42. IEC Very Inverse ............................................................................................................................................. 9-46
Figure 9-43. IEC Extremely Inverse ..................................................................................................................................... 9-47
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GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
Figure 9-44. IEC Long Inverse............................................................................................................................................. 9-48
Figure 9-45. IEC short inverse ............................................................................................................................................. 9-49
Figure 9-46. IEEE Moderately Inverse ................................................................................................................................. 9-50
Figure 9-47. IEEE Very Inverse ........................................................................................................................................... 9-51
Figure 9-48. IEEE Extremely Inverse................................................................................................................................... 9-52
Figure 9-49. RI Inverse ........................................................................................................................................................ 9-53
Figure 9-50. Vector diagram for the phase directional unit .................................................................................................. 9-56
Figure 9-51. Application example ........................................................................................................................................ 9-57
Figure 9-52. Ground directional characteristic with voltage polarization .............................................................................. 9-58
Figure 9-53. Zero Sequence Network for a Forward Fault................................................................................................... 9-59
Figure 9-54. Negative Sequence Network for a Forward Fault ............................................................................................ 9-60
Figure 9-55. Directional Overcurrent DCB Scheme ............................................................................................................ 9-62
Figure 9-56. Stub Bus Protection......................................................................................................................................... 9-62
Figure 9-57. Thermal time constant ..................................................................................................................................... 9-64
Figure 9-58. Thermal image characteristic time curves ....................................................................................................... 9-64
Figure 9-59. Block Diagram for Phase Undervoltage units .................................................................................................. 9-66
Figure 9-60. Block Diagram for Phase Overvoltage units .................................................................................................... 9-67
Figure 9-61. Rate of change of frequency............................................................................................................................ 9-69
Figure 9-62. Breaker Failure Relay...................................................................................................................................... 9-71
Figure 9-63. Synchro and Energizing Check Logic .............................................................................................................. 9-74
Figure 9-64. Pole Discordance Logic .................................................................................................................................. 9-74
Figure 9-65. Distance Module Trip Logic ............................................................................................................................. 9-75
Figure 9-66. Reclose Initiate Logic ...................................................................................................................................... 9-77
Figure 9-67. Reclosing Mode............................................................................................................................................... 9-78
Figure 9-68. Recloser lock-out operation ............................................................................................................................. 9-79
Figure 9-69. Recloser lock-out operation ............................................................................................................................. 9-80
Figure 10-1. Distance Measured Values.............................................................................................................................. 10-1
Figure 10-2. Distance Metering............................................................................................................................................ 10-2
Figure 10-3. Distance Protection Unit Status ....................................................................................................................... 10-3
Figure 10-4. Distance Recloser Status ................................................................................................................................ 10-4
Figure 10-5. Distance Status at last trip ............................................................................................................................... 10-5
Figure 10-6. Distance SOE screen ...................................................................................................................................... 10-6
Figure 10-7. Distance SOE detail screen............................................................................................................................. 10-7
Figure 10-8. Distance Fault Record ..................................................................................................................................... 10-8
Figure 10-9. Distance Fault Record Details (Part 1 of 3) ..................................................................................................... 10-9
Figure 12-1. GARD 8000 Controller Module (Commissioning, Distance Relay) .................................................................. 12-2
Figure 12-2. AC Schematic for GARD Distance Protection ................................................................................................. 12-4
Figure 12-3. Distance Relay I/O connections (Commissioning)........................................................................................... 12-5
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GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
List of Tables
Table 9-1. MHO Characteristic .............................................................................................................................................. 9-2
Table 9-2. MHO Characteristic Table Definitions................................................................................................................... 9-2
Table 9-3. MHO Phase-Ground Characteristic Definitions..................................................................................................... 9-4
Table 9-4. Phase-Phase Mho Characteristic Definitions........................................................................................................ 9-5
Table 9-5. Quadrilateral Characteristics................................................................................................................................. 9-6
Table 9-6. Quadrilateral Characteristics Definitions............................................................................................................... 9-6
Table 9-7. Directional Unit ..................................................................................................................................................... 9-9
Table 9-8. Directional Unit Definitions.................................................................................................................................... 9-9
Table 9-9. Resistive Limiter Characteristic........................................................................................................................... 9-11
Table 9-10. Resistive Limiter Characteristic Definitions ....................................................................................................... 9-11
Table 9-11. Supervision Elements ....................................................................................................................................... 9-14
Table 9-12. Supervision Elements Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 9-14
Table 9-13. Phase Directional Measurement....................................................................................................................... 9-55
Table 9-14. Phase Directional Element................................................................................................................................9-56
Table 9-15. Directional Ground Element.............................................................................................................................. 9-58
Table 9-16. Directional Ground Element (Current Element) ................................................................................................ 9-59
Table 9-17. Directional Negative Sequence Element .......................................................................................................... 9-60
Table 9-18. Angular Compensation ..................................................................................................................................... 9-72
Table 10-1. Oscillographic Record..................................................................................................................................... 10-12
Related Documentation
RFL can provide the end user with a GARD 8000 System Emulator on a separate CD; this is not
provided with the documentation package.
The GARD 8000 System Emulator can be downloaded from the RFL website; www.rflelect.com or
alternately ordered from:
RFL Electronics Inc.
353 Powerville Road
Boonton, NJ 07005-9151
USA
Tel – 973.334.3100
Fax – 973.334.3863
Sales: [e-mail]
Customer Service: [e-mail]
When this CD is installed on your PC it will simulate a complete GARD 8000 System. Installation
and operation instructions are included on the CD.
April 1, 2010 vii 973.334.3100

GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
Customer Resource Center
The RFL Electronics Inc. "On-line Customer Resource Center" has been created to provide customers
with "real-time" information necessary to keep RFL equipment operating optimally. The Resource
Center contains Application Notes, Service Notices, Product Bulletins, Software Downloads, Software
Upgrades, Technical Product Manuals and Sales Brochures, in a convenient and easy-to-use location
on our web site. The Resource Center will be updated regularly, so the latest information is always at
your fingertips. Registration is free, easy, and ensures your access to the Resource Center at any time.
To register please use the link provided on this page.
Once registered at the "Customer Resource Center", RFL will automatically notify you via e-mail
when new products are released, or when downloadable documents are available for the categories you
have selected. RFL will alert you with important Service Notices that could improve the performance
of your product or make you aware of special considerations when applying RFL products in certain
applications.
RFL Members Area
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GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
WARNING LABELS AND SAFETY SUMMARY
Because the Distance Relay Module is always installed in a GARD System Chassis the following
safety instructions are included here for added protection.
TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK
PROPER CAUTION MUST BE EXERCISED WHEN SERVICING THIS EQUIPMENT
ALL TERMINALS ON THE REAR OF THIS UNIT MAY HAVE HIGH VOLTAGE
CAUTION
!
3U GARD Unit shown, position of
labels on 6U unit similar
CAUTION
FOR YOUR SAFETY
THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF THIS EQUIPMENT
SHOULD ONLY BE PERFORMED BY
QUALIFIED PERSONS ONLY.
!
38-150/200-300 VDC
3 AMPS 220 W MAX.
!
RS-499 X.21 V.35
POWER SUPPLY 1 POWER SUPPLY 2
MAJOR MINOR
SW1 SW2
10 10
Chassis Protective
Earth Terminal
The equipment in the GARD System contains high voltage. Exercise
due care during operation and servicing. Read the safety summary
on the following page.
!
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GARD 8000 Distance Relay RFL Electronics Inc.
SAFETY SUMMARY
The following safety precautions must be observed at all times during operation,
service, and repair of this equipment. Failure to comply with these precautions, or
with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual, violates safety standards of design,
manufacture, and intended use of this product. RFL Electronics Inc. assumes no
liability for failure to comply with these requirements.
GROUND THE CHASSIS
The chassis must be grounded to reduce shock
hazard and allow the equipment to perform
properly. Equipment supplied with three-wire ac
power cables must be plugged into an approved
three-contact electric outlet. All other equipment
is provided with a rear-panel protective earth
terminal, which must be connected to a proper
electrical ground by suitable cabling. Refer to the
wiring diagram for the chassis or cabinet for the
location of the protective earth terminal.
DO NOT OPERATE IN AN
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE
OR IN WET OR DAMP AREAS
Do not operate the product in the presence of
flammable gases or fumes, or in any area that is
wet or damp. Operating any electrical equipment
under these conditions can result in a definite
safety hazard.
KEEP AWAY FROM
LIVE CIRCUITS
Operating personnel should never remove
covers. Component replacement and internal
adjustments must be done by qualified service
personnel. Before attempting any work inside
the product, disconnect it from the power
source and discharge the circuit by
temporarily grounding it. This will remove any
dangerous voltages that may still be present after
power is removed.
DO NOT SUBSTITUTE PARTS
OR MODIFY EQUIPMENT
Because of the danger of introducing additional
hazards, do not install substitute parts or make
unauthorized modifications to the equipment. The
product may be returned to RFL for service and
repair, to ensure that all safety features are
maintained.
READ THE MANUAL
Operators should read this manual before
attempting to use the equipment, to learn how to
use it properly and safely. Service personnel must
be properly trained and have the proper tools and
equipment before attempting to make adjustments
or repairs.
Service personnel must recognize that whenever
work is being done on the product, there is a
potential electrical shock hazard and appropriate
protection measures must be taken. Electrical
shock can result in serious injury, because it can
cause unconsciousness, cardiac arrest, and brain
damage.
Throughout this manual, warnings appear before
procedures that are potentially dangerous, and
cautions appear before procedures that may result
in equipment damage if not performed properly.
The instructions contained in these warnings and
cautions must be followed exactly.
!
Notice:
The use of ungrounded instruments such as hand held voltmeters has been shown to generate Electro-
Static Discharge. Care should be taken when using such devices on test points internal to RFL
equipment. Specifically, the use of probes manufactured under the Pomona brand is not recommended.
Notice:
RFL products are not designed for safety critical direct control of nuclear reactors and should not be
used as such.
April 1, 2010 x 973.334.3100