Schäfter+Kirchhoff SK22368GTOC-LA User manual

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Schäfter + Kirchhoff © 2014 • Line Scan Camera SK22368GTOC-LA Manual (11.2014) • shared_Titel_BG2-BG3_GigE+V.indd (11.2014)
SK22368GTOC-LA
Color Line Scan Camera
3x 7456 pixels, 4.7 µm x 4.7 µm, 120 / 60 MHz pixel frequency
Instruction Manual
11.2014
Sample Configuration
1 CCD line scan camera
SK22368GTOC-LA
mounted with
2Mounting bracket SK5105-L
3 Focus adapter FA22R-45
(two-piece, rotation angle adjustable)
4 Enlarging lens APO-Rodagon N 4.0/80
Read the manual carefully before the initial start-up. For the content table refer to page 3.
The producer reserves the right to change the herein described specifications in case of technical advance of the product.
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2
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2 SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014) © 2014 Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
How to Use this Instruction Manual
Electricity Warning
Assembly and initial operation of the line scan camera must be carried out
under dry conditions.
Do not operate the camera if you notice any condensation or moisture to
avoid danger of short circuit or static discharge!
Risk of High Power Lighting
According to the application laser or high power LED light sources might be
used. These can affect your eyesight temporarily or even cause permanent da-
mage to the eyes or skin.
Do not look directly into the light beam!
Mechanical Warning
Ensure that the scanner axis is free to move and that no obstacles are in the way
– especially fingers!
Do not place any body parts in the clearance outline of moving parts!
For typical use in a scanning application, please consider the following
warnings:
Safety Warnings
Please read the following sections of this Instruction Manual before unpacking,
assembly or use of the Line Camera System:
• The safety warnings on this page
• Introduction to the system, page 4
• Assembly and initial setup, page 7
Keep this Instruction Manual in a safe place for future reference.
!

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SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014)
© 2014
Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
How to Use this Instruction Manual................................................................................. 2
Safety Warnings .............................................................................................................. 2
Contents ......................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introducing the SK22368GTOC-LA Line Scan Camera................................................ 4
1.1 Intended Purpose and Overview ................................................................................................ 4
1.2 System Setup at a Glance ......................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Computer System Requirements ............................................................................................... 6
1.4 SK22368GTOC-LA Line Scan Camera - Specifications ............................................................ 6
2 Installation and Setup ................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Mechanical Installation: Mounting Options and Dimensions ..................................................... 7
2.2 Electrical Installation: Connections and I/O Signals .................................................................. 8
2.3 GigE Connections and Software Installation ............................................................................. 9
SK91GigE-WIN Installation 9
Network Driver Installation 9
SkLineScan Start-up 10
Initial Function Test 10
Camera Setup 10
3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan.................................................................... 11
3.1 Software: SkLineScan .............................................................................................................. 11
Function Overview: SkLineScan Toolbar 11
Basic Visualization of the Sensor Output 12
3.2 Adjustments for Optimum Scan Results .................................................................................. 13
Lens Focussing 13
Sensor Alignment 14
Gain/Offset Control Dialog 14
Shading Correction 15
White Balance for Color Line Scan Cameras 16
Integration Time 18
Synchronization of the Imaging Procedure and the Object Scan Velocity 19
RGB Sensors: 2D Imaging and Pixel Allocation 21
4 Advanced SkLineScan Software Functions ................................................................ 22
4.1 Camera Control by Commands ............................................................................................... 22
Set Commands 23
Request Commands 23
4.2 Advanced Synchronization Control .......................................................................................... 24
Advanced Trigger Functions and Sync Control Register Settings 24
Example Timing Diagrams of Advanced Synchronization Control 25
5. Sensor Information................................................................................................... 26
Features 26
RGB filter arrangement 26
Typical Spectral Response 26
Optical/Electrical Characteristics 27
Circuit Diagram 28
Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 30
CE-Conformity............................................................................................................... 31
Warranty........................................................................................................................ 31
Accessories and Spare Parts......................................................................................... 32
Contents

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1. Introducing the SK22368GTOC-LA Line Scan Camera
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014) © 2014 Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
The SK line scan camera series is designed for both wide
range of vision and inspection applications in industrial
and scientific environments. The SK22368GTOC-LA, a
camera of the GigE series, uses the Gigabit Ethernet
communication protocol, enabling fast image transfer
using low cost standard cables up to distances of 100 m.
The Gigabit Ethernet interface makes the line scan
cameras highly scalable to faster Ethernet speeds,
distinguishing them with high performance and total
flexibility.
All of the GigE cameras from Schäfter+Kirchhoff are
externally synchronizable and no grabber board is
needed as signal preprocessing is performed inside the
camera and does not impinge on CPU use.
Additional features include:
• customer-specific I/O signals in addition to the video
signal
• special preprocessing algorithms can be imple-
mented in the camera
• consistent attribution of camera IDs in multi-camera
operations
• SDK from Schäfter+Kirchhoff with the SkLineScan
operating program, libraries and examples.
The camera can be connected to a computer either via
the GigE socket directly or through a Gigabit Ethernet
switch.
Once the camera driver and the SkLineScan® program
have been loaded from the SK91GigE-WIN CD then the
camera can be parameterized. Parameters such as
integration time, synchronization mode or shading
correction are permanently stored in the camera even
after a power down or disconnection from the PC.
The oscilloscope display in the SkLineScan® program
can be used to adjust the focus and aperture settings, for
evaluating field flattening of the lens and for orientation
of the illumination and the sensor, see 3.1 Software:
SkLineScan, p. 11.
1. Introducing the SK22368GTOC-LA Line Scan Camera
1.1 Intended Purpose and Overview
Application:
Parallel
acquisition
using a
GigE switch
PC or
Notebook
with GigE
GigE inter face for transmission
of video and control data over
distances up to 100 m
4
4
2
21
1
3
5
CCD line scan camera
2 Power supply
3 Illumination
Software, SDKs and eBus
driver
GigE switch
14
5
Features
Shading correction X
Thresholding X
Window function (ROI) X
External synchronization X
Extra I/O signals X
User managed buffer queue X
Sequence acquisition X
Large image acquisition X
Multi-camera operation X, with xed camera ID
Data cable length 100 m
Windows SK91GigE-WIN SDK
LabVIEW SK91GigE-LV VI Library
Advanced
preprocessing
Fixed camera
IDs for multi-
camera systems

Line scan camera
Clamping claw
Mounting bracket
Optics (e. g. lens,
focus adapter, tube
extension ring)
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1. Introducing the SK22368GTOC-LA Line Scan Camera
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014)
© 2014
Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
1.2 System Setup at a Glance
red: SK22368GTOC-LA scope of delivery
blue: accessories for minimum system configuration
black: optional accessories
For accessory order details see Accessories and Spare
Parts, p. 32.
Motion unit
with
encoder
Synchronization cable
Power supply cable
Gigabit Ethernet cable
Computer
Power supply
unit
Schäfter + Kirchhoff
GigE camera driver
Schäfter + Kirchhoff
Software Development Kit
Schäfter + Kirchhoff
VI library for LabVIEW®

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1. Introducing the Line Scan Camera with Gig E Vision Interface
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014) © 2014 Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
PC:
• Intel Pentium Dual Core or AMD equivalent
• RAM min. 4 GB, depending on size of acquired
images
• High-performance video card, PCIe bus
• Operating System Windows 7 (64- or 32-bit))
• CD/DVD drive for software installation.
Network Adapter:
• Any Gigabit Ethernet network adapter as a card or
on the motherboard is suitable. For the best perfor-
mance, a network interface with Intel PRO/1000 chip
is recommended.
• PCIe adapters outperform PCI adapters.
• Network adapters that support Jumbo Frames
outperform adapters with fixed packet-size frames.
1.3 Computer System Requirements
1.4 SK22368GTOC-LA Line Scan Camera - Specifications
1. Introducing the Line Scan Camera with Gig E Vision Interface
Sensor category CCD Color Sensor
Sensor type TCD2716DG
Pixel number 3x 7456
Pixel size (width x height) 4.7 x 4.7 µm2
Pixel spacing 4.7 µm
Line spacing (RGB) 18.8 µm
Active sensor length 35.04 mm
Anti-blooming -
Integration control -
Shading correction x
Line synchronization modes Line Sync. Line Start. Exposure Start
Frame synchronization x
Pixel frequency 120 / 60 MHz
Maximum line frequency 5.13 kHz
Integration time 0.195 ... 20 ms
Dynamic range 1:1000 (rms)
Spectral range 350 ... 700 nm
Video signal color 3*8 Bit digital
Interface GigaBit Ethernet
Voltage +5V, +15V
Power consumption 5.5W = 5V*850mA + 15V*80mA
Casing 65 x 65 x 72.4 mm³ (Case type BG3)
Objective mount M45x0.75
Flange focal length 19.5 m m
Weight 0.3 kg
Operating temperature +5 ... +45°C

66
10 10
36
M3 Ø3.3
6
50.3
41.7
Ø 47.5
50
20
16.5
3.5
6.5
Ø4.3
15 M4
1/4’’ 20G
40
63
70
6
36
Ø 47.5
70
3.5 31.5
25
10
3.5
70
63
40
1/4’’20G
M4
Ø4.3
65
72.4
2.5 6
425.1
FFL
Ø65
Ø47.5
50/M3/4x90°
12.7
Pixel 1
M3 (4x)
depth 6.5 mm
65
M45x0.75
58
41.7
BG3 Lens mount: M45x0.75
Seat for bracket: Ø47.5 mm
Flange focal length: FFL = 19.5 mm
CCD-Sensor
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2 Installation and Setup
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014)
© 2014
Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
2 Installation and Setup
2.1 Mechanical Installation: Mounting Options and Dimensions
Casing type BG3
Mounting bracket SK5105-L
Mounting system SK5105-2L
for cameras with a tube
extension > 52 mm
Clamping set SK5101
Set of 4 pcs. clamping claws
incl. screws
Mounting Options
• The best fixing point of the camera is the seat for
the mounting bracket SK5105-L, which is available
as an accessory.
• Four threaded holes M3 x 6.5 mm provide further
options for customized brackets.
• The length and weight of the optics might be beyond
the capability of the standard mounting bracket
SK5105-L. For this purpose, a second mounting
bracket type SK5105-2L to hold the tube extension
ring(s) is more appropriate.
Optics Handling
• If the camera and the optics are ordered as a kit,
the components are pre-assembled and shipped
as one unit. Keep the protective cap on the lens
until the mechanical installation is finished.
• If you have to handle with open sensor or lens
surfaces, make sure the environment is as dust free
as possible.
• Blow off loose particles using clean compressed air.
• The sensor and lens surfaces can be cleaned with
a soft tissue moistened with water or a water-based
glass cleaner.
Hex socket head screw
DIN 912–M3x12
Clamping claw

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2 Installation and Setup
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014) © 2014 Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
2.2 Electrical Installation: Connections and I/O Signals
External Synchronization Cable SK9024.x
Use this cable to feed external synchronization
signals into socket 2.
Connectors:
Hirose plug HR10A, female 12 pin (camera side)
Phoenix 6 pin connector incl. terminal block (for
synchronization signals)
Length 3 m or 5 m. Other lengths on request.
Power Cable SK9015.x
Use this cable to feed external supply voltage into socket 1.
Connectors:
Hirose plug HR10A, female 6 pin (camera side)
Lumberg SV60, male 6-pin connector (for supply voltage)
Length 1.5 m (standard) or 0.2 m
Network Cable CAT6.x
For connecting socket 3 with the PC Ethernet
interface. Both ends with RJ45 connectors.
Power Supply Unit PS051515
Input: 100-240 VAC, 0.8 A, 50/60 Hz, IEC 320 C14 coupler
(for IEC C13 power cord)
Output: +5V DC, 2.5 A / +15 V DC, 0.5 A / -15 V DC, 0.3 A
Cable length 1 m, with Lumberg connector KV60,
female 6-pin
(for power cable SK9015.x or SK9016.x)
• For the SK22368GTOC-LA line scan camera data transfer and camera control is
provded by the Gigabit Ethernet interface 3. Use a CAT6 twisted-pair cable to
connect the camera with a PC. The maximum cable length is 100 m.
• The operating power has to be supplied by an external source into socket 1
• If you want to operate the camera in FREE RUN trigger mode, the connection is
completed with the CAT6 Ethernet cable and the connection to an external power supply.
• For any kind of synchronized operation the external trigger signal(s) have to be wired to socket 2 in addition.
A frame synchronization signal and two separate line synchronization signals can be handled. The various
trigger modes are particularly described in section Synchronization of the Imaging Procedure and the Object
Scan Velocity, p. 19
1Power +5V, +15V Hirose series 10A, male 6-pin
Pin Signal Pin Signal
1+15 V 4+5 V
2+15 V 5GND
3+5 V 6GND
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
2
1
3
4
5
6
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112 2
1
3
4
5
6
Pin Signal
1GND
8FrameSync IN
10 LineSync A IN
6LineSync B IN
2I/O Connector Hirose series 10A, male 12-pin
TTL_Inx Specification Max. input frequency 16.5 Mhz
Input voltage,
absolute max. range
min -0.5 V
max 7.0 V
Input voltage max. low 0.99 V
Input voltage min. high 2.31 V
Input current 10 µA
2 Installation and Setup
3Data
RJ45 con nector for Gigabit Ethernet cable
Status indicators
Network connection speed Network activity
off no connection,
10 Mbyte/s connection, or
100 Mbyte/s connection
on 1 Gbyte/s connection
off no connection
on connected
ash
light
data is being
transmitted or
received
Accessories (see also Accessories and Spare Parts, p. 32):
Carry out the
software installation
prior to connecting
the network cable.
(see section 2.3 )
!

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2 Installation and Setup
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014)
© 2014
Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
2.3 GigE Connections and Software Installation
SK91GigE-WIN Installation
Power on the PC (not the camera) and insert the SK91GigE-WIN CD to the disk drive.
The autostart function will launch the setup program automatically. If it is deactivated, start the setup.exe in the root
folder of the CD manually. Basically the Schäfter + Kirchhoff SkLineScan-GigE camera control and adjustment tool
as well as the Pleora Network Driver Installation Tool will be installed.
Network Driver Installation
High Performance Driver for Intel PRO/1000 Chip
• If the line scan camera is connected to a network interface card (NIC) with Intel PRO/1000 chip, then
install the "High Performance IP Device Driver". This is the recommended system configuration for
optimum performance.
Open the program menue A and start the network driver
installation manually:
• For 64-bit operating systems choose
“Driver Installation x64".
• For 32-bit systems (Windows 7 32-bit, XP) use
“Driver Installation x86”.
The eBUS driver installation tool window B will show up
to list the available network adapters and the currently
installed network drivers in the system.
B
Plug in the CAT6 network cable to the camera and switch on the power supply. Then restart the system and check
the driver installation with the driver installation tool C.
C
The High-Performance driver is installed, further network adjustments are not required.
2 Installation and Setup
This section is a quick reference for installing the SK91GigE-WIN software package and to set up the Gigabit
Ethernet network adapter. For detailed information see the SK91GigE-WIN manual.
Step 3: Plug in the CAT6 network cable to the
camera and switch on the power supply.
Step 4: Check the network connection.
Step 5: Start the SkLineScan program.
Step 1: Install Sk91GigE-WIN from CD
Step 2: If the Gigabit network interface controller
(NIC) has an INTEL PRO/1000 chip then
install the High Performance Driver
Starting camera eBUS driver installation tool
A

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2 Installation and Setup
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014) © 2014 Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
Standard GigE Network Adapters
• For non-Intel PRO/1000 network adapters
install the driver recommended by the
manufacturer.
!This kind of GigE network adapters do
require additional setup. These settings
should be optimized during installation in
the Advanced Properties tab D of the
Network Adapter:
Jumbo frames = 9014 Bytes
Receive Descriptors (Empfangsdescriptors) = 2048
Interrupt Moderation Rate (Interrupt-Drosselungsrate) = extreme
LAN adapters that do not work with the High Performance Driver must use a fixed IP address, e.g.
G cameras: 192.168.0.99, V cameras: 169.254.0.99
D
SkLineScan Start-up
• Start SkLineScan. A start-up dialog box pops up and displays the
connected cameras that have been automatically detected.
Initial Function Test
• Quit the SkLineScan startup dialog box.
• Select "OK" in the SkLineScan start-up
dialog.
The oscilloscope display showing the current
brightness versus the pixel number indicates
the correct installation.
Camera Setup
Use the Setup dialog for
• activating/deactivating a
connected GigE camera
(activated device is
ticked)
• changing the IP address
• changing the pixel
frequency
• setting the bit depth of
the video signal to 8, 10, or 12-bit.
The MAC addresses are displayed for identification of each camera with the defined CamID (0, 1, …). This is
useful when several cameras with the same name are connected.
SkLineScan Setup dialog

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3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014)
© 2014
Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan
Function Overview: SkLineScan Toolbar
New line scan. All open "Signal window" windows will be closed. [F2]
"Camera Control" dialog for parameter settings: integration time, line frequency, synchronization
mode, thresholding
Zooming in and out
New line scan. "Area Scan" windows will be closed, "Signal window" windows will remain open. [F2]
Threshold mode in new binary signal window.
"Shading Correction" dialog to adjust the white balance [Alt + s]
"Gain/Offset Control" dialog, also commands input [Shif+F4]
New area scan
• For an in-depth guide on how to carry out imaging and how to work with the obtained data with the Schäfter
+ Kirchhoff software package, see the SK91GigE-WIN software manual.
• The most common functions of the line scan camera can be controlled by menue items and dialog boxes.
• Commands for comprehensive camera functionality can be entered in the "Camera Gain / Offset Control"
dialog.
Click on the desctop icon to start the SkLineScan
program.
The SkLineScan program recog nizes the connected line
scan cameras automatically. The identified cameras are
shown in the start-up dialog A, and the index order
corresponds with the individual MAC addresses of the
cameras.
If the SK22368GTOC-LA camera is identified correctly
confirm with "OK". The "Signal window" graphicaly
showing the intensity signals of the sensor pixels (oscil-
loscope display) will open. It is responsive in real-time,
and the zoom function can be used to highlight an area
of interest. The oscilloscope display is ideally suited for
parameterizing the camera, for evaluating object
illumination, for focussing the image or for aligning the
line scan camera correctly.
3.1 Software: SkLineScan
SkLineScan: Start-up dialog
A
SkLineScan: Toolbar

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3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014) © 2014 Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
Basic Visualization of the Sensor Output
Signal Window / Oscilloscope Display
The signal window plots the digitalized brightness profile as signal intensity (y-axis) versus the sensor length (x-axis)
at a high refresh rate. The scaling of the y-axis depends on the resolution of the A/D converter: The scale range is
from 0 to 255 for 8-bits and from 0 to 4095 for 12-bits. The scaling of the x-axis corresponds with the number of
pixels in the line sensor.
Line scan in oscilloscope display (brightness vs. pixel number)
Zoom Function
For high numbers of sensor pixels, the limited number of display pixels might be out of range, in which case the
zoom function can be used to visualize the brightness profile in detail. Magnification of one or several sections of
the signal allows individual pixels to be resolved for a detailed evaluation of the line scan signal.
Window Split Function B
The signal window can be split horizontally into two sections. Use the split handle at the top of the vertical scroll bar
and afterwards arrange the frames with the zoom buttons in the toolbar.
Split signal window. The upper frame shows a magnified section of the lower frame.
B

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3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014)
© 2014
Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
3.2 Adjustments for Optimum Scan Results
• Lens focussing
• Sensor alignment
• Gain/Offset
• Shading correction
• Integration time
• Synchronization of the sensor exposure and
the object surface velocity, trigger mode
options
Prior to a scan, the following adjustments and parameter settings should be considered for optimum scan
signals:
Start with the signal window / oscilloscope display. Any changes in the optical system or camera parameters
are displayed in real-time when using an open dialog box.
Lens Focussing
To focus a line scan camera, the variations in edge steepness at dark/bright transitions and the modulation of the
line scan signal are desisive.
• Adjust the focus using a fully opened aperture to restrict the depth of field and to amplify the effects of focus
adjustments.
• A fully open aperture might cause a too high a signal amplitude, in which case the integration time should be
shortened, as described in Integration Time, p. 18.
Out of focus: edges are indistinct, signal peaks
blurred with low density modulation
Optimum focus: dark-bright transitions are sharp
edged, highly modulated signal peaks with high
frequency density variations
3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan

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3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014) © 2014 Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
Sensor Alignment
If you are operating with a linear illumination source, check the alignment of the illumination source and the sensor
prior to a shading correction, as rotating the line sensor results in asymmetric vignetting.
Sensor and optics rotated in apposition Sensor and optics aligned
Gain/Offset Control Dialog
Cameras are shipped prealigned with gain/offset factory settings. Open the "Gain/Offset Control" dialog [Shift+F4]
to re-adjust or customize settings.
Gain/Offset Control dialog
The gain/offset dialog contains up to 6 sliders for altering gain and offset. The number of active sliders depends on
the individual number of adjustable gain/offset channels of the camera.
The 'Camera Control' frame on the right is used for commands and advanced software functions. (4.1 Camera
Control by Commands, p. 23)
2. Adjust channel 1 gain
and minimize difference
between channels
using Gain slider
1. Adjust channel 1 zero
level and minimize diffe-
rence between channels
using Offset slider
Offset and gain adjustment for more than one gain/offset channel
Adjustment principle
1. Offset
To adjust the zero baseline of the video signal, totally
block the incident light and enter "00" (volts) for channel 1.
For a two- or multi-channel sensor minimize any diffe-
rences between the channels by adjusting the other
Offset sliders.
A slight signal noise should be visible in the zero baseline.
2. Gain
Illuminate the sensor with a slight overexposure in order
to identify the maximum clipping. Use the Gain slider "1"
to adjust the maximum output voltage.
For a two- or multi-channel sensor minimize any diffe-
rences between the channels by adjusting the other Gain
sliders.
For the full 8-bit resolution of the camera, the maximum
output voltage is set to 255 and for 12-bit is set to 4095.

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3. Camera Control and Performing a Scan
SK22368GTOC-LA Instruction Manual (11.2014)
© 2014
Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH • Hamburg
• Use a homogeneous white object to acquire the
reference data, e.g. a white sheet of paper.
• Either take a 2-dimesional scan ("Area Scan
Function" [F3] ) or
use a single line signal that was averaged over a
number of single line scans.
• To suppress any influence of the surface structure,
move the imaged object during the image acqui-
sition.
• Input the scale range:
Minimum in %: intensity values lower than
“Minimum” will not be changed.
A typical appropriate value is 10% of the full
intensity range, i.e. 26 (= 10% · 255) for an 8-bit
intensity scale.
Maximum in %: target value for scaling
A typical appropriate value is 90% of the full
intensity range. The result will be a homogeneous
line at 230 (= 90% · 255) for an 8-bit intensity scale.
• Click on button New Reference
• Click on Save SCM to Flash to save the SCM
reference signal in the flash memory of the camera
Once the reference signal is copied from the shading
correction memory (SCM) to the camera flash
memory it will persist even after a power down.
On a re-start, this data will be restored from the flash
memory back to the SCM.
The current shading correction status - active or not
active - is also retained on power down.
ON Activate Shading Correction with the reference
signal which is stored in the SCM.
OFF Switch off Shading Correction. The Shading
Correction is not retained in camera flash
memory at the next start – even if the SCM data
has already been saved into the flash memory
previously.
Load File to SCM A stored reference signal will
be loaded in the SCM of the camera. If the load
process completes then the Shading Correction
is active.
Shading Correction
Shading Correction compensates for non-uniform illumination, lens vignetting as well as any differences in pixel
sensitivity. The signal from a white homogeneous background is obtained and used as a reference to correct each
pixel of the sensor with an individual factor, scaled up to the intensity maximum (255 at 8-bit resolution and 4095 at
12-bit) to provide a flat signal. The reference signal is stored in the Shading Correction Memory (SCM) of the camera
and subsequent scans are normalized using the scale factors from this white reference.
• Open the "Shading Correction" dialog (Alt+s).
Shading Correction dialog
After shading correction, the line scan signal has a homogeneous intensity at 255
(8 bit, Maximum 100%)

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Shading Correction Memories and API Functions
As an alternative to the user dialog, a new shading correction reference signal can also be created by using appli-
cation programming interface (API) functions. The relationshhip between the storage locations and the related API
functions are shown in the diagram below. The API functions are included in the SK91GigE-WIN software package.
See the SK91GigE-WIN manual for details.
Structure of the shading correction memories and the related API functions for memory handling
White Balance for Color Line Scan Cameras
This paragraph describes how to adjust the white balance for a color line scan camera. This includes an alternative
shading correction method (See Shading Correction, p. 13, for comparison.) A correct white balance ensures a
natural color reading.
Step 1: Gain Adjustment
• Use a homogeneous white object, e.g. a white sheet of paper, to acquire RGB line signals.
Color line signal with separated RGB curves
• Open the "Gain/Offset Control" dialog. Use the gain sliders to adjust all three curves to the same level. Some
camera models provide two gain/offset channels - thus two sliders - per color.

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Step 2: Correction of natural lens vignetting
• Open the "Shading Correction" dialog (Alt+s). Enter the parameters focal length (FL), sensor length (SL) and
field of view (FOV) according to your setup in the middle frame. The implemented algorithm will compensate the
natural lens vignetting.
Parameters for correction of natural lens vignetting:
FL= Focal Length of the lens in mm
SL= Sensor Length in mm
FOV= Field Of View in mm
Color line signal with separated RGB curves after using white balance for shading correction

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Integration Time
The range of intensity distribution of the line scan signal
is affected by the illumination intensity, the aperture
setting and the camera integration time. Conversely, the
aperture setting influences the depth of field as well as
the overall quality of the image and the perceived illumi-
nation intensity.
The line scan signal is optimum when the signal from the
brightest region of the object corresponds to 95% of the
maximum gain. Full use of the digitalization depth (256 at
8-bit, 4096 at 12-bit) provides an optimum signal sensi-
tivity and avoids over-exposure (and blooming).
A camera signal exhibiting insufficient gain: the
integration time is too short as only about 50%
of the B/W gray scale is used.
Optimized gain of the camera signal after incre-
asing the integration time, by a factor of 4, to
95% of the available scale.
• Open the "Camera Control" dialog.
GigE Camera Control dialog
• The integration time can be set by two vertical sliders
or two input fields in the section "Integration time" of
this dialog. The left slider is for a corser the right for
finer adjustments.
• The current line frequency is displayed in the Line
Frequency status field.
• The adjustment of the integration time in the range of
Integration Control (shutter) with an integration time
shorter than the minimum exposure period does not
change the line frequency. This will be held at
maximum.
• The 'Default' button sets the integration time to the
minimum exposure period in respective of the
maximum line frequency.
• 'Reset' restores the start values.
• 'Cancel' closes the dialog without changes.
• 'OK' stores the integration time values and closes the
dialog.
• For synchronization settings see Synchronization of
the Imaging Procedure and the Object Scan
Velocity, p. 19.

FOV
S
V0
Pixel #1
Pixel #1
WP/ ß
CCD Sensor
Scan Object
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The optimum object scan velocity is calculated from:
WP·fL
VO =
ß
If the velocity of the object carrier is not adjustable
then the line frequency of the camera must be adjusted
to provide an image with the correct aspect ratio,
where:
VO·ß
fL =
WP
VO = object scan velocity
WP = pixel width
fL = line frequency
S = sensor length
FOV = field of view
ß = magnification
= S / FOV
Synchronization of the Imaging Procedure and the Object Scan Velocity
• A two-dimensional image is generated by moving either the object or the camera. The direction of the translation
movement must be orthogonal to the sensor axis of the CCD line scan camera.
• To obtain a proportional image with the correct aspect ratio, a line synchronous transport with the laterally
correct pixel assignment is required. The line frequency and the constant object velocity have to be adapted to
each other.
• In cases of a variable object velocity or for particular high accuracy requirements then an external synchroni-
zation is necessary. The various trigger modes are described below.
The optimum object scan velocity is calculated from:
WP·fL
VO =
ß
If the velocity of the object carrier is not adjustable
then the line frequency of the camera must be adjusted
to provide an image with the correct aspect ratio,
where:
VO·ß
fL =
WP
VO = object scan velocity
WP = pixel width
fL = line frequency
S = sensor length
FOV = field of view
ß = magnification
= S / FOV
Example 1:
Calculating the object scan velocity for a given field of view and line frequency:
Pixel width = 4.7 µm
Line frequency = 5.13 kHz
S = 35.04 mm
FOV = 60 mm
4.7 µm · 5.13 kHz
VO =
(35.04 mm / 60 mm)
= 41 mm/s
Example 2:
Calculating the line frequency for a given field of view and object scan velocity:
Pixel width = 4.7 µm
Object scan velocity = 40 mm/s
S = 35.04 mm
FOV = 60 mm
40 mm/s · (35.04 mm / 60 mm)
fL =
4.7 µ m
= 5 kHz
3 Camera Control and Performing a Scan

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The synchronization mode determines the timing of the line scan. Synchronization can be either performed inter-
nally or triggered by an external source, e.g. an encoder signal.
The line scan camera can be externally triggered in two different ways:
1. Line-triggered synchronization:
Each single line scan is triggered by the falling edge of a TTL signal supplied to LINE SYNC A input.
The SK22368GTOC-LA line scan camera facilitates advanced synchronization control by a second
trigger input LINE SYNC B. For a detailed description see 4.2 Advanced Synchronization Control, p.
24
2. Frame-triggered synchronization:
A set of lines resulting in a 2-dimensional frame or image is triggered by the falling edge of a TTL signal
on FRAME SYNC input.
Schäfter + Kirchhoff differentiates several trigger modes
identified by a number, which can be selected in the control
dialog as appropriate.
• Open the 'Camera Control' dialog [F4] to configure the
synchronization. The trigger mode settings are available in
the middle frame.
• Frame- and line-triggered synchronization can be
combined. Tick the 'Frame Sync' box to activate the frame
synchronization mode.
• The Trigger Control stage is followed by a Trigger Divider
stage inside the camera. Enter the division ratio into the
'Divider' field.
Free Run / SK Mode 0
The acquisition of each line is internally synchronized (free-running) and the next scan is started automatically on
completition of the previous line scan. The line frequency is determined by the programmed value.
LineStart / SK Mode 1
Initiated by the external trigger and the currently exposed line will be read out at the next internal line clock. The start
and duration of exposure are controlled internally by the camera and are not affected by the trigger. The exposure
time is programmable and the trigger does not affect the integration time. The line frequency is determined by the
trigger clock frequency.
Restriction: The period of the trigger signal must be longer than the exposure time.
ExposureStart / SK Mode 4 (only available when camera supports integration control)
A new exposure is started exactly at the time of external triggering and the current exposure process will be inter-
rupted. The exposure time is determined by the programmed value. The exposed line will be read out with the next
external trigger. The trigger clock frequency determines the line frequency.
Restriction: The period of the trigger signal must be longer than the exposure time.
ExposureActive / SK extSOS (Mode 5)
The exposure time and the line frequency are controlled by the external trigger signal. This affects both the start of
a new exposure (start-of-scan pulse, SOS) and the reading out of the previously exposed line.
FrameTrigger / SK FrameSync
The frame trigger synchronizes the acquisition of a 2D
area scan. The individual line scans in this area scan can
be synchronized in any of the available line trigger modes.
The camera suppresses the data transfer until a falling
edge of a TTL signal occurs at the FRAME SYNC input.
The number of lines that defines the size of the frame
must be programmed in advance.
FRAME SYNC
LINE SYNC
Video
Video Valid
Data transmission
Combined frame and line synchronization
GigE Camera Control dialog