Sharp EL-738 Quick start guide

Chapter 1
Notes on the SHARP EL-738
calculator
General
The SHARP EL-738 calculator is recommended for this module. The advantage of this cal-
culator is that it can do basic calculations, financial calculations and statistical calculations.
Most of the keys can perform two functions.
To perform a function written on the key, you simply press the key. To perform a function
written on the surface just above the key, first press the orange 2ndF key to activate it to
perform the function when pressed.
7

CHAPTER 1. NOTES ON THE SHARP EL-738 CALCULATOR
8

Contents
1 Notes on the SHARP EL-738 calculator 7
2 Normal Calculation Mode 11
2.1 Switchonyourcalculator ............................ 12
2.2 TheSETUPmenu................................ 12
2.3 SelectingaMODE ................................ 13
2.4 Normalmode ................................... 14
2.5 Calculatorkeys .................................. 14
3 Financial Calculator Mode 21
3.1 Normalmode ................................... 22
3.2 Interestrates ................................... 22
3.2.1 Simpleinterest .............................. 22
3.2.2 Simplediscount.............................. 23
3.2.3 Compoundinterest ............................ 24
3.3 Annuities ..................................... 26
3.3.1 Presentvalue ............................... 26
3.3.2 Futurevalue................................ 26
3.3.3 Amortisation ............................... 27
4 Statistical mode 31
4.1 Mean........................................ 32
4.2 Standarddeviation ................................ 33
4.3 Linearline..................................... 33
9

CONTENTS
10

Chapter 2
Normal Calculation Mode
Display screen
Power ON/OFF
and clear key
{
Cursor keys
Mode key
Key operation
keys
Numerical and
arithmetic keys
11

CHAPTER 2. NORMAL CALCULATION MODE
2.1 Switch on your calculator
Before using your calculator for the first time, reset (initialise) it. Press the RESET switch
located on the back of the calculator with the tip of a ball-point pen.
After resetting the calculator, the initial display of the NORMAL mode appears.
0 . 0 0
T A B D E G
NOTE:
Pressing 2ndF M-CLR 1=will also erase all stored data in the memory and restore
the calculator’s default setting.
Note that I will not write the numbers 0, ....., 9 in blocks. All the other functions will be
writteninblocks.
2.2 The SET UP menu
Press the SET UP key to display the SET UP menu.
D S P D R G D E P R
01 2
T A B D E G
appears on the screen. Press the arrow three times and
3
T A B D E G
D A T E
will appear on the screen.
A menu item can be selected by using the   keys (the selected number will blink).
Press the =key.
12

2.3. SELECTING A MODE
To set the number of decimals, press SET UP 00.
D I G ( 0 - 9 ) ?
T A B D E G
appears on the screen.
Press 2 to select two decimals
0 . 0 0
T A B D E G
If you want four decimals press SET UP 0, 0, 4.
(However, we will use two decimals. Press SET UP 0, 0, 2.)
NOTE: The calculator uses a decimal point (0.00) where we use the decimal comma (0,00).
2.3 Selecting a MODE
Press MODE .
The menu display appears
1
T A B D E G
0
N O R M A L S T A T
13

CHAPTER 2. NORMAL CALCULATION MODE
Press 0.
0 . 0 0
T A B D E G
appears on the screen
2.4 Normal mode
The NORMAL mode allows you to perform financial, arithmetic or scientific calculations.
2.5 Calculator keys
The keys are classified according to the work they do.
The following keys are worth mentioning:
•ON: ON/C
Last key, first row. To switch on the calculator. The ON/C key also clears the
screen. To preserve the batteries, the calculator turns itself off after about 10 minutes.
•OFF:
O N / C
O F F
The orange function on the red ON/C key. Press 2ndF ON/C to switch your
calculator off.
•NUMERIC KEYS: 1, 2, 3 .... 9, 0
These keys are used to enter numbers.
•MULTIPLICATION X
Second last key, third last row.
•DIVISION ÷
Second last key, sixth row.
•EQUAL =
Last key, last row.
14

2.5. CALCULATOR KEYS
•CLEAR ON/C
Last key, first row.
•BRACKETS ( )
Last key, third last row and second last row.
Use the (and )keys to place parentheses around parts of expressions. The closing
parenthesis )may be omitted.
•NEGATIVE +/-
Second key, last row.
This key is used to enter a negative number or change the sign of a number, while
the −key is used for the operation of subtraction. Note the different ways in which
subtraction, with the long dash, and the sign of the number, with a small dash, are
displayed.
For example: 3 −2 and 3+(-2).
Example:
Add 8 to −5
Press 8 ++/- 5=
The answer is 3.
Subtract −5from8.
Press 8 −5=
The answer is 13.
Subtract −5from−8.
Press +/- 8-+/- 5=
The answer is −3.
Add −5to−8
Press +/- 5++/- 8=
The answer is −13.
•DELETE: DEL
If you made a mistake, press DEL (last key, sixth row) to erase the number and then
enter the correct number to continue.
If you want to change a number or sign after you have pressed =use the cursor
to move to the place where you want to change it. Enter the new number or sign, then
press DEL and continue.
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CHAPTER 2. NORMAL CALCULATION MODE
•INSERT: INS
Use the cursor to move to the place where you want to insert a number. Press
2ndF INS (sixth row, last key) and enter the number. The cursor will flicker after
the inserted number.
•TO THE POWER key yx.
The 2ndF third key, fourth row
Example:
Calculate 23.
Enter the base number first −press 2.
Then press 2ndF yx3=
The answer is 8,00.
If the power consists of more than one term, use brackets for the power.
Example:
Calculate (32)4
Press (32ndF yx2)2ndF yx4=
The answer is 6 561,00.
Example:
Calculate 52/3
Press 5 2ndF yx(2÷3) =
The answer is 2,92.
•SQUARE: (x2)
Use the power key.
Example:
Calculate 42.
Press 4 2ndF yx2=
The answer is 16.
Example:
Calculate 10−1
Press 10 2ndF yx+/- 1=
The answer is 0,10.
Calculate 1
52
Press 1 ÷52ndF yx2=
The answer is 0,04.
16

2.5. CALCULATOR KEYS
•SQUARE ROOT: √x
Use the x
√key. 2ndF third key, forth row.
Example:
Calculate √64. √64 means 2
√64.
Press 2 2ndF x
√64 =
The answer is 8.
Example:
Calculate 3
√64.
Press 3 2ndF x
√64 =
The answer is 4.
Example:
Calculate 4
√33
Press 4 2ndF x
√32ndF yx3=
The answer is 2,28.
•NUMERIC FRACTIONS
Example:
Calculate 3
4−1 2
Press 3 ÷4−1÷2=
The answer is 0.25.
Calculate 1
2+2 3+3 5
Press 1 ÷2+2÷3+3÷5=
The answer is 1,77.
•LOGARITHM to the base e: ln
Example:
Calculate ln 3.
Press 2ndF ln , (second key, second last row) 3 =
The answer is 1,10.
Example:
Calculate ln 1 253
1479 .
Press 2ndF ln (1 253 ÷1 479 =
The answer is −0,17.
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CHAPTER 2. NORMAL CALCULATION MODE
•THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION: ex– The inverse of ln.
Example:
Calculate e1,10.
Press 2ndF ex(2nd key, last row)
1.10 =
The answer is 3.
•MEMORY: M+
The calculator has 11 temporary memories (A-H and X-Z), one independent memory
(M) and one last answer memory (ANS).
Temporary memory
To store a value, press STO and the variable in which you want to store it.
Example: Store 17 in A.
Press 17 STO (fifth row, second key) A(first key, fourth row).
1 7 . 0 0
T A B D E G
1 7 = A
appears on the screen.
If you want to recall the value stored in A, press RCL (first key, fifth row) A.
1 7 . 0 0
T A B D E G
A =
appears on the screen.
Store a value in the independent memory M+.
Example: Store 19, 21 and 25 in M+.
Press 19 M+ (third key, fifth row).
21 M+
25 M+
To find the answer, press RCL M+ .
The answer is 65.
18

2.5. CALCULATOR KEYS
To clear the register.
press 2ndF M-CLR .
1
T A B D E G
0
M E M R E S E T
M
appears on the screen.
Press 0.
T A B D E G
0
C L R _ M E M O R Y ?
M
appears on the screen.
Press 0.
0 . 0 0
T A B D E G
appears on the screen.
•ERROR
If ERROR 1 appears on the screen after you did a calculation press the key and the
cursor will flicker where you made the mistake, press DEL and continue by pressing
=.
•PERCENTAGE (Fourth key, sixth row)
Example:
Calculate 25% of R1 800.
Press 1 800 ×25 2ndF %.
The answer is 450,00.
•PERMUTATION
Determine 5!
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CHAPTER 2. NORMAL CALCULATION MODE
Example: factorial n!
Press 5 2ndF n! (first key, fourth row) =
The answer is 120.
Example: Permutations nPr
Determine 10P5.
Press 10 2ndF nPr5=
The answer is 30 240.
Example: Combination nPr
Determine 4C2.
Press 4 2ndF nCr2=
The answer is 6.
20

Chapter 3
Financial Calculator Mode
Number of
periods
Interest rate
per year
Present
value Payment
Future value
21

CHAPTER 3. FINANCIAL CALCULATOR MODE
3.1 Normal mode
TheNORMALmodeallowsustousethefinancial keys. The financial keys N,1/Y ,
PV ,PMT ,FV can only be used when the exponent in the applicable formula consists
of a single number (not a product or sum of numbers).
Before using the financial keys, first clear the register by pressing 2ndF M-CLR 0, 0.
3.2 Interest rates
3.2.1 Simple interest
I=Prt
•Determine the amount of interest received if R1 200 is invested for 4 years at 14%
simple interest per year.
I=Prt
= 1 200 ×14% ×4
= 1 200 ×0,14 ×4
= 672,00
The interest received is R672,00. We cannot use the financial keys because there is no
exponent in the formula.
Key in as
1 200 ×0.14 ×4=
The answer is 672,00.
S=P(1 + rt)
•Determine the accumulated amount for if R2 400 is invested for 42 months at a 9%
simple interest rate per year.
S= 2 400 1+9%×42
12 
= 2 400 1+0,09 ×42
12 
= 3 156,00.
The accumulated amount is R3 156,00.
Key in as
2 400 (1+0.09 ×42 ÷12 =
The answer is 3 156,00.
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3.2. INTEREST RATES
•Determine the simple interest rate if R3 600 accumulates to R5 760 in five years’ time.
S=P(1 + rt)
5 760 = 3 600 (1 + r×5)
1+5r=5 760
3 600
5r=5 760
3 600 −1
r=5 760
3 600 −1÷5
=0,12
The simple interest rate is 12%.
Key in as
(5 760 ÷3 600 −1)÷5=
The answer is 0,12, that is, 12%.
3.2.2 Simple discount
P=S(1 −dt)
•Determine the present value of a promissory note that is worth R2 500 15 months later,
and the applicable discount rate is 10,24% per year.
P=S(1 −dt)
P= 2 500 1−0,1024 ×15
12 
= 2 180,00
The present value is R2 180,00.
Key in as
2 500 (1−0.1024 ×15 ÷12 =
The answer is 2 180,00.
•Determine the time under consideration (in months) if a simple interest rate of 11,76%
is equivalent to a 10,25% simple discount rate.
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CHAPTER 3. FINANCIAL CALCULATOR MODE
By manipulating
S=P(1 + rt)andP=S(1 −dt)
we get
r=d
1−dt
and
t=1−d
r÷d.
Substituting the values, we get
t=1−0,1025
0,1176 ÷0,1025
=1,25.
The time under consideration is 1,25 years, that is, 15 months.
Key in as
(1−0.1025 ÷0.1176 )÷0.1025 =
The answer is 1,25, that is, 15 months.
3.2.3 Compound interest
S=P1+jm
mtm
or S=P(1 + r)t
We use our financial keys to do the calculations because there is only one exponent in the
formula:
S=P(1 + r)t
NB: The interest rate must be entered into the calculator as a percentage and
NOT as a decimal because the calculator has been preprogrammed to automat-
ically divide the interest rate by a hundred. Remember that it is convention to
enter either the present value or future value as a negative amount.
•Calculate the future value if R5 000 is invested for five years at 15% per year com-
pounded monthly.
24

3.2. INTEREST RATES
S=P(1 + r)t
= 5 000 1+0,15
12 5×12
= 10 535,91
The future value is R10 535,91.
Key in as
2ndF CA (to clear the register).
First enter the number of compounding periods.
2ndF P/Y (second key, third row) 12 ENT (sixth key, fifth row)
ON/C
+/−5 000 PV
15 I/Y
52ndF ×P/Y (first key, third row) N
To check if you have entered the correct values press RCL and the financial key that
you want to check. If the value is incorrect, enter the new value, press the financial
key and continue.
COMP FV
The answer is 10 535,91.
•Determine the time under consideration if R5 000 is invested at 15% per year, com-
pounded half yearly, and the accumulated amount is R10 000.
S=P(1 + r)t
10 000 = 5 000 1+0,15
2t×2
t=4,79
The time under consideration is 4,79 years.
Key in as
2ndF CA
2ndF P/Y 2ENT
ON/C
+/−10 000 FV
5 000 PV
15 l/Y
25

CHAPTER 3. FINANCIAL CALCULATOR MODE
COMP N
N = 9.5844 appears on the screen. Because the number of compounding periods is half
yearly, divided the answer by two.
Press ÷2=.
4.79 appears on the screen.
3.3 Annuities
3.3.1 Present value
P=Ra n i
=R(1+i)n−1
i(1+i)n
•Calculate the present value of R1 600 quarterly payments for five years at an interest
rate of 20% per year, compounded quarterly.
P= 1 600a5×4 0,20÷4
= 19 939,54.
The present value is R19 939,54.
Key in as
2ndF CA
2ndF P/Y 4ENT
ON/C
+/−1 600 PMT
52ndF ×P/Y N
20 I/Y
COMP PV
The answer is 19 939,54.
3.3.2 Future value
S=Rs n i
=R(1+i)n−1
i.
26