Sonics VC50 User manual

Sonics & Materials, Inc.
53 Church Hill Road
Newtown, CT 06470 USA
Phone: [phone]
[email protected]om
Rev. 8-21 www.sonics.com
ULTRASONIC PROCESSOR
Part No. VC50
OPERATION MANUAL

Page 2 of 20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. WARRANTY ............................................................................................................. 3
2. WARNINGS .............................................................................................................. 4
3. SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................... 5
4. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION ................................................................................ 7
5. DESCRIPTIONS OF COMPONENTS / FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS .................. 8
5.1. VC50 SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 8
5.2. VC50 FRONT PANEL ...................................................................................... 8
5.3. VC50 REAR PANEL ......................................................................................... 8
5.4. FUNCTIONS OF KEYS CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS ............................ 9
5.5. CONVERTER CLAMPING ............................................................................. 10
6. PREPARATION FOR USE ..................................................................................... 11
INSPECTION .......................................................................................................... 11
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................ 11
INSTALLING THE ULTRASONIC PROCESSOR ................................................... 11
7. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS............................................................................... 12
7.1. CAUTION ....................................................................................................... 12
7.2. SETUP ........................................................................................................... 12
7.3. OPERATION .................................................................................................. 13
8. MAINTENANCE ..................................................................................................... 14
8.1. PROBE MAINTENANCE ................................................................................ 14
8.2. ATTACHING AND DETACHING MICROTIPS ............................................... 15
8.3. SYSTEM CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS .......................................................... 16
9. TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................... 16
10. RETURN OF EQUIPMENT .................................................................................... 17
11. SAFETY CERTIFICATION FORM ......................................................................... 18
12. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS .................................................................... 19

Page 3 of 20
WARRANTY
Your Ultrasonic Processor is warranted and backed by the manufacturer for a period of 3 years
from the date of shipment against defects in material and workmanship under normal use as
described in this instruction manual. During the warranty period, the manufacturer will, at its
option, as the exclusive remedy, either repair or replace without charge for material and labor,
the part(s) which prove to be defective, provided the unit is returned to us properly packed with
all transportation charges prepaid.
Ultrasonic probes are guaranteed against defects for a period of one year from date of
shipment. A defective probe will be replaced once without charge, if failure occurs within the
warranty period. Wear resulting from cavitation erosion is a normal consequence of ultrasonic
processing, and is not covered by this warranty.
The manufacturer neither assumes nor authorizes any person to assume for it any other
obligations or liability in connection with the sale of its products. The manufacturer hereby
disclaims any warranty of either merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No person or
company is authorized to change, modify, or amend the terms of this warranty in any manner or
fashion whatsoever. Under no circumstances shall the manufacturer be liable to the purchaser
or any other person for any incidental or consequential damages or loss of goodwill, production,
or profit resulting from any malfunction or failure of its product.
This warranty does not apply to equipment that has been subject to unauthorized repair,
misuse, abuse, negligence or accident. Equipment which, shows evidence of having been used
in violation of operating instructions, or which has had the serial number altered or removed, will
be ineligible for service under this warranty.
All probes are manufactured to exacting specifications and are tuned to vibrate at a specific
frequency. Using an out-of-tune probe will cause damage to the equipment and may result in
warranty nullification. The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for probes fabricated by
another party or for consequential damages resulting from their usage.
The aforementioned provisions do not extend the original warranty period of any product that
has either been repaired or replaced by the manufacturer.

Page 4 of 20
WARNINGS
Please read the manual in its entirety. Necessary instruction and guidance are provided to help
ensure the successful operation of this device. Observe the following:
 High voltage is present in the power supply, converter and high frequency cable. There are no user-serviceable
parts inside any of these devices. Do NOT attempt to remove the power supply cover or converter case.
 Do NOT touch any open cable connections on the unit while the power is turned ON.
 Do NOT operate power supply with converter disconnected from high voltage cable. High voltage is present in
the cable and may pose a shock hazard.
 Do NOT attempt to disconnect the converter high voltage cable while the unit is running.
 The power supply must be properly grounded with a 3-prong plug. Test electrical outlet for proper grounding
prior to plugging in unit.
 Install the ultrasonic power supply in an area free from excessive dust, dirt, explosive or corrosive fumes and
protected from extremes in temperature and humidity. (See page 5 for specifications) Do not place the power
supply within a Fume Hood.
 Hearing protection is highly recommended. It is recommended that a sound abating enclosure or ear protection
be used when operating the Ultrasonic Processor
 NEVER immerse the converter in liquids of any kind, or let condensed moisture or liquid drip into the converter.
 NEVER grasp an activated probe or touch the tip of a vibrating probe. It can cause severe burns and tissue
damage.
 NEVER allow a horn/probe to vibrate in air.
 NEVER hold or clamp the converter by the front driver or by the probe itself. This can cause permanent damage
to the system. Support the converter by only clamping around the converter housing (upper portion).
 Do NOT allow the tip of a vibrating horn or probe to touch the counter top or any other hard surface. It could
damage the probe, overload the power supply, or damage the surface.
 Avoid touching the bottom or sides of a sample vessel with an activated probe. It may crack or shatter the glass
or melt the plastic. Use glassware that is free from cracks or chips.
 Turn OFF the power switch, unplug the power supply and disconnect the power cord from the back of the power
supply before attempting to replace the fuses.
 Inspect high frequency cable for cracks in the protective outer jacket.
 Do not operate unit with a damaged cable. Doing so may cause serious injury.
 In case of AC power loss, wait 3 minutes minimum before reapplying power.
 Do not turn off Main power switch while running a probe. Stop sonication only by using the START/STOP key
Symbols
Caution, Risk of electric shock, Hazardous voltage.
Caution, Risk of danger. Refer to User Manual.

Page 5 of 20
SPECIFICATIONS
AC Adapter
Input Voltage 90 VAC - 264 VAC @ 50/60 Hz 1.5A
Output Voltage 24V DC, 3.75A
Rated Power 90 Watts
Power Supply
Input Voltage 24 VDC
Rated Power 50 Watts
Weight
3 lbs. (1.36 Kg)
Dimensions 8"W x 7.5"L x 5.75"H
200mm x 190mm x 146mm
Output Voltage 250 VRMS
Output Frequency 20 KHz
Converter
Weight 0.75 lbs. (0.34Kg)
Dimensions 6" L x 1.25" Dia.
(15cm x 3cm)
Materials Aluminum Alloy
Standard 1/8” Probe
Weight 0.25 lbs. (0.11Kg)
Dimensions 5.4" L x 0.5" Dia.
(13.8cm x 1.3cm)
Materials Titanium Alloy

Page 6 of 20
Environmental
Pollution Degree 2
Installation Category II
Operating Limits
Shipping/Storage
Temperature: 41 - 104ºF (5 - 40ºC)
Relative Humidity 10 - 95% (Non Condensing)
Altitude: 6,651 ft. (2000 m)
Temperature: 35 -120 ºF (2 - 49 ºC)
Relative Humidity 10 - 95% (Non Condensing)
Ambient Pressure Extremes: 40,000 ft. (12,192 m)
Restriction of
Hazardous
Substances (ROHS)
Relative humidity Maximum relative humidity 80% for temperatures up to 31ºC decreasing
linearly to 50% relative humidity to 40ºC
Other For indoor use only
The AC Adapter supplied with the ultrasonic processor must be used. If the 230VAC plug is not
configured to match the wall receptacle, a properly grounded universal AC socket adapter must be
added.
Important: Universal adapters do not convert voltage or frequency. Manufacturer is not responsible for
damage caused by the use of an improper power cord or adapter. Transformers are not recommended.
WEEE Statement
This product contains electrical or electronic materials. The presence of these materials may, if
not disposed of properly, have potential adverse effects on the environment and human health.
Presence of this label on the product means it should not be disposed of as unsorted waste and
must be collected separately. As a consumer, you are responsible for ensuring that this product
is disposed of properly. To find out how to properly dispose of this product contact Customer
Service.

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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The ultrasonic electronic generator transforms DC line power to a 20 KHz signal that drives a
piezoelectric converter/transducer. This electrical signal is converted by the transducer to a
mechanical vibration due to the characteristics of the internal piezoelectric crystals.
The vibration is amplified and transmitted down the length of the probe where the tip
longitudinally expands and contracts. The distance the tip travels is dependent on the
amplitude/intensity setting selected by turning the output control knob. As you increase the
amplitude setting the sonication intensity will increase within your sample.
In liquid, the rapid vibration of the tip causes cavitation, the formation and violent collapse of
microscopic bubbles. The collapse of thousands of cavitation bubbles releases tremendous
energy in the cavitation field. The erosion and shock effect of the collapse of the cavitation
bubble is the primary mechanism of fluid processing.
The probe tip diameter dictates the amount of sample that can be effectively processed.
Smaller tip diameters deliver high intensity sonication but the energy is focused within a small,
concentrated area. Probes with larger tip diameters can process larger volumes, but offer lower
intensity.
The choices of a power supply and horns/probes are matched to the volume, viscosity and other
parameters of the particular application. Horns are available for both direct and indirect
sonication. The frequently asked questions (FAQ) section has more information on this subject.
Please consult with a product specialist for assistance with selecting a probe for your
application.

Page 8 of 20
DESCRIPTIONS OF COMPONENTS / FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS
5.1. VC50 SYSTEM
5.2. VC50 FRONT PANEL
5.3. VC50 REAR PANEL
Footswitch
Jack
Converter Cable
Connector
DC Power
Input
Power Supply
Converter
1/8” Probe
(#630-0422)
Converter
Cable
Lab Stand
with Clamp
(sold separately)
INTENSITY
CONTROL
KNOB
ON/OFF
switch

Page 9 of 20
5.4. FUNCTIONS OF KEYS CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS
FRONT PANEL
Power Switch
ON Position – energizes the power supply.
OFF Position – de-energizes the power supply.
Illuminates when the power supply is energized
Amplitude Control Knob Controls the amplitude/intensity of vibrations at the probe tip
REAR PANEL
Footswitch Jack/Connector Connects to the optional footswitch cable.
Converter Cable Connector
(Output) Connects the power supply output to the converter.
DC Power (Input)
Adapter Connector Connects the power supply to the DC adapter.

Page 10 of 20
5.5. CONVERTER CLAMPING
Improper clamping can damage the system and void the warranty. Using a sound enclosure
(part #830-00451) or stand (part #830-00460) will ensure a proper fit.
Proper Clamping Improper Clamping
Sound Enclosure
Part no. 8
30
-
0
0451
Clamp and Stand
Part no. 830-00460

Page 11 of 20
PREPARATION FOR USE
INSPECTION
Prior to installing the Ultrasonic Processor, perform a visual inspection to detect any evidence of
damage which might have occurred during shipment. Before disposing of any packaging material,
check it carefully for small items.
The Ultrasonic Processor was carefully packed and thoroughly inspected before leaving our
factory. The carrier, upon acceptance of the shipment, assumed responsibility for its safe delivery.
Claims for loss or damage sustained in transit must be submitted to the carrier.
If damage has occurred, contact your carrier within 48 hours of the delivery date. DO NOT
OPERATE DAMAGED EQUIPMENT. Retain all packing materials for future shipment.
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
The Ultrasonic Processor requires 24 volts DC. A universal 98V~264V @ 47~63Hz AC, to DC
switch-mode power supply capable of delivering 24 volts at 3.75 amperes is supplied with your
system.
If it is necessary to convert the unit for different voltage operation, proceed as follows:
1. Ensure that the power cord is not connected to the electrical outlet.
2. Change the electrical power cord or add a properly grounded universal AC socket
adapter as required.
INSTALLING THE ULTRASONIC PROCESSOR
The Ultrasonic Processor should be installed in an area that is free from excessive dust, dirt,
explosive and corrosive fumes, and extremes of temperature and humidity. If processing
flammable liquids, use an approved fume hood and do not place the power supply in the fume
hood.
When positioning the unit, be sure to leave adequate space behind the unit so that all
connections can be easily disconnected.
WARNING
For your personal safety, do not, under any
circumstances, defeat the grounding feature of the
power cord by removing the grounding prong.

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OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
7.1. CAUTION
 Do not operate the power supply unless it is connected to the converter.
 Never allow liquid to spill into the converter.
 Do not allow a microtip to vibrate in air for more than 10 seconds.
 Do not allow the vibrating microtip to contact anything but the sample.
 Never place a washer between the probe and the converter.
 Never apply grease to the mating surfaces or threads of the converter or microtip.
 Should it become necessary to remove a probe, use the wrenches supplied. Never attempt
to remove the probe by twisting the converter housing, as this may damage the electrical
connections within the housing.
Note: The temperature of the converter front area (where the probe/horn attaches) should never
exceed 60oC (140oF). If this temperature is reached, shut the system off and allow to cool.
Do not allow the system to operate for more than 1 minute without a rest or pulse to prevent
overheating.
7.2. SETUP
1. Ensure that the amplitude control knob is set to 0.
2. Plug the electrical line cord into the electrical outlet.
3. If the optional foot switch is used, insert the plug into the jack located on the rear panel. Do
not insert footswitch plug while the system is powered on.
4. Probes must be properly tightened. If the converter and probe assembly is not already
assembled; screw the probe onto the converter and using the wrenches provided tighten it
securely. Check the tightness of an already assembled probe by using the wrench set.
Please refer to images in the Maintenance section of this manual for tightening instructions.
A loose probe may cause damage to the generator circuitry or parts of the converter and
probe. Always use the wrenches supplied with the unit.
5. Small Ultrasonic Processors such as the VC50 should be operated in on and off pulses to
prevent the converter from overheating. Overheating the converter can cause permanent
damage, may crack the probe tip and will void the warranty.
To prevent sample overheating, sonication can be manually pulsed on and off by manually
turning the amplitude knob setting up/down as needed or using a foot switch.
Important: Do not flip the main power switch on/off to pulse sonication.
6. Probe tips wear after normal use. Using a severely worn probe tip can damage internal
generator components.
7. If using a laboratory stand, mount the converter/probe assembly using a clamp. Be sure to
secure the clamp to the upper section of the converter housing only (see page 10). Do not
secure the clamp to any other portion of the converter/probe assembly.
8. Connect the converter cable to the power supply.

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7.3. OPERATION
Continuous mode:
1. Ensure that the amplitude control knob is set to 0.
2. Set the converter and probe assembly in a stand or hold the converter in your hand.
3. Turn the unit on.
4. Immerse the probe tip half way into the sample. If the probe is immersed to an insufficient
depth, air will be injected into the sample, causing the sample to foam. Also ensure that the
probe tip is not touching the wall of the sample vessel as it may be damaged and it will not
vibrate properly.
5. Turn the amplitude setting dial to the intensity that you wish to run the unit at.
6. Sonicate sample for the desired amount of time and then turn the amplitude setting dial back
to 0.
Note: Sonication will generate heat, and pulsed sonication is recommended to prevent
overheating of both the sample and converter. Chilling the sample using an ice bath or
other appropriate method is recommended.
Continuous sonication should be limited to 1 minute. Longer sonication time should be
done in a pulse mode.

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MAINTENANCE
It is recommended to periodically inspect the unit, both visually and physically, to ensure
optimum and safe performance. This inspection should be scheduled as a routine maintenance
procedure, done with the unit power OFF and with the unit unplugged from the AC power
source.
Long exposure to acids or caustics results in corrosion of metal parts or components. Check the
power supply, converter, and cables periodically for any signs of rust or discoloration. If
discoloration is found, move the unit away from the source of the contaminant.
Examine the condition of the high voltage cable that attaches the converter to the power supply.
Inspect the wire insulation for damage, such as wear, burning from hot plate contact or
breakage from extended use or rough handling. In general use, the cable assembly should not
be used to carry the converter or pull it toward the user. Make certain the cable always has
slack and is never tensioned. If necessary, move the power supply or converter assembly
closer to one another to accomplish this.
WARNING: Do not use a cable with broken end connections, exposed wires or frayed
insulation. High voltage is present in the cable and will pose a shock hazard. Do not touch the
converter assembly until the power switch is off and the unit is unplugged.
8.1. PROBE MAINTENANCE
Ultrasonic processors create high intensity vibration which puts stress on the converter and
probe assembly. The sides and end of the probe must never be allowed to come in contact with
anything but the solution. When using a probe, the stress resulting at the point of contact with
the vessel could cause the probe to fracture.
Proper care of the probe is essential for dependable operation. The intense cavitation will, after
usage for period of time, cause the tip to erode, and the power output to decrease. The
smoother and flatter the tip, the more power will be transmitted into the sample. The cavitation
may also cause the probe to loosen over time or the threaded connection to accumulate debris.
Note: A loose probe will usually generate a loud piercing or squealing sound.
For that reason, it is recommended that a preventative maintenance schedule be adopted
to examine the unit at regular intervals. The schedule should depend on frequency of use.
Weekly maintenance schedules are recommended for units used frequently or monthly for those
used infrequently. The tip must be examined for excessive wear and to ensure that the
threaded connection is clean and attached properly to the converter. Use a cotton swab and
alcohol (i.e. ethanol, isopropyl, etc.) to clean the threaded mating surfaces.
When excessive wear (corrosion/pitting of the probe tip) is detected the probe should be
replaced with a new one.
WARNING: Probes must be properly tightened with the appropriate Wrench Set.

Page 15 of 20
8.2. ATTACHING AND DETACHING MICROTIPS
1. Disconnect probe from converter. Use the wrench set provided with the system.
2. Clean threaded stud. Use alcohol and a cotton swab to remove any debris on the threading
of the connecting stud. Allow the alcohol to dry completely.
3. Clean threading in converter. Use alcohol and a cotton swab to remove any debris on the
threading. Do not allow liquid to drip into converter. Allow the alcohol to dry completely.
4. Reattach probe to converter. Screw the probe back onto the converter and tighten with the
wrench set provided.

Page 16 of 20
8.3. SYSTEM CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS
The power supply and converter may be cleaned using an acid-free cleaning solution (i.e. glass
cleaner).
Probes should be cleaned using isopropyl alcohol. Probes are made from titanium and can be
autoclaved. (The converter is an electrical part and cannot be sterilized in this manner). Before
each procedure, place the probe tip in water or alcohol and turn the power on for a few seconds
to remove residue. The tip also can be sterilized using alcohol with the power on.
TROUBLESHOOTING
The most probable causes for malfunction are listed below and should be investigated.
 A connector or cable is damaged.
 The probe is not tightened properly with the wrenches provided.
 The converter and/or probe has been dropped.
 A probe being operated is damaged or worn past its useful life.
If the problem persists after inspecting all of these, please contact Customer Service at
[email protected] or 203-270-4600 for additional assistance or to replace a worn microtip or
damaged part.

Page 17 of 20
RETURN OF EQUIPMENT
It is suggested that an Ultrasonic Processor in need of repair be sent back to the factory.
In order to receive prompt service, contact your Customer Service Representative before
returning any instrument.
You must obtain a Return Authorization Number (RMA) prior to returning the instrument.
Care should be exercised to provide adequate packing to insure against possible damage in
shipment. The Ultrasonic Processor should be sent to the address below with all transportation
charges prepaid and return of shipment indicated.
RMA # -------
Sonics & Materials, Inc.
53 Church Hill Road
Newtown, CT 06470 USA
Important
The user must certify that the ultrasonic processor and/or the accessories returned for repair are
free of any biohazardous or radioactive material and are safe for handling. Please complete the
“Safety Certification” form on the next page and send it in with your equipment.
Do not return any equipment unless such a certification can be made.

Page 18 of 20
SAFETY CERTIFICATION FORM
Items being returned:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Please check only one item below:
___ The equipment was never used or exposed to any radiological, biological or
chemical agents and is safe to handle, use or dispose of.
___ The equipment was used but not in conjunction with or exposed to any radiological,
geological or chemical agents and is safe to handle, use, or dispose of.
___The equipment was used in conjunction with or exposed to radiological, biological,
or chemical agents and has been decontaminated, rendering it safer for handling, use,
or disposal.
Authorization
By accepting authorization to return the equipment listed above, the undersigned
assumes all responsibility and liability for radiological, biological and chemical
decontamination. Delivery of the equipment can be refused if necessary documentation
is not provided or where it is determined that the equipment has not been properly
decontaminated. If it is determined that the equipment was not properly
decontaminated, the Authorized Repair Facility reserves the right to bill the customer for
any and all costs associated with the decontamination and/or appropriate disposal of
the equipment. In the event the equipment has been exposed to radiological
contamination, the signature of the Radioactive Safety Officer is required.
Print name: ___________________________________ RMA # __________________
Signature: ____________________________________ Date: ___________________

Page 19 of 20
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Probe Size vs. Sample Volume
Selecting the proper size probe is a critical factor when sonicating a sample. The sample
volume to be processed must correlate with the tip diameter. Each probe has a recommended
sample volume range. This range may overlap with other probes. For example, the 1/8” probe
is recommended for approximately 1-15ml. Depending on the application and type of sample,
you may be able to process a volume outside of our recommended range.
Small volumes require a small tip diameter. Small probes (¼” or less) are recommended for
processing samples inside small, thin vessels such as micro centrifuge tubes. These small
probe sizes are high intensity and made for short processing times. Using a small probe tip for
long time periods will generate a considerable amount of heat. Pulse mode should be used to
reduce heat buildup.
While there is no absolute sample volume range for any probe/horn, below is a general
guideline to follow. Using a sample volume outside each tip diameter’s range is normally not
recommended.
Tip Diameter Processing Volume Range
1/16" (2mm) 0.2ml - 5ml
1/8" (3mm) 1ml - 15ml
1/4" (6mm) 10ml - 50ml
Vessel Shape and Size
A narrow vessel is preferable to a wide vessel. The ultrasonic energy is generated from the tip
and is directed downward. As a sample is processed the liquid is pushed down and away in all
directions. If the vessel is too wide, it will not mix effectively and some sample will remain
untreated at the periphery. The probe should never touch the sides or bottom of the vessel.
How to prevent foaming (small sample issue)
Foaming is a problem that often occurs with samples volumes below 1ml. The cause of
foaming is generally 3 issues: amplitude is too high for a small volume, tip is too large for the
volume, or the tip is not inserted to a proper depth.
Tip Depth
The depth of the probe within the liquid is an important issue. If the probe is too close to the
surface of the liquid, it can create foam. If the probe is too deep, it may sonicate against the
bottom of the vessel and not effectively processing the sample. The sample must flow freely
below the tip in order to be mixed effectively. Without effective mixing you cannot ensure the
entire sample volume will pass below the tip and become processed.
The probe should be submerged approximately halfway into the liquid but there are exceptions.
Before processing actual samples, it is recommended to test the probe in a vessel filled with
water to observe the ultrasonic energy and the flow pattern of the liquid. During this test you
can adjust the probe’s depth until you see adequate mixing and movement of the water.
Power vs. Intensity
Power is the measure of the electrical energy that is being delivered to the converter. It is
measured in watts and displayed on the processor’s screen. At the converter, the electrical

Page 20 of 20
energy is transformed into mechanical energy. It does this by exciting the piezoelectric crystals,
causing them to move in the longitudinal direction within the converter. This change from
electrical into mechanical energy causes a motion that travels through the horn/probe causing
the tip to move up and down.
The distance of one movement up and down is called its amplitude. The amplitude is adjustable.
Each probe has a maximum amplitude value. For example, with a 1/8” diameter probe at
setting 100%, the probe will achieve an amplitude of approximately 180μm. At setting 50% the
amplitude is approximately 90μm. Note: this is approximate and not perfectly linear. We
measure the amplitude of each probe at 100% and these values are published in the brochure.
Amplitude and intensity have a direct relationship. If you operate at a low amplitude setting, you
will deliver low intensity sonication. If you operate at a high amplitude setting, you will have high
intensity sonication. In order to be able to reproduce results, the amplitude setting, temperature,
viscosity and volume of the sample are all parameters that need to remain consistent. The
amplitude, not the power, is most critical when trying to reproduce sonication results.
Power has a variable relationship with amplitude/intensity. For example, sonicating water
requires less wattage when compared to a viscous sample (such as oil). While sonicating both
samples at the same amplitude setting, the power/wattage will differ because the viscous
sample will require more watts in order to drive the probe. The viscous sample puts a heavier
load on the probe so they system must work harder to vibrate up and down at the same
amplitude setting. The oil may draw double the watts when operated at the same amplitude as
the water sample.
Small fluctuation in the wattage during sonication is normal. Major swings in wattage (+/- 20
watts) may indicate a problem with the sample, setup or the ultrasonic equipment itself.
Viscosity Limitations
Viscous solutions and highly concentrated liquids can be difficult to sonicate. If the liquid is so
thick that it cannot be easily poured out of a vessel, it is likely too viscous to be sonicated.
Keeping Samples Cool
Ultrasonic processing causes the liquid temperature to elevate especially with small volumes.
Pulsed sonication is always recommended. The addition of an ice bath or recirculating chiller to
cool the sample vessel is strongly suggested.
See website for more details and additional information:
www.sonics.com